Pub Date : 2024-01-10DOI: 10.1163/17552559-20230033
H. Kaushik
Exercise has been shown to improve immune competence. The immune system functions to distinguish between ‘self’ and ‘non-self’ and is composed of innate and adaptive immune cells. Exercise, especially regular moderate-intensity exercise, has positive effects on the immune system, including enhanced vaccination responses, reduced inflammation, improved neutrophil activity, and longer leukocyte telomeres. Sedentary lifestyles contribute to an increased risk of diseases, while regular exercise is beneficial for immune function and overall health. The effects of exercise on the immune system depend on factors such as exercise intensity, duration, and type. Exercise-induced immune responses vary in different populations, including young and elderly individuals, with variations in the magnitude and extent of the effects. Exercise has been associated with reduced immunosenescence and improved vaccine-induced immunity. Factors such as age, sex, genetics, microbial diversity, and environmental influences also impact immune function. Understanding the complex relationship between exercise, external factors, and immune responses is important for developing tailored interventions and improving health outcomes. More research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms and implications of exercise on the immune system. The objective of the study was to assess the impact of exercise on variations of the immune system caused by various factors, providing further insights into the complex relationship between exercise and immunity.
{"title":"Effect of exercise on different factors affecting the immune system","authors":"H. Kaushik","doi":"10.1163/17552559-20230033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20230033","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Exercise has been shown to improve immune competence. The immune system functions to distinguish between ‘self’ and ‘non-self’ and is composed of innate and adaptive immune cells. Exercise, especially regular moderate-intensity exercise, has positive effects on the immune system, including enhanced vaccination responses, reduced inflammation, improved neutrophil activity, and longer leukocyte telomeres. Sedentary lifestyles contribute to an increased risk of diseases, while regular exercise is beneficial for immune function and overall health. The effects of exercise on the immune system depend on factors such as exercise intensity, duration, and type. Exercise-induced immune responses vary in different populations, including young and elderly individuals, with variations in the magnitude and extent of the effects. Exercise has been associated with reduced immunosenescence and improved vaccine-induced immunity. Factors such as age, sex, genetics, microbial diversity, and environmental influences also impact immune function. Understanding the complex relationship between exercise, external factors, and immune responses is important for developing tailored interventions and improving health outcomes. More research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms and implications of exercise on the immune system. The objective of the study was to assess the impact of exercise on variations of the immune system caused by various factors, providing further insights into the complex relationship between exercise and immunity.","PeriodicalId":10709,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":"3 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139440042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-10DOI: 10.1163/17552559-20230016
E. Karami, E. Arabzadeh, H. Shirvani
It seems that CrossFit workouts due to its effect on strength, endurance, and cardiovascular conditioning is suitableto be used in military training. A military exercise or war game is the employment of military resources in training for military operations, either exploring the effects of warfare or testing strategies without actual combat. This study aimed to investigate the effect of simulated CrossFit exercise of the military operation on cardiovascular indicators and the physical readiness of military forces. This research is in the manner of experimental studies through a pre- and posttest design. Twenty-four male military forces (age: 21.07 ± 1.6; weight: 74.6 ± 12.1 kg; height: 175.1 ± 6.28; and body mass index (BMI): 23 ± 3.3 kg/m2) were randomly divided into two groups of CrossFit and control. The CrossFit group had three training sessions per week for four weeks. The exercise of the CrossFit group included metabolic conditioning, weight-lifting, and gymnastics, while the control group also did their usual physical activity. The results show that in the CrossFit group the means of BMI, fat mass, heart rate, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure have significantly decreased () compare to pre-test, while, the amount of VO2max, maximal power to weight, average power to weight, and the army physical fitness test (APFT) score improved significantly in CrossFit group compared to the pre-test (). Compared to the control group at post-test, crossFit significantly increase fat present, BMI, VO2max, maximal power/body weight, and power/body weight () and significantly decreased systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate (). Our results suggested that performing four weeks of the simulated CrossFit exercises of the military operation causes improving the cardiovascular indexes, and physical readiness of military personnel.
{"title":"The effect of four-weeks of CrossFit workouts on cardiovascular indicators and physical readiness in military forces","authors":"E. Karami, E. Arabzadeh, H. Shirvani","doi":"10.1163/17552559-20230016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20230016","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000It seems that CrossFit workouts due to its effect on strength, endurance, and cardiovascular conditioning is suitableto be used in military training. A military exercise or war game is the employment of military resources in training for military operations, either exploring the effects of warfare or testing strategies without actual combat. This study aimed to investigate the effect of simulated CrossFit exercise of the military operation on cardiovascular indicators and the physical readiness of military forces. This research is in the manner of experimental studies through a pre- and posttest design. Twenty-four male military forces (age: 21.07 ± 1.6; weight: 74.6 ± 12.1 kg; height: 175.1 ± 6.28; and body mass index (BMI): 23 ± 3.3 kg/m2) were randomly divided into two groups of CrossFit and control. The CrossFit group had three training sessions per week for four weeks. The exercise of the CrossFit group included metabolic conditioning, weight-lifting, and gymnastics, while the control group also did their usual physical activity. The results show that in the CrossFit group the means of BMI, fat mass, heart rate, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure have significantly decreased () compare to pre-test, while, the amount of VO2max, maximal power to weight, average power to weight, and the army physical fitness test (APFT) score improved significantly in CrossFit group compared to the pre-test (). Compared to the control group at post-test, crossFit significantly increase fat present, BMI, VO2max, maximal power/body weight, and power/body weight () and significantly decreased systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate (). Our results suggested that performing four weeks of the simulated CrossFit exercises of the military operation causes improving the cardiovascular indexes, and physical readiness of military personnel.","PeriodicalId":10709,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":"3 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139440045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.1163/17552559-20220066
A. Munjizun, C. Gluck, L. Walston, K. High, R. Hunter, S. Pratt-Phillips
Excessive adiposity in horses is associated with equine metabolic syndrome and laminitis, and additional weight due to fat accumulation may cause further stress on the horse. This study aimed to determine the effect of additional weight carriage on work effort in horses, as estimated by changes in heart rate (HR) and body temperature (Temp). Eight mature mixed-breed horses were paired based on body size in a randomised crossover study. Each day tested a pair of horses with one horse carrying additional weight (15% of body weight; to represent approximately 3 body condition scores) and the other horse serving as a control, with treatments reversed the following week. Heart rate was determined before adding the weight, after a 2 h period of stall rest (prior to the exercise bout), and at the end of a 34 min exercise challenge of walking and trotting on an automated exerciser. Temp was recorded prior to exercise and after the horses were removed from the exerciser. Two-way ANOVA was conducted to determine the effect of exercise and weight carriage on HR and Temp, and paired t-tests were used to compare differences in HR and Temp pre- and post-exercise. HR increased with exercise () and was higher following exercise in horses carrying additional weight (). Exercise increased Temp () and the difference in Temp was greater in the weight-carrying group (). This study documents the effect of weight carriage that could be imposed with body fat, in addition to the known health detriments of adiposity.
马的过度肥胖与马代谢综合症和蹄叶炎有关，而脂肪堆积导致的额外负重可能会给马造成进一步的压力。本研究旨在确定额外负重对马匹工作强度的影响，并通过心率（HR）和体温（Temp）的变化进行估算。在一项随机交叉研究中，八匹成熟的混种马根据体型大小配对。每天对一对马匹进行测试，其中一匹马额外负重（体重的 15%；代表大约 3 个身体状况评分），另一匹马作为对照组，下一周的处理方法相反。在增加体重前、马厩休息 2 小时后（运动前）以及在自动运动机上进行 34 分钟的步行和小跑运动挑战结束时测定心率。在运动前和马匹离开运动器后记录温度。采用双向方差分析确定运动和负重对心率和温度的影响，并采用配对 t 检验比较运动前后心率和温度的差异。运动时心率增加（），运动后体重增加的马匹心率更高（）。运动会增加温度（），负重组的温度差异更大（）。这项研究记录了负重可能对身体脂肪造成的影响，以及已知的脂肪过多对健康的不利影响。
{"title":"Effect of weight carriage on work effort in horses","authors":"A. Munjizun, C. Gluck, L. Walston, K. High, R. Hunter, S. Pratt-Phillips","doi":"10.1163/17552559-20220066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20220066","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Excessive adiposity in horses is associated with equine metabolic syndrome and laminitis, and additional weight due to fat accumulation may cause further stress on the horse. This study aimed to determine the effect of additional weight carriage on work effort in horses, as estimated by changes in heart rate (HR) and body temperature (Temp). Eight mature mixed-breed horses were paired based on body size in a randomised crossover study. Each day tested a pair of horses with one horse carrying additional weight (15% of body weight; to represent approximately 3 body condition scores) and the other horse serving as a control, with treatments reversed the following week. Heart rate was determined before adding the weight, after a 2 h period of stall rest (prior to the exercise bout), and at the end of a 34 min exercise challenge of walking and trotting on an automated exerciser. Temp was recorded prior to exercise and after the horses were removed from the exerciser. Two-way ANOVA was conducted to determine the effect of exercise and weight carriage on HR and Temp, and paired t-tests were used to compare differences in HR and Temp pre- and post-exercise. HR increased with exercise () and was higher following exercise in horses carrying additional weight (). Exercise increased Temp () and the difference in Temp was greater in the weight-carrying group (). This study documents the effect of weight carriage that could be imposed with body fat, in addition to the known health detriments of adiposity.","PeriodicalId":10709,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":"9 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139000228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.1163/17552559-20220072
C. Fercher, M. Reiser, H. Mueller, M. Joch, H. Maurer
The movement of the trunk and neck plays a crucial role in training and assessing the technical performance in show jumping horses. The term ‘bascule’ describes a rounded and harmonious jumping movement characterised by an arched or bulged back and a lower, stretched neck position. However, there is a lack of consensus in the literature regarding the specific kinematic features that define basculing. The question remains whether the impression of a rounded back is the result of spine flexion into an upward curved position or a combination of thorax elongation and a downward movement of the neck. Additionally, the timing of these movement components remains unclear. To address these questions, we conducted kinematic analyses on six ridden show jumpers with varying levels of competition experience. Using a simplified kinematic model, we analysed the trajectories of the trunk length, trunk height, neck length, and trunk-neck angle throughout different phases of a jump over a single 130 cm vertical fence during a training session. Furthermore, we explored potential differences in basculing execution based on the horses’ competition levels. Our findings indicate that the horses’ body posture while jumping over the fence does not exhibit true flexion of the thoracolumbar spine, resulting in an upward arched shape of the spine. Instead, during the take-off phase, the trunk shows elongation, suggesting a reduced curvature of the spine in this region, accompanied by a downward movement of the neck. However, we consistently observed a shortening of the neck segment, indicating flexion of the cervical spine. Correlation analyses suggest that these changes are associated with the horses’ level of competition, with more pronounced basculing observed in horses with higher competition levels.
{"title":"Basculing in elite show jumping horses: a motion analysis study of trunk and neck movement","authors":"C. Fercher, M. Reiser, H. Mueller, M. Joch, H. Maurer","doi":"10.1163/17552559-20220072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20220072","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The movement of the trunk and neck plays a crucial role in training and assessing the technical performance in show jumping horses. The term ‘bascule’ describes a rounded and harmonious jumping movement characterised by an arched or bulged back and a lower, stretched neck position. However, there is a lack of consensus in the literature regarding the specific kinematic features that define basculing. The question remains whether the impression of a rounded back is the result of spine flexion into an upward curved position or a combination of thorax elongation and a downward movement of the neck. Additionally, the timing of these movement components remains unclear. To address these questions, we conducted kinematic analyses on six ridden show jumpers with varying levels of competition experience. Using a simplified kinematic model, we analysed the trajectories of the trunk length, trunk height, neck length, and trunk-neck angle throughout different phases of a jump over a single 130 cm vertical fence during a training session. Furthermore, we explored potential differences in basculing execution based on the horses’ competition levels. Our findings indicate that the horses’ body posture while jumping over the fence does not exhibit true flexion of the thoracolumbar spine, resulting in an upward arched shape of the spine. Instead, during the take-off phase, the trunk shows elongation, suggesting a reduced curvature of the spine in this region, accompanied by a downward movement of the neck. However, we consistently observed a shortening of the neck segment, indicating flexion of the cervical spine. Correlation analyses suggest that these changes are associated with the horses’ level of competition, with more pronounced basculing observed in horses with higher competition levels.","PeriodicalId":10709,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138973282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-13DOI: 10.1163/17552559-20220073
L. C. Berg, J.R.T. Godborg, C. Cook
Training programmes are used routinely to improve fitness and thus prevent sport related injuries in horses. Little is known about the effect of training programmes in Icelandic horses. In this study, response to training was evaluated using standardised exercise tests (SET) before and after an 8-week interval training programme with increasing intensity. 22 Icelandic horses were included of which 14 horses completed all parts of the study. SETs were performed ridden on the same oval track and included four steps in different gaits and speeds including two steps in tölt. For SET2 a third step in tölt was added at the end. Heart rate (HR) and speed (v) were measured continuously during both SETs, and V140 and V180 were calculated for tölt. Blood lactate concentration was measured after step four in both SETs. Horses were divided into two fitness groups (‘low’ and ‘high’) based on blood lactate concentrations in SET1. The ‘low’ group had blood lactate concentrations >4 mmol/l. V140 (speed at HR140) and V180 were equal between groups in SET1. Interval programmes were adjusted to each fitness group to avoid injury to less fit horses. After 8 weeks of training, blood lactate concentration decreased significantly for the ‘low’ group (), and there was no longer a difference between groups. Between SET1 and SET2, V180 increased significantly for the ‘high’ group (). In conclusion, the interval training programme resulted in a decrease in blood lactate concentration in the ‘low’ group and an increase in V180 in the ‘high’ group suggesting an improved fitness level and cardiovascular capacity.
{"title":"Physiological response in Icelandic horses after an 8-week interval training programme with increasing intensity","authors":"L. C. Berg, J.R.T. Godborg, C. Cook","doi":"10.1163/17552559-20220073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20220073","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Training programmes are used routinely to improve fitness and thus prevent sport related injuries in horses. Little is known about the effect of training programmes in Icelandic horses. In this study, response to training was evaluated using standardised exercise tests (SET) before and after an 8-week interval training programme with increasing intensity. 22 Icelandic horses were included of which 14 horses completed all parts of the study. SETs were performed ridden on the same oval track and included four steps in different gaits and speeds including two steps in tölt. For SET2 a third step in tölt was added at the end. Heart rate (HR) and speed (v) were measured continuously during both SETs, and V140 and V180 were calculated for tölt. Blood lactate concentration was measured after step four in both SETs. Horses were divided into two fitness groups (‘low’ and ‘high’) based on blood lactate concentrations in SET1. The ‘low’ group had blood lactate concentrations >4 mmol/l. V140 (speed at HR140) and V180 were equal between groups in SET1. Interval programmes were adjusted to each fitness group to avoid injury to less fit horses. After 8 weeks of training, blood lactate concentration decreased significantly for the ‘low’ group (), and there was no longer a difference between groups. Between SET1 and SET2, V180 increased significantly for the ‘high’ group (). In conclusion, the interval training programme resulted in a decrease in blood lactate concentration in the ‘low’ group and an increase in V180 in the ‘high’ group suggesting an improved fitness level and cardiovascular capacity.","PeriodicalId":10709,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":"106 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139004149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.1163/17552559-20230026
D.J. Marlin, H. Reynolds, K. Mukai, K. Neil, G. Akerstrom
Short-term intense and or prolonged medium intensity exercise in conditions of moderate-high environmental temperature or temperature and humidity can result in moderate to marked hyperthermia. This in turn may result in decreased exercise capacity, earlier onset of fatigue and increased risk of falls or injury. Early identification of moderate-severe hyperthermia is important to allow appropriate intervention, either before, during or after exercise. Infra-red thermal imaging (IRT) allows measurement of horse surface temperature non-invasively, however it is generally considered to be unreliable in outdoor environments. Collection of pilot data suggested that this modality warranted further investigation. IRT Images were obtained from horses during training and competition at the 2019 Ready Steady Tokyo Olympic equestrian test event (Wet Bulb Globe Temperature [WBGT] > 28 °C), during and after the cross-country at the 2019 Burghley Horse Trials CCI 5* (WBGT 12-15 °C), the 2019 Adelaide International Horse Trials CCI 4* (WBGT ∼ 20 °C) and during the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games (held in 2021; WBGT > 28 °C). A total of 87 paired hindquarter IRT images and rectal temperature measurements were obtained. When all data from all 4 events were pooled the bias and limits of agreement were −0.3 ± 1.1 °C (n = 87), i.e. IRT underestimated rectal temperature. When the data from Ready Steady Tokyo 2019 and Tokyo 2020 were combined as both events took place in similar thermal environmental conditions) the bias and limits of agreement were −0.1 ± 0.8 °C (n = 45). For 29 paired hindquarter thermal images, where a second image was obtained within 15 s, there was no significant difference between the mean of the first and second images (Image 1: 38.9 ± 0.9 °C versus Image 2: 38.7 ± 0.8 °C; ; n = 29). In conclusion, IRT imaging in environmental conditions of high temperature or high temperature and humidity may be useful in identifying horses with moderate to severe hyperthermia.
{"title":"Estimating rectal temperature in exercising horses in a competition environment using infrared thermal imaging","authors":"D.J. Marlin, H. Reynolds, K. Mukai, K. Neil, G. Akerstrom","doi":"10.1163/17552559-20230026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20230026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Short-term intense and or prolonged medium intensity exercise in conditions of moderate-high environmental temperature or temperature and humidity can result in moderate to marked hyperthermia. This in turn may result in decreased exercise capacity, earlier onset of fatigue and increased risk of falls or injury. Early identification of moderate-severe hyperthermia is important to allow appropriate intervention, either before, during or after exercise. Infra-red thermal imaging (IRT) allows measurement of horse surface temperature non-invasively, however it is generally considered to be unreliable in outdoor environments. Collection of pilot data suggested that this modality warranted further investigation. IRT Images were obtained from horses during training and competition at the 2019 Ready Steady Tokyo Olympic equestrian test event (Wet Bulb Globe Temperature [WBGT] > 28 °C), during and after the cross-country at the 2019 Burghley Horse Trials CCI 5* (WBGT 12-15 °C), the 2019 Adelaide International Horse Trials CCI 4* (WBGT ∼ 20 °C) and during the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games (held in 2021; WBGT > 28 °C). A total of 87 paired hindquarter IRT images and rectal temperature measurements were obtained. When all data from all 4 events were pooled the bias and limits of agreement were −0.3 ± 1.1 °C (n = 87), i.e. IRT underestimated rectal temperature. When the data from Ready Steady Tokyo 2019 and Tokyo 2020 were combined as both events took place in similar thermal environmental conditions) the bias and limits of agreement were −0.1 ± 0.8 °C (n = 45). For 29 paired hindquarter thermal images, where a second image was obtained within 15 s, there was no significant difference between the mean of the first and second images (Image 1: 38.9 ± 0.9 °C versus Image 2: 38.7 ± 0.8 °C; ; n = 29). In conclusion, IRT imaging in environmental conditions of high temperature or high temperature and humidity may be useful in identifying horses with moderate to severe hyperthermia.","PeriodicalId":10709,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":"58 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139007134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-17DOI: 10.1163/17552559-20220063
C. Coelho, A. Silva, A. Santos, C. Vintém, C. Santos, J. Fonseca, J. Prazeres, V. Souza, A. Gola, H.C. Manso Filho, J. Simões
A 6-weeks training program, aimed at improving the physical conditioning of dressage horses, was assessed to determine its’ effectiveness. The training program comprised of 40-80 min of daily preparatory exercises for dressage competition (transitions, circles, extended walk, trot or canter, stride length variation, diagonals, straight lines and serpentines) which were performed six times per week. Thus, nine (4 year old) Lusitano horses were evaluated before (M1) and six weeks after (M2) the introduction of the new training routine. On both occasions animals were physically examined and blood samples were collected before (T0), immediately after (T1) a dressage simulation test (DST) and at 30 min (T2) and 240 min (T3) of recovery. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (BT), erythrogram, blood lactate and glucose, serum proteins, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK) values were recorded and the obtained variables were analysed using ANOVA and Tukey tests (). The training protocol produced significant changes in the measured biomarkers. Speed of work during the DST (5.8 vs 7.36 m/s; ) significantly increased, though no changes were observed in the HRpeak (∼158.1 beat/min; ), HRmean (∼113.9 beat/min; ) and distance (∼220 m). Additionally, at M1 significantly () lower values of RR and of blood lactate were recorded and at M2 low values of HR, BT, glucose, AST and CK were observed, the latter suggesting a cardiometabolic improvement. The biomarkers returned to basal levels 30 min post DST on both M1 and M2. The training regimen successfully improved the athletic conditioning of the Lusitano horses, preparing them for the practice of dressage without compromising their welfare.
{"title":"Is a 6-week training protocol effective in preparing young Lusitano horses in early athletic life?","authors":"C. Coelho, A. Silva, A. Santos, C. Vintém, C. Santos, J. Fonseca, J. Prazeres, V. Souza, A. Gola, H.C. Manso Filho, J. Simões","doi":"10.1163/17552559-20220063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20220063","url":null,"abstract":"A 6-weeks training program, aimed at improving the physical conditioning of dressage horses, was assessed to determine its’ effectiveness. The training program comprised of 40-80 min of daily preparatory exercises for dressage competition (transitions, circles, extended walk, trot or canter, stride length variation, diagonals, straight lines and serpentines) which were performed six times per week. Thus, nine (4 year old) Lusitano horses were evaluated before (M1) and six weeks after (M2) the introduction of the new training routine. On both occasions animals were physically examined and blood samples were collected before (T0), immediately after (T1) a dressage simulation test (DST) and at 30 min (T2) and 240 min (T3) of recovery. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (BT), erythrogram, blood lactate and glucose, serum proteins, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK) values were recorded and the obtained variables were analysed using ANOVA and Tukey tests (). The training protocol produced significant changes in the measured biomarkers. Speed of work during the DST (5.8 vs 7.36 m/s; ) significantly increased, though no changes were observed in the HRpeak (∼158.1 beat/min; ), HRmean (∼113.9 beat/min; ) and distance (∼220 m). Additionally, at M1 significantly () lower values of RR and of blood lactate were recorded and at M2 low values of HR, BT, glucose, AST and CK were observed, the latter suggesting a cardiometabolic improvement. The biomarkers returned to basal levels 30 min post DST on both M1 and M2. The training regimen successfully improved the athletic conditioning of the Lusitano horses, preparing them for the practice of dressage without compromising their welfare.","PeriodicalId":10709,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":"42 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139265885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-13DOI: 10.1163/17552559-20220065
K. Hemmerling, M. Sanz, Y. Wang, A. Fisher, D. Sellon, J. Gold, S. Shoemaker, J. Bagshaw, R. Leguillette, W. Bayly
Post-race tracheal mucus is a common finding in 2-year-old Thoroughbreds without signs of respiratory disease, and its clinical relevance is unclear. We evaluated the relationship between mucus score (0-5) and racing performance, racetrack location, surface and condition and some environmental factors in this age-group of horses. 1,071 post-race videoendoscopies were independently assigned mucus scores by three observers blinded to horse identity, and the consensus score was recorded. Pearson’s Chi-squared independence test and ANOVA or the Kruskal-Wallis test analysed relationships of mucus scores to performance and racetrack environmental variables, respectively. Significance was set at . Tracheal mucus was observed post-racing in 98% of videoendoscopies; 54% had mucus scores ≥3. Race distances (), horses’ race times (), and horses’ speed index () were not associated with mucus score. Lower mucus score was not associated with a better finishing place (). The association between racetrack surface material and mucus score was not significant (). Racetrack location () was associated with mucus score, but no single racetrack factor could be causally linked to this locational association. Neither stall construction material () nor bedding type () had a significant association with mucus score. Orientation of the horse’s stall within a barn (facing inwards vs facing outwards, n = 151) was not significantly associated with mucus score (). There was no combined effect of stall orientation and bedding type on mucus score (orientation and shavings: ; orientation and straw: ). Air quality index (AQI) was related to mucus score () with the likelihood of mucus score ≥2 increasing as AQI worsened (). While these results do not demonstrate an association between mucus score and performance or a cause-and-effect relationship between mucus scores and the racetrack environment, they do justify further investigations of factors influencing mucus scores in 2-year-old racing Thoroughbreds.
{"title":"Relationship of post-race tracheal mucus scores to performance and the environment in 2-year-old Thoroughbreds","authors":"K. Hemmerling, M. Sanz, Y. Wang, A. Fisher, D. Sellon, J. Gold, S. Shoemaker, J. Bagshaw, R. Leguillette, W. Bayly","doi":"10.1163/17552559-20220065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20220065","url":null,"abstract":"Post-race tracheal mucus is a common finding in 2-year-old Thoroughbreds without signs of respiratory disease, and its clinical relevance is unclear. We evaluated the relationship between mucus score (0-5) and racing performance, racetrack location, surface and condition and some environmental factors in this age-group of horses. 1,071 post-race videoendoscopies were independently assigned mucus scores by three observers blinded to horse identity, and the consensus score was recorded. Pearson’s Chi-squared independence test and ANOVA or the Kruskal-Wallis test analysed relationships of mucus scores to performance and racetrack environmental variables, respectively. Significance was set at . Tracheal mucus was observed post-racing in 98% of videoendoscopies; 54% had mucus scores ≥3. Race distances (), horses’ race times (), and horses’ speed index () were not associated with mucus score. Lower mucus score was not associated with a better finishing place (). The association between racetrack surface material and mucus score was not significant (). Racetrack location () was associated with mucus score, but no single racetrack factor could be causally linked to this locational association. Neither stall construction material () nor bedding type () had a significant association with mucus score. Orientation of the horse’s stall within a barn (facing inwards vs facing outwards, n = 151) was not significantly associated with mucus score (). There was no combined effect of stall orientation and bedding type on mucus score (orientation and shavings: ; orientation and straw: ). Air quality index (AQI) was related to mucus score () with the likelihood of mucus score ≥2 increasing as AQI worsened (). While these results do not demonstrate an association between mucus score and performance or a cause-and-effect relationship between mucus scores and the racetrack environment, they do justify further investigations of factors influencing mucus scores in 2-year-old racing Thoroughbreds.","PeriodicalId":10709,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":"135 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139279145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-03DOI: 10.1163/17552559-20230018
P.F. Ribeiro, G.L.B.L. Pizzi, P.M. Silva, G.A. de O. Cavalcanti, F.R.P. Bruhn, P.P.C. Costa, R.T. França, K. Holz, R.F. de Godoy, C.F. Martins
The aim of the present study was to investigate the cardiovascular morphofunctional and biochemical training adaptations of Criollo breed horses. Thirty-one animals were evaluated, arranged in two groups – untrained horses, used as a control group (n = 17); trained horses, in training for the Freio de Ouro competition (n = 14). The means and standard deviation of echocardiographic, electrocardiographic and biochemical variables were measured and, subsequently, compared between groups of trained and untrained animals using Student’s t test, considering . Trained horses had lower biochemical levels of CK, CKMB and cTnI I when compared to untrained animals. The echocardiographic variables interventricular septum during diastole (IVSd), left ventricular free wall during systole (LVFWs), left ventricular free wall during diastole (LVFWd), left ventricular mass (LVMass), diameter of the aorta (Ao) and diameter of the left atrium (LA) have shown higher values in trained horses compared to untrained. Duration of the T wave was the only electrocardiographic variable that was influenced by training, showing higher values for untrained animals. Therefore, there is influence of training on biochemical variables, in addition to on morphological and functional echocardiographic/electrocardiographic characters in trained Criollo breed horses, characterised by concentric cardiac hypertrophy, when compared to untrained individuals. In addition, a majority of normal sinus heart rhythm was observed in the animals evaluated.
本研究旨在调查克里奥罗品种马匹在训练中对心血管形态功能和生化适应性的影响。31匹马被分为两组进行评估--未经训练的马，作为对照组（n = 17）；训练有素的马，参加Freio de Ouro比赛（n = 14）。测量超声心动图、心电图和生化变量的平均值和标准偏差，然后使用学生 t 检验比较训练组和未训练组之间的差异。与未接受训练的动物相比，接受过训练的马匹CK、CKMB和cTnI I的生化水平较低。超声心动图变量舒张期室间隔（IVSd）、收缩期左心室游离壁（LVFWs）、舒张期左心室游离壁（LVFWd）、左心室质量（LVMass）、主动脉直径（Ao）和左心房直径（LA）在受过训练的马匹身上显示出比未受过训练的马匹更高的数值。T波持续时间是唯一受训练影响的心电图变量，未经训练的动物T波持续时间值较高。因此，与未经训练的马匹相比，训练对经过训练的克里奥罗种马的生化变量以及形态和功能性超声心动图/心电图特征都有影响，其特征是心脏同心性肥大。此外，在接受评估的动物中，大多数都能观察到正常的窦性心律。
{"title":"Cardiovascular training adaptations in Criollo breed horses: biochemical markers and morphofunctional parameters","authors":"P.F. Ribeiro, G.L.B.L. Pizzi, P.M. Silva, G.A. de O. Cavalcanti, F.R.P. Bruhn, P.P.C. Costa, R.T. França, K. Holz, R.F. de Godoy, C.F. Martins","doi":"10.1163/17552559-20230018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20230018","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the present study was to investigate the cardiovascular morphofunctional and biochemical training adaptations of Criollo breed horses. Thirty-one animals were evaluated, arranged in two groups – untrained horses, used as a control group (n = 17); trained horses, in training for the Freio de Ouro competition (n = 14). The means and standard deviation of echocardiographic, electrocardiographic and biochemical variables were measured and, subsequently, compared between groups of trained and untrained animals using Student’s t test, considering . Trained horses had lower biochemical levels of CK, CKMB and cTnI I when compared to untrained animals. The echocardiographic variables interventricular septum during diastole (IVSd), left ventricular free wall during systole (LVFWs), left ventricular free wall during diastole (LVFWd), left ventricular mass (LVMass), diameter of the aorta (Ao) and diameter of the left atrium (LA) have shown higher values in trained horses compared to untrained. Duration of the T wave was the only electrocardiographic variable that was influenced by training, showing higher values for untrained animals. Therefore, there is influence of training on biochemical variables, in addition to on morphological and functional echocardiographic/electrocardiographic characters in trained Criollo breed horses, characterised by concentric cardiac hypertrophy, when compared to untrained individuals. In addition, a majority of normal sinus heart rhythm was observed in the animals evaluated.","PeriodicalId":10709,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139289744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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