Women on average live longer than men and are more likely to live alone or be widowed. In spite of their greater needs, they are more likely to arrive at retirement without secure housing, to have saved less because of caring duties and lower wages, and thus to experience greatly restricted lifestyles in retirement. They are more likely to require expensive end of life care for longer than men on average and endure a lower quality of life. In all countries, recent developments in the labour market, exacerbated by the impacts of COVID-19, will affect both genders but will continue to be more pronounced for women and younger workers. Post COVID-19, many women will struggle to restore their depleted savings and will continue to be more likely than men to be reliant on New Zealand Superannuation alone, and less likely to own their own homes. They are more likely to be affected by lower employment opportunities. Without adequate policy responses to the COVID-19 recession, older female poverty is likely to become much worse in the next decade. This comparison of the gender pensions gap and its causes and consequences in New Zealand, Australia and Ireland reveals the strengths and weaknesses in their retirement policies and suggests possible improvements. Attention to pension policy design taking a gender perspective in all countries is critical.
{"title":"Women and Retirement in a Post Covid-19 World","authors":"M. Dale, S. St. John","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3869286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3869286","url":null,"abstract":"Women on average live longer than men and are more likely to live alone or be widowed. In spite of their greater needs, they are more likely to arrive at retirement without secure housing, to have saved less because of caring duties and lower wages, and thus to experience greatly restricted lifestyles in retirement. They are more likely to require expensive end of life care for longer than men on average and endure a lower quality of life. In all countries, recent developments in the labour market, exacerbated by the impacts of COVID-19, will affect both genders but will continue to be more pronounced for women and younger workers.<br>Post COVID-19, many women will struggle to restore their depleted savings and will continue to be more likely than men to be reliant on New Zealand Superannuation alone, and less likely to own their own homes. They are more likely to be affected by lower employment opportunities. Without adequate policy responses to the COVID-19 recession, older female poverty is likely to become much worse in the next decade.<br>This comparison of the gender pensions gap and its causes and consequences in New Zealand, Australia and Ireland reveals the strengths and weaknesses in their retirement policies and suggests possible improvements. Attention to pension policy design taking a gender perspective in all countries is critical.","PeriodicalId":10619,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Social Welfare Policy eJournal","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86322606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.15855/SWP.2020.47.3.287
Kang Jin Lee, Jeonggi Lim
{"title":"Trajectory of Game Experience and Social Capital for Korean Adolescent Game Users","authors":"Kang Jin Lee, Jeonggi Lim","doi":"10.15855/SWP.2020.47.3.287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15855/SWP.2020.47.3.287","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10619,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Social Welfare Policy eJournal","volume":"191 1","pages":"287-313"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77516725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.15855/SWP.2020.47.3.153
Park Mijin
{"title":"Impact of Paternity Leave on Paternal Childcare Time - Focusing on the Moderating Effect of Working Hour -","authors":"Park Mijin","doi":"10.15855/SWP.2020.47.3.153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15855/SWP.2020.47.3.153","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10619,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Social Welfare Policy eJournal","volume":"66 s261","pages":"153-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91416063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.15855/SWP.2020.47.1.169
손지현
{"title":"The Effects of the 52-hour Workweek Policy on Fertility Intention of Married Men and Women","authors":"손지현","doi":"10.15855/SWP.2020.47.1.169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15855/SWP.2020.47.1.169","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10619,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Social Welfare Policy eJournal","volume":"52 1","pages":"169-195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80838540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The currently observed demographic change consists of two independent developments that differ in structure and persistence: (1) A slow, monotonic and (presumably) permanent ageing effect caused by an increasing life expectancy; (2) a more rapidly changing, non-monotonic and less permanent cohort effect caused by fluctuations in the size of cohorts. This paper shows the ageing effect has a positive impact on the rates of return households generate within pay-as-you-go (PAYG) pension system. The cohort effect, by contrast, results in winners and losers in PAYG systems. Taking Germany as an example and using a quantitative OLG model the paper shows that the two effects cause rate of return differentials within the pension system of almost 1.3 percentage points between generations.
{"title":"Demographic Change and the Rate of Return in PAYG Pension Systems","authors":"Matthias Schön","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3737259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3737259","url":null,"abstract":"The currently observed demographic change consists of two independent developments that differ in structure and persistence: (1) A slow, monotonic and (presumably) permanent ageing effect caused by an increasing life expectancy; (2) a more rapidly changing, non-monotonic and less permanent cohort effect caused by fluctuations in the size of cohorts. This paper shows the ageing effect has a positive impact on the rates of return households generate within pay-as-you-go (PAYG) pension system. The cohort effect, by contrast, results in winners and losers in PAYG systems. Taking Germany as an example and using a quantitative OLG model the paper shows that the two effects cause rate of return differentials within the pension system of almost 1.3 percentage points between generations.","PeriodicalId":10619,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Social Welfare Policy eJournal","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77173443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.15855/SWP.2020.47.1.117
박은주, 권현수
{"title":"A Study on Factors Affecting Housing Poverty of Single or Coupled Elderly Households","authors":"박은주, 권현수","doi":"10.15855/SWP.2020.47.1.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15855/SWP.2020.47.1.117","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10619,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Social Welfare Policy eJournal","volume":"19 1","pages":"117-142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83320026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.15855/SWP.2020.47.3.35
Sun-Young Lee, B. Kim
{"title":"The Effect of the Age Discrimination Experience on Job Satisfaction among Older Workers: Focusing on the Mediating Effect of the Gap between Actual Wage and Expected Wage","authors":"Sun-Young Lee, B. Kim","doi":"10.15855/SWP.2020.47.3.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15855/SWP.2020.47.3.35","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10619,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Social Welfare Policy eJournal","volume":"27 1","pages":"35-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83221447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.15855/SWP.2020.47.1.143
Yong-Chang Heo, Kyunghun Han, 김동진, 문혜진
{"title":"A Qualitative Study on the Reasons for Non-take-up of the National Basic Livelihood Security Scheme -A Framework Analysis Adopting a Dynamic Model-","authors":"Yong-Chang Heo, Kyunghun Han, 김동진, 문혜진","doi":"10.15855/SWP.2020.47.1.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15855/SWP.2020.47.1.143","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10619,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Social Welfare Policy eJournal","volume":"47 40 1","pages":"143-167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89843284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.15855/SWP.2020.47.4.59
Sun-Young Lee, Soo‐Wan Kim
{"title":"Types of Long-term Care Workers’ Task: - Focusing on the Levels of Expertise and Performance -","authors":"Sun-Young Lee, Soo‐Wan Kim","doi":"10.15855/SWP.2020.47.4.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15855/SWP.2020.47.4.59","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10619,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Social Welfare Policy eJournal","volume":"211 1","pages":"59-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74970233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.15855/SWP.2020.47.2.175
Kang Jin Lee
{"title":"Trend of Academic Research on Youth Game Users","authors":"Kang Jin Lee","doi":"10.15855/SWP.2020.47.2.175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15855/SWP.2020.47.2.175","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10619,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Social Welfare Policy eJournal","volume":"14611 1","pages":"175-201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74907516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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