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The Behavior of Women of Reproductive Age in Preconception Care Practices in Surabaya 泗水育龄妇女在孕前护理中的行为
Pub Date : 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.20961/placentum.v9i3.54750
Yhenti Widjayanti
Preconception care aims to ensure that the mother and her partner are in optimal physical and emotional health status during the onset of pregnancy and to prepare for optimal physical and emotional pregnancy. but most women do not take preconception treatments. The purpose of this study was to identify the behavior of women of reproductive age in preconception care. The design of this study was a correlational study with a cross-sectional approach. Respondents of this study were 35 women of reproductive age who met the inclusion criteria and were collected by a simple random sampling technique. The variables of this research were the behavior of women of reproductive age and the factors that influence it in performing preconception care. The results showed that the behavior of women of reproductive age in performing care was in the range of occasional and frequent, factors that significantly related to the behavior of women of reproductive age in preconception care were the level of education, knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and availability of infrastructure to carry out treatment preconception. Health cadres are expected to collaborate with the Public health Center to carry out counseling activities regularly to further increase their knowledge and awareness about the need for preconception care and the belief that pregnancy complications can be prevented through good care before pregnancy so that there is an increase in the behavior of women of reproductive age Pre-conception
孕前护理的目的是确保母亲及其伴侣在怀孕初期处于最佳的身心健康状态,并为最佳的身心怀孕做好准备。但大多数女性不接受孕前治疗。本研究的目的是确定育龄妇女在孕前护理中的行为。本研究的设计是采用横断面方法的相关研究。本研究的调查对象为35名符合纳入标准的育龄妇女,采用简单随机抽样方法。本研究的变量是育龄妇女在孕前护理中的行为及其影响因素。结果表明:育龄妇女孕前护理行为在偶然性和频度范围内,与育龄妇女孕前护理行为显著相关的因素有教育水平、知识水平、态度、信念水平和孕前治疗基础设施的可获得性。卫生干部应与公共卫生中心合作,定期开展咨询活动,进一步提高他们对孕前护理必要性的了解和认识,并进一步提高他们对妊娠并发症可以通过孕前良好护理来预防的信念,从而使育龄妇女的孕前行为有所增加
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引用次数: 0
Effect Of Progressive Muscle Relaxation On Anxiety 渐进式肌肉放松对焦虑的影响
Pub Date : 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.20961/placentum.v9i3.54783
Erindra Budi Cahyanto, Kanthi Suratih
Background : Teenagers need support to get through the musical period, let alone living with their parents. In the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, the stressors experienced are even greater. Adolescents need non-pharmacological support to stay healthy. This study aims to determine the effect of progressive muscle relaxation on adolescent anxiety in orphanages.Subjects and Methods: This type of research is quasi-experimental. This research was conducted at the Mardhatillah Sukoharjo Orphanage, Central Java. The subjects were 42 people, divided into the control group (27 people) and the intervention group (15 people). Measurements were made before and before the intervention. The intervention group received the usual treatment plus progressive muscle relaxation for 4 weeks, while the control group was given the usual treatment. The measuring instrument uses HARS. Data were analyzed by paired t test not using the SPSS 21 program.Results: There was a significant difference between the treatment and control groups with a mean of 7.80 and 10.48 (p < 0.001).Conclusion: Advanced muscle relaxation can reduce the anxiety of adolescents living in the Mardhatillah orphanage, Sukoharjo, Central Java.Keywords: Progressive muscle relaxation; teenager; orphanage, anxiety
背景:青少年需要支持才能度过音乐时期,更不用说和父母住在一起了。在2019冠状病毒病大流行的情况下,所经历的压力甚至更大。青少年需要非药物支持来保持健康。本研究旨在探讨渐进式肌肉放松对孤儿院青少年焦虑的影响。研究对象和方法:这种类型的研究是准实验的。这项研究是在中爪哇的Mardhatillah Sukoharjo孤儿院进行的。研究对象42人,分为对照组27人,干预组15人。测量分别在干预前后进行。干预组给予常规治疗加渐进式肌肉放松治疗4周,对照组给予常规治疗。测量仪器采用HARS。数据分析采用配对t检验,未使用SPSS 21软件。结果:治疗组与对照组的平均得分分别为7.80分和10.48分,差异有统计学意义(p < 0.001)。结论:中爪哇苏科哈霍马尔达提拉孤儿院青少年高级肌肉放松疗法可降低焦虑。关键词:渐进式肌肉放松;十几岁的;孤儿院,焦虑
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Age on Cadre Ability in Early Detection of High Domestic Violence 年龄对干部早期发现严重家庭暴力能力的影响
Pub Date : 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.20961/placentum.v9i3.54850
Y. Yulianti
Cases of Domestic Violence have a big impact on someone who experiences it even to the point of experiencing depression which even causes a sense of wanting to end his life[7]. Factors causing the high incidence of domestic violence are things that often occur such as economic factors, lack of communication, infidelity even to the point of personality characteristics being one of the causes[8]. The role of cadres is important in the process of empowering victims of domestic violence who play a role in community elements to overcome domestic violence events[5]. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence the level of cadre's ability to carry out early detection of domestic violence in the Work Area of the Sleman Health Center, Yogyakarta. This study used a cross sectional design involving a cadre population of 586 cadres with purposive sampling technique. Statistical analysis used the Eta Correlation test with the results of the statistical test of the ability of cadres in early detection of domestic violence with a significant value of 0.024. The conclusion of the statistical test results in this study is that the age of cadres has a relationship with the ability of cadres to carry out early detection of domestic violence in the Godean II Health Center Work Area, Yogyakarta.Keywords:  
家庭暴力案件对经历过家庭暴力的人有很大的影响,甚至会导致抑郁,甚至产生想要结束生命的感觉[7]。造成家庭暴力高发的因素是经常发生的事情,经济因素、缺乏沟通、不忠甚至人格特征也是原因之一[8]。在赋予家庭暴力受害者权力的过程中,干部的作用很重要,家庭暴力受害者在社区元素中发挥作用,以克服家庭暴力事件[5]。本研究的目的是确定影响日惹Sleman保健中心工作区干部早期发现家庭暴力能力水平的因素。本研究采用有目的抽样技术,采用横断面设计,涉及586名干部。统计分析采用Eta相关检验,统计检验结果表明干部早期发现家庭暴力的能力显著值为0.024。本研究统计检验结果的结论是,日惹Godean II保健中心工作区的干部年龄与干部早期发现家庭暴力的能力有关系。关键词:
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引用次数: 1
The Effectiveness of Fried Catfish Cake In Increasing Hemoglobin Levels And Oxygen Saturation In Blood In Pregnant Women 煎鲶鱼饼提高孕妇血红蛋白水平和血氧饱和度的效果
Pub Date : 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.20961/placentum.v9i3.54828
I. Suryani, Maria Jamil, Novianti Rizki Amalia, Ajeng Maharani Pratiwi
Iron deficiency anemia mainly affects pregnant women, lactating women and women of childbearing age in general. Many things change in pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy. In the third trimester, blood volume is still increasing so pregnant women need foods rich in iron and vitamin C for good iron absorption. Catfish is one of the foodstuffs that is easy to serve and the price is cheaper than other fish. The nutritional content of catfish will increase with the right way of processing. Fresh catfish contains 1.0 mg of iron. After frying, it becomes 1.2 mg. With the condition of pregnant women who are prone to anemia, pregnant women must fulfill their nutrition by adding additional food, which can be in the form of snacks made from catfish so that their fe needs will be met. Catfish, apart from being processed into meatballs, can also be processed into the fried catfish cake. Quasi-experimental research type non randomized pre test post test. The research subjects were pregnant women in the third trimester. The analysis of this study used the Paired t test. Results: the results of research that has been conducted regarding differences in Hb levels in pregnant women in the third trimester before and after being given fried catfish cake, it was found that there were differences in Hb levels before and after treatment, this result was evidenced by the results of the t statistical test where the tcount was 10,816 with a significance level of ρvalue of 0.000, there is a significant difference because ρvalue is smaller than α (0.05). Meanwhile, for oxygen saturation with the Wilcoxon test statistic, the Z value is -3.345 with a significance level of ρvalue of 0.001, Thus before and after treatment there is a significant difference because the value is smaller than α (0.05). The brain of fried catfish cake is effective in increasing hemoglobin levels and oxygen saturation in the blood in third trimester pregnant women.  
缺铁性贫血主要影响孕妇、哺乳期妇女和育龄妇女。在怀孕的最后三个月,孕妇会发生很多变化。在妊娠晚期,血容量仍在增加,因此孕妇需要富含铁和维生素C的食物来吸收铁。鲶鱼是一种容易上桌的食品,价格也比其他鱼类便宜。正确的加工方法可以提高鲶鱼的营养成分。新鲜鲶鱼含铁1.0毫克。油炸后变成1.2毫克。鉴于孕妇易患贫血的状况,孕妇必须通过添加额外的食物来补充营养,这些食物可以以鲶鱼制成的零食的形式来满足她们的营养需求。鲶鱼除了可以加工成肉丸,还可以加工成炒鲶鱼饼。准实验研究型非随机前测后测。研究对象是妊娠晚期的孕妇。本研究的分析采用配对t检验。结果:对妊娠晚期孕妇服用煎鲶鱼饼前后Hb水平差异的研究结果,发现治疗前后Hb水平有差异,这一结果由t统计检验的结果证明,t统计检验的结果为10816,ρ值为0.000,ρ值小于α(0.05),有显著性差异。同时,对于氧饱和度,经Wilcoxon检验统计量,Z值为-3.345,ρ值显著性水平为0.001,因此治疗前后存在显著性差异,其值小于α(0.05)。煎鲶鱼脑糕对提高妊娠晚期孕妇的血红蛋白水平和血氧饱和度是有效的。
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引用次数: 0
The Relationship Between Educational Level of Fertile Age Women and Contraception Knowledge to Prevent the Unwanted Pregnancy in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era 新冠肺炎大流行时期育龄妇女受教育程度与预防意外怀孕避孕知识的关系
Pub Date : 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.20961/placentum.v9i3.54858
Annita Viesta Nirmala Dewi, Nudiya Salwa Syifa Kamila, S. Nurhidayati
Indonesia has the potential for a baby boom after the COVID-19 pandemic. The cause of this issue is the decline of contraception used by fertile age couples. The decline of contraception used lead to unwanted pregnancies. This study were conducted to find out the relationship about educational level in fertile age women regarding contraception. This cross-sectional study was done in 27 provinces in Indonesia and it was found about 279 fertile age women with different educational backgrounds. The respondents who met the inclusion criteria were married women by 104 people from 19 different provinces. The educational level groupings are intermediate (Middle School and High School), vocational (D1/D2/D3), and higher education (Bachelor/Master). The respondents were asked to answer questions about contraceptives through questionnaires distributed on social media. Next, the data were process by using univariate dan bivariate as well as the chi square test with 24 version of SPSS. The result showed that 53.8% of respondents who have good knowledge about contraception, respondents who have poor knowledge about contraceptives are 46.2%. There is a relationship between educational level of fertile age women and knowledge about contraception (p-value: 0,001), and the unmet need is one of the factors which causes unwanted pregnancies, therefore, the efforts are needed to eliminate unmet need to reduce the incidence of unwanted pregnancies during the COVID-19 pandemic.
在2019冠状病毒病大流行之后,印度尼西亚有可能出现婴儿潮。造成这一问题的原因是育龄夫妇使用避孕措施的减少。避孕措施的减少导致意外怀孕。本研究旨在探讨育龄妇女受教育程度与避孕的关系。这项横断面研究在印度尼西亚的27个省进行,发现了279名不同教育背景的育龄妇女。符合入选标准的受访者是来自19个不同省份的104名已婚女性。教育水平分为中级(初中和高中)、职业(D1/D2/D3)和高等教育(学士/硕士)。受访者被要求通过在社交媒体上分发的问卷回答有关避孕的问题。其次,采用单变量、双变量和24版SPSS卡方检验对数据进行处理。结果显示,对避孕知识有较好了解的受访者占53.8%,对避孕知识不了解的受访者占46.2%。育龄妇女的受教育程度与避孕知识之间存在相关性(p值为0.001),未满足的需求是导致意外怀孕的因素之一,因此,需要努力消除未满足的需求,以减少COVID-19大流行期间意外怀孕的发生率。
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引用次数: 2
Knowledge of Anxiety in Midwives in the COVID-19 Pandemic COVID-19大流行期间助产士的焦虑知识
Pub Date : 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.20961/placentum.v9i3.54704
Nurul Sya’bin
The incidence of COVID-19 cases continues to increase day by day so that health workers as the front line are increasingly under pressure due to the increasing workload, worrying about their health, and their families[1]. One thing that can cause health workers to experience increased anxiety, one of which is the lack of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in the workplace[2]. Health workers are at risk of experiencing psychological disorders in treating Covid-19 patients due to feelings of depression, the main cause of which is self-protection which is still less than the needs of health workers[3]. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence the anxiety of midwives during the COVID-19 pandemic at the Bekasi District Hospital in 2021. This study used adesign cross sectional. The population of all midwives in the Bekasi Regency General Hospital is 48 people. The samplingused was techniquepurposive sampling technique by stating several criteria. If it does not meet the inclusion criteria, it is not used. Data analysis using chi square and logistic regression. The results of the statistical test of the knowledge factor with anxiety in midwives during the COVID-19 pandemic using chi square got a value of sig = 0.01. The conclusion of this study is that knowledge has a relationship between knowledge and anxiety in midwives during the COVID-19 pandemic at the Bekasi District Hospital in 2021.
COVID-19病例的发病率日益增加,使一线卫生工作者因工作量增加而承受越来越大的压力,担心自己的健康和家人[1]。有一件事可能导致卫生工作者感到越来越焦虑,其中之一是工作场所缺乏个人防护装备[2]。由于抑郁情绪,卫生工作者在治疗Covid-19患者时面临心理障碍的风险,其主要原因是自我保护,而自我保护仍低于卫生工作者的需求[3]。本研究的目的是确定2021年贝卡西地区医院COVID-19大流行期间影响助产士焦虑的因素。本研究采用设计横截面法。勿加西摄政总医院的助产士总数为48人。所使用的抽样是技术性的,即通过说明几个标准的目的性抽样技术。如果不符合纳入标准,则不使用。数据分析采用卡方和逻辑回归。采用卡方法对新冠肺炎大流行期间助产士焦虑知识因素进行统计检验,其值为sig = 0.01。本研究的结论是,2021年贝卡西地区医院COVID-19大流行期间,助产士的知识与焦虑之间存在关系。
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引用次数: 1
The Effect of Education Breastfeeding to Breastfeeding Self Efficacy in Central Java Indonesia 印度尼西亚中爪哇地区教育母乳喂养对母乳喂养自我效能感的影响
Pub Date : 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.20961/placentum.v9i3.54967
Aris Prastyoningsih, Dheny Rohmantika, Erinda Nur Pratiwi, Ajengretna Maharani, Amrina Nur Rohmah
The low coverage of exclusive breastfeeding is influenced by several internal factors. Breastfeeding Self-efficacy can be increased through knowledge, skills about breastfeeding. Efforts to build knowledge and skills of mothers in breastfeeding can be done through breastfeeding education. This study aims to determine the effect of providing breastfeeding education with booklets on the breasfeeding self-efficacy in post partum mothers in Klaten, Central Java, Indonesia. This research is quantitative research with one group pre test - post test design. This research was conducted at 2 independent midwifery in Klaten on July to September 2020. Sampling technique used was purposive sampling with inclusion criteria. Statistical analysis used Univariate analysis and Bivariate analysis using paired t-test. There was a significant increase in the mean breastfeeding self-efficacy before and after breastfeeding education with booklets with a significant of 0.000 (> 0.000 at α = 0.05 and a confidence level of 95%. There is the effect of breastfeeding education with a booklet on self efficacy of breastfeeding on postpartum mother. Education breasfeeding can be used by midwives or health promotion to educate pregnant women and post-partum mothers to increase self efficasy to support the successfull of exclusive breastfeeding.
纯母乳喂养的低覆盖率受到几个内部因素的影响。自我效能感可以通过母乳喂养的知识和技能来提高。通过母乳喂养教育,可以努力培养母亲在母乳喂养方面的知识和技能。本研究旨在确定在印度尼西亚中爪哇省克拉丹市提供母乳喂养教育小册子对产后母亲母乳喂养自我效能感的影响。本研究采用一组前测后测设计的定量研究。本研究于2020年7月至9月在克拉滕的两家独立助产士进行。采用纳入标准的有目的抽样技术。统计分析采用单因素分析,双因素分析采用配对t检验。在母乳喂养宣传册教育前后,平均母乳喂养自我效能感显著提高,α = 0.05,显著性为0.000(> 0.000,置信水平为95%)。以母乳喂养自我效能感小册子进行母乳喂养教育对产后母亲的影响。教育母乳喂养可由助产士或健康促进机构来教育孕妇和产后母亲,以提高自我效能,支持成功的纯母乳喂养。
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引用次数: 1
Accuracy of Injectable Kb Acceptor Re-Visit during the Covid-19 Pandemic in PMB Yayuk Handayani Wagir District Malang Regency 马琅县亚育·汉达亚尼·瓦格尔区2019冠状病毒病大流行期间可注射Kb受体重访的准确性
Pub Date : 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.20961/placentum.v9i3.54666
Rosyidah Alfitri, Astri Yunita
The COVID-19 pandemic is a disease caused by coronavirus syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that attacks the respiratory system acutely, and caused more than 106 million people to become infected with more than 2.3 million deaths worldwide. In the family planning and birth control services (KB) service there is a revisit of kb active acceptor (old acceptors) and or visits of new acceptor is an effort to get contraceptive services aimed to prevent pregnancy. The purpose of our study was to see the difference in the accuracy of KB acceptor visits before and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Midwifery clinic (PMB) Yayuk Handayani Wagir District of Malang Regency. This research was quantitative research using experimental quasi research design with a pre post design approach. The sample in the study was the same as the study population of 50 injectable birth control acceptors in BPM Yayuk Handayani Wagir Magelang Regency. Research techniques use total sampling. In this data analysis, the normality test was carried out first, then the bivariate test used the dependent sample t-test. The results of the analysis test showed that before the COVID-19 pandemic, there were 43 revisits for active acceptors who matched the return date, while during the COVID-19 pandemic, 7 people were late for return visits and 11 people did not return for revisits.  Obtained a value of p value of 0.000 which is less than 0.05 so it can be concluded there is a difference in the accuracy of visits before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. It can be concluded that there is a difference in the return visit of hormonal contraceptive acceptors in PMB Yayuk Handayani Wagir District of Malang Regency.
COVID-19大流行是一种由冠状病毒综合征2 (SARS-CoV-2)引起的疾病,会严重攻击呼吸系统,在全球造成1.06亿多人感染,230多万人死亡。在计划生育和节育服务中,对计划生育和节育服务的积极接受者(老接受者)进行重新访问,或对新接受者进行访问,以努力获得避孕服务,以防止怀孕。本研究的目的是观察2019冠状病毒病大流行前后马朗县Yayuk Handayani Wagir区助产诊所(PMB) KB受体访诊准确性的差异。本研究采用实验准研究设计和前后设计方法进行定量研究。该研究的样本与BPM Yayuk Handayani Wagir Magelang reggency的50名注射避孕药接受者的研究人群相同。研究技术使用总抽样。在本数据分析中,首先进行正态性检验,然后使用相关样本t检验进行双变量检验。分析检验结果显示,新冠肺炎大流行前,符合回访日期的活跃受体有43人回访,而新冠肺炎大流行期间,有7人回访迟到,11人未回访。得到的p值为0.000,小于0.05,因此可以得出结论,在COVID-19大流行之前和期间就诊的准确性存在差异。由此可见,在马琅县Yayuk Handayani Wagir地区,激素避孕药接受者的回访情况存在差异。
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引用次数: 0
The Effectiveness of Coriander Seed Extract (Coriandrum Sativum) on Lowering Cholesterol Levels in Elderly Patients with Hypercholesterolemia 芫荽籽提取物(Coriandrum Sativum)降低老年高胆固醇血症患者胆固醇水平的有效性
Pub Date : 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.20961/placentum.v9i3.54727
Ana Setyowati, N. Ulya
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that by 2025 the number of elderly people worldwide will reach 1.2 billion people which will continue to grow up to 2 billion people in 2050. Cholesterol is important for our body, but in fact excessive cholesterol levels in the blood can be harmful to health since that can cause hypertension and blockage of the blood vessels of the brain, heart and leg. Actually, Hypercholesterolemia in the elderly can be reduced by non-pharmacological treatment using coriander seeds. The purpose of this study was to determine how much decreased cholesterol levels in elderly patients with hypercholesterolemia. This research is a quasi-experimental study with coriander seed extract as a treatment. The sampling is using multistage random sampling technique of 15 elderly people per group. The data analysis technique used an independent T test. The results showed that the significance value of the treatment group and the control group before was 0.063, while the significance value after treatment was 0.038. This research can contribute to the community and health workers to seek herbal treatment methode for the elderly with hypercholesterolemia.
世界卫生组织(世卫组织)估计,到2025年,全世界老年人的人数将达到12亿人,到2050年将继续增长到20亿人。胆固醇对我们的身体很重要,但事实上,血液中胆固醇水平过高会对健康有害,因为它会导致高血压,并堵塞大脑、心脏和腿部的血管。实际上,老年人的高胆固醇血症可以通过使用香菜籽进行非药物治疗来降低。本研究的目的是确定老年高胆固醇血症患者的胆固醇水平降低了多少。本研究是一项以芫荽籽提取物为处理剂的准实验研究。抽样采用多阶段随机抽样技术,每组15名老年人。数据分析技术采用独立T检验。结果显示,治疗组与对照组治疗前的显著性值为0.063,治疗后的显著性值为0.038。本研究可为社区和卫生工作者寻求老年高胆固醇血症的草药治疗方法提供参考。
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引用次数: 0
The Health Education of Narkolema for Adolescents In Wonorejo Karanganyar 卡兰甘雅省沃诺雷霍青少年纳科勒玛健康教育
Pub Date : 2021-08-30 DOI: 10.20961/PLACENTUM.V9I2.52692
H. Hardiningsih, F. A. Yunita, Agus Eka Nurma Yuneta
Introduction: The existence of communication media and the development of technology, communication, and information that increase rapidly made it easier to spreading pornography content. A survey stated that every year, there are 72 million visitors to a pornography website. Every second, 28.000 internet users see pornography content. Two-third pornography consumers on the internet are men and the rest are women. Group of age 12-17 years old are the biggest pornography consumer on the internet. Narkolema (Drugs Through The Eye) is pornography that was seen by someone that have addictive effect and damage potential just as junkies. The damage that was suffered because of pornography addiction is the damage of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The prefrontal cortex is functioned as consideration and decision making central and as personality former.Purpose: To give the extension for adolescents about narkolema so they will know about narkolema.Extension Method: Held a lecture for adolescents about narkolema by first held a pretest, then after the extension had done, the posttest was held to know the effect from the given extension.Extension Result: The extension about narkolema for adolescents was held by first held a pretest, then the posttest was held after the extension. There was an increase in the adolescents’ knowledge about narkolema.Conclusion: There was a positive effect of the extension of narkolema toward the adolescents’ knowledge of narkolema.
导读:传播媒介的存在和技术的发展,传播和信息的迅速增加,使得色情内容的传播更加容易。一项调查表明,每年有7200万人访问色情网站。每秒钟有2.8万互联网用户看到色情内容。互联网上三分之二的色情消费者是男性,其余是女性。12-17岁的青少年是互联网上最大的色情消费群体。Narkolema(通过眼睛的毒品)是一种色情作品,它是由一些人看到的,这些人有上瘾的效果和潜在的伤害,就像瘾君子一样。由于色情成瘾而遭受的损害是前额皮质(PFC)的损害。前额叶皮层具有考虑和决策中枢和人格前皮层的功能。目的:为青少年提供有关纳可勒玛的知识,使他们了解纳可勒玛。推广方法:为青少年举办关于narkolema的讲座,首先进行前测,然后在推广结束后进行后测,以了解所给予推广的效果。延拓结果:对青少年纳可勒玛进行延拓,先进行前测,后测。青少年对narkolema的了解有所增加。结论:纳可勒玛的延伸对青少年纳可勒玛的知识有积极的促进作用。
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引用次数: 1
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