Pub Date : 2023-11-03DOI: 10.1163/17552559-20230019
S. Blake, V. Melfi, G. Tabor, A.P. Wills
The risk of injury to canine flyball competitors has been noted as similar to that reported for canine agility, affecting approximately one third of competitors throughout their careers. To date, no studies have examined whether elements such as consistently turning in one direction during the box turn are associated with specific types of injuries. The aims of this study were to describe the frequency and types of injuries experienced by flyball dogs and to evaluate variables that may affect injury occurrence at specific anatomical sites which may give insight into potential ways of reducing injury risk. An online questionnaire, sent to owners, was used to obtain data on 75 dogs that had sustained an injury whilst training or competing in flyball in the last five years. Among the 75 dogs, the most common location was the shoulder region (n = 17; 16.8% of injured dogs), followed by the back and trunk (n = 16; 15.8%). Back injuries had the highest recorded number of repeat injuries n = 66 (24.63%), and when all individual injuries were considered, 44.40% (n = 119) of them occurred on the forelimbs. The most common type of injury was inflammation to soft tissue. There was a statistically significant association between the direction the dog turns at the box and the side of occurrence of injuries at the shoulder (X2(2) = 13.71, ), with injuries most likely to occur to the limb on the inside of the turn (left turn = left shoulder). For hip injuries, there was also an association with the most affected side and the side of the box turn (X2(2) = 6.702, ), with injuries most likely to occur on the limb at the outside of the turn (left turn = right hip). These findings identify new risk factors for injury within flyball which can be used to improve welfare and safety for competitors.
{"title":"Frequency of injuries and orthopaedic conditions sustained by flyball dogs","authors":"S. Blake, V. Melfi, G. Tabor, A.P. Wills","doi":"10.1163/17552559-20230019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20230019","url":null,"abstract":"The risk of injury to canine flyball competitors has been noted as similar to that reported for canine agility, affecting approximately one third of competitors throughout their careers. To date, no studies have examined whether elements such as consistently turning in one direction during the box turn are associated with specific types of injuries. The aims of this study were to describe the frequency and types of injuries experienced by flyball dogs and to evaluate variables that may affect injury occurrence at specific anatomical sites which may give insight into potential ways of reducing injury risk. An online questionnaire, sent to owners, was used to obtain data on 75 dogs that had sustained an injury whilst training or competing in flyball in the last five years. Among the 75 dogs, the most common location was the shoulder region (n = 17; 16.8% of injured dogs), followed by the back and trunk (n = 16; 15.8%). Back injuries had the highest recorded number of repeat injuries n = 66 (24.63%), and when all individual injuries were considered, 44.40% (n = 119) of them occurred on the forelimbs. The most common type of injury was inflammation to soft tissue. There was a statistically significant association between the direction the dog turns at the box and the side of occurrence of injuries at the shoulder (X2(2) = 13.71, ), with injuries most likely to occur to the limb on the inside of the turn (left turn = left shoulder). For hip injuries, there was also an association with the most affected side and the side of the box turn (X2(2) = 6.702, ), with injuries most likely to occur on the limb at the outside of the turn (left turn = right hip). These findings identify new risk factors for injury within flyball which can be used to improve welfare and safety for competitors.","PeriodicalId":10709,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139289950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-31DOI: 10.1163/17552559-20230023
M.M. Friend, M.C. Nicodemus, C.A. Cavinder, C.O. Lemley, P. Prince, K. Holtcamp, R.M. Swanson
Psychotherapy incorporating equine interaction (PIE) is emerging as an effective treatment for substance use disorder (SUD); however, research concerning physiological impacts of PIE during substance withdrawal is lacking. This study investigated impacts of PIE on salivary cortisol concentrations and heart rates in SUD patients during withdrawal. Heart rate and cortisol concentrations were also measured in horses to investigate potential human-horse coupling during PIE. Saliva samples and heart rates were collected from SUD patients (n = 18) and their therapy horses (n = 4) prior to the introduction of the horse and following equine interaction within a residential psychotherapy program during the substance withdrawal period. Without the presence of the horse, the equine environment during the first week of withdrawal produced lower () cortisol and heart rate measures than found in the equine interaction for the SUD patients. Human heart rates, however, decreased () in the second week in response to the equine interaction. A strong negative correlation (r = −0.9, ) was found within the changes in human and horse cortisol concentrations during week two as human cortisol concentrations decreased while horse cortisol concentrations increased. Results indicate equine interaction during psychotherapy is more effective in the second week than the first at mitigating stress for withdrawing residential SUD treatment program patients and the equid environment, even without the presence of a horse, can positively impact stress parameters in withdrawing SUD patients during the first week of treatment.
结合马匹互动（PIE）的心理疗法正在成为治疗药物使用障碍（SUD）的一种有效疗法；然而，有关 PIE 在药物戒断期间对生理影响的研究还很缺乏。本研究调查了 PIE 对戒断期 SUD 患者唾液皮质醇浓度和心率的影响。同时还测量了马的心率和皮质醇浓度，以研究 PIE 期间潜在的人马耦合。在引入马匹之前以及在戒断药物期间与马匹互动之后，研究人员收集了患有药物依赖性精神疾病的患者（18 人）及其治疗马匹（4 人）的唾液样本和心率。在没有马匹在场的情况下，戒断第一周的马匹环境所产生的皮质醇和心率测量值（）低于与马匹互动时发现的 SUD 患者的皮质醇和心率测量值。然而，人的心率在第二周却因马的互动而下降（）。在第二周期间，人和马的皮质醇浓度变化呈强负相关（r = -0.9，），因为人的皮质醇浓度下降，而马的皮质醇浓度上升。结果表明，与第一周相比，心理治疗过程中的马匹互动在第二周更能有效缓解戒毒住院患者的压力，即使没有马匹在场，马匹环境也能在治疗的第一周对戒毒患者的压力参数产生积极影响。
{"title":"Physiology of human-horse interactions during substance withdrawal within psychotherapy participants","authors":"M.M. Friend, M.C. Nicodemus, C.A. Cavinder, C.O. Lemley, P. Prince, K. Holtcamp, R.M. Swanson","doi":"10.1163/17552559-20230023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20230023","url":null,"abstract":"Psychotherapy incorporating equine interaction (PIE) is emerging as an effective treatment for substance use disorder (SUD); however, research concerning physiological impacts of PIE during substance withdrawal is lacking. This study investigated impacts of PIE on salivary cortisol concentrations and heart rates in SUD patients during withdrawal. Heart rate and cortisol concentrations were also measured in horses to investigate potential human-horse coupling during PIE. Saliva samples and heart rates were collected from SUD patients (n = 18) and their therapy horses (n = 4) prior to the introduction of the horse and following equine interaction within a residential psychotherapy program during the substance withdrawal period. Without the presence of the horse, the equine environment during the first week of withdrawal produced lower () cortisol and heart rate measures than found in the equine interaction for the SUD patients. Human heart rates, however, decreased () in the second week in response to the equine interaction. A strong negative correlation (r = −0.9, ) was found within the changes in human and horse cortisol concentrations during week two as human cortisol concentrations decreased while horse cortisol concentrations increased. Results indicate equine interaction during psychotherapy is more effective in the second week than the first at mitigating stress for withdrawing residential SUD treatment program patients and the equid environment, even without the presence of a horse, can positively impact stress parameters in withdrawing SUD patients during the first week of treatment.","PeriodicalId":10709,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139308416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.1163/17552559-20230039
N. Sharma, M. Goyal, A.J. Samuel
Reliability and other properties for most equilibrium coordination tests have not been established yet among children. Hence, the aim of the present study was to find out the intra-rater reliability, minimum detectable change, and sensitivity of sideways walking, tandem walking, cross-stepping, heel walking, and toe walking among children. 1,104 children of age group 8-17 years with convenient sampling were recruited for the study. Children were asked to perform sideways walking, tandem walking, cross-stepping, heel walking, and toe walking in a non-orderly fashion one by one, and three readings were obtained. The time taken (in seconds) was recorded through calibrated stopwatch. Relative reliability was determined through the Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC3,1) and Cronbach’s alpha, while the coefficient of variation (CV%) and standard error of mean (SEM) were used to establish absolute reliability. The sensitivity of the tests was evaluated by comparing the values of the smallest worthwhile change (SWC) and SEM. minimum detectable change at 95% confidence interval (MDC95) was also estimated. Intra-rater reliability of sideways walking, tandem walking, cross stepping, heel walking, and toe walking to cover a 10 m distance was estimated as 0.97, 0.98, 0.98, 0.94, and 0.97, respectively. Excellent absolute reliability of the tests was established with values less than one. Sensitivity was found to be ‘Good’ for all the tests. Sideways walking, tandem walking, cross-stepping, heel walking, and toe walking are highly reliable tools for the assessment of coordination among children. Registered on Clinical trials with trial no. NCT05159297.
{"title":"Intra-rater reliability, minimum detectable change, and sensitivity of equilibrium coordination tests for school-going children","authors":"N. Sharma, M. Goyal, A.J. Samuel","doi":"10.1163/17552559-20230039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20230039","url":null,"abstract":"Reliability and other properties for most equilibrium coordination tests have not been established yet among children. Hence, the aim of the present study was to find out the intra-rater reliability, minimum detectable change, and sensitivity of sideways walking, tandem walking, cross-stepping, heel walking, and toe walking among children. 1,104 children of age group 8-17 years with convenient sampling were recruited for the study. Children were asked to perform sideways walking, tandem walking, cross-stepping, heel walking, and toe walking in a non-orderly fashion one by one, and three readings were obtained. The time taken (in seconds) was recorded through calibrated stopwatch. Relative reliability was determined through the Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC3,1) and Cronbach’s alpha, while the coefficient of variation (CV%) and standard error of mean (SEM) were used to establish absolute reliability. The sensitivity of the tests was evaluated by comparing the values of the smallest worthwhile change (SWC) and SEM. minimum detectable change at 95% confidence interval (MDC95) was also estimated. Intra-rater reliability of sideways walking, tandem walking, cross stepping, heel walking, and toe walking to cover a 10 m distance was estimated as 0.97, 0.98, 0.98, 0.94, and 0.97, respectively. Excellent absolute reliability of the tests was established with values less than one. Sensitivity was found to be ‘Good’ for all the tests. Sideways walking, tandem walking, cross-stepping, heel walking, and toe walking are highly reliable tools for the assessment of coordination among children. Registered on Clinical trials with trial no. NCT05159297.","PeriodicalId":10709,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139309590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.1163/17552559-20220051
M.E. Downer, D.R. Hodgson, B.D. Grant, M.S. Davis, W. Bayly
Changes in serum biochemistry and skeletal muscle of horses in response to individual endurance rides of varying distance have been reported, as have the effects of submaximal treadmill training. This study evaluated the effects of a controlled field endurance training programme on energy metabolism. Five Arabian horses 6.8 ± 2.0 years (mean ± standard deviation) were trained for 16 weeks over progressively longer distances. The biceps femoris, triceps long head, and semitendinosus muscles were biopsied before and after 4-weekly runs of 10, 20 and 30 miles, respectively, and before and after 10, 20, 30 and 50 miles of a fourth run at the end of the training programme to measure 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (HAD) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities and triglyceride (TG) and glycogen concentrations in those biopsies. Blood samples were obtained simultaneously to measure serum TG, free fatty acid (FFA), glycerol, glucagon, insulin, and cortisol concentrations. Data were analysed using RM-ANOVA for effects of training and distance. was considered significant. Training increased resting glycogen and TG concentrations in the biceps (, ), triceps (, ) and semitendinosus (, ), respectively. Both HAD and SDH activities increased in the biceps femoris (; ) and triceps (; ), respectively, but not in the semitendinosus. There was no training effect detected on serum hormone responses to exercise distance although serum glycerol (), glucagon () and cortisol () concentrations increased with increasing run distance, while insulin concentration decreased (). Glucagon and cortisol concentrations were correlated (r = 0.67; ). Serum TG decreased with exercise but at a slower rate following training, and serum FFA were higher during exercise following training when compared to the partially trained state. Overall, endurance training enhanced peripheral mobilisation of fat and its utilisation by working muscle, and resting muscle glycogen stores increased.
{"title":"Metabolic effects of training endurance horses in a field setting","authors":"M.E. Downer, D.R. Hodgson, B.D. Grant, M.S. Davis, W. Bayly","doi":"10.1163/17552559-20220051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20220051","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in serum biochemistry and skeletal muscle of horses in response to individual endurance rides of varying distance have been reported, as have the effects of submaximal treadmill training. This study evaluated the effects of a controlled field endurance training programme on energy metabolism. Five Arabian horses 6.8 ± 2.0 years (mean ± standard deviation) were trained for 16 weeks over progressively longer distances. The biceps femoris, triceps long head, and semitendinosus muscles were biopsied before and after 4-weekly runs of 10, 20 and 30 miles, respectively, and before and after 10, 20, 30 and 50 miles of a fourth run at the end of the training programme to measure 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (HAD) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities and triglyceride (TG) and glycogen concentrations in those biopsies. Blood samples were obtained simultaneously to measure serum TG, free fatty acid (FFA), glycerol, glucagon, insulin, and cortisol concentrations. Data were analysed using RM-ANOVA for effects of training and distance. was considered significant. Training increased resting glycogen and TG concentrations in the biceps (, ), triceps (, ) and semitendinosus (, ), respectively. Both HAD and SDH activities increased in the biceps femoris (; ) and triceps (; ), respectively, but not in the semitendinosus. There was no training effect detected on serum hormone responses to exercise distance although serum glycerol (), glucagon () and cortisol () concentrations increased with increasing run distance, while insulin concentration decreased (). Glucagon and cortisol concentrations were correlated (r = 0.67; ). Serum TG decreased with exercise but at a slower rate following training, and serum FFA were higher during exercise following training when compared to the partially trained state. Overall, endurance training enhanced peripheral mobilisation of fat and its utilisation by working muscle, and resting muscle glycogen stores increased.","PeriodicalId":10709,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139309820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.1163/17552559-20230021
M.M. Keener, K. Tumlin
The use of trauma databases for epidemiological study of equestrian injuries is well established. However, such databases fail to capture minor injuries or injuries when medical attention is not sought. Additionally, concerns about chronic pain in equestrians have only been explored in small samples. The current study is the first nationwide survey of American equestrians 12 years and older participating in all equestrian disciplines. This study aimed to evaluate the patterns of self-reported acute injuries, behaviours of seeking medical attention for acute injuries, and chronic pain. A convenience sample of 2,573 American equestrians completed an anonymous online survey with questions on acute injury anatomical region, type, and if they sought medical attention. Additional questions identified frequency and location of chronic pain. In total, 2,049 survey responses were complete, with 96% female and representation from all regions of the United States. Participation status (PS) was categorised as professionals (19%), amateurs (43%), and recreational (38%). PS was associated with acute injury and chronic pain frequency. Only 3.9% had never experienced an acute injury from equestrian activity. Of all injuries, foot injuries were most reported (13% of all injuries; 52% of participants) with only 39% seeking medical attention. Professionals had higher odds of experiencing acute injuries in most anatomical regions. 42% indicated they had encountered a concussion; of those, 71% sought medical assistance due to a suspected concussion. Chronic back pain frequency was reported at 27.5%. This study is the first to evaluate self-reported injury in a large convenience sample of American equestrians. The current study found a higher rate of lower extremity injuries in equestrians than previously captured in trauma databases. Prior concussion and acute injury increased the odds of individuals experiencing regional chronic pain, suggesting that future studies and interventions should focus on improving preventative and rehabilitative care.
{"title":"Self-reported acute injury and chronic pain in American equestrian athletes","authors":"M.M. Keener, K. Tumlin","doi":"10.1163/17552559-20230021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20230021","url":null,"abstract":"The use of trauma databases for epidemiological study of equestrian injuries is well established. However, such databases fail to capture minor injuries or injuries when medical attention is not sought. Additionally, concerns about chronic pain in equestrians have only been explored in small samples. The current study is the first nationwide survey of American equestrians 12 years and older participating in all equestrian disciplines. This study aimed to evaluate the patterns of self-reported acute injuries, behaviours of seeking medical attention for acute injuries, and chronic pain. A convenience sample of 2,573 American equestrians completed an anonymous online survey with questions on acute injury anatomical region, type, and if they sought medical attention. Additional questions identified frequency and location of chronic pain. In total, 2,049 survey responses were complete, with 96% female and representation from all regions of the United States. Participation status (PS) was categorised as professionals (19%), amateurs (43%), and recreational (38%). PS was associated with acute injury and chronic pain frequency. Only 3.9% had never experienced an acute injury from equestrian activity. Of all injuries, foot injuries were most reported (13% of all injuries; 52% of participants) with only 39% seeking medical attention. Professionals had higher odds of experiencing acute injuries in most anatomical regions. 42% indicated they had encountered a concussion; of those, 71% sought medical assistance due to a suspected concussion. Chronic back pain frequency was reported at 27.5%. This study is the first to evaluate self-reported injury in a large convenience sample of American equestrians. The current study found a higher rate of lower extremity injuries in equestrians than previously captured in trauma databases. Prior concussion and acute injury increased the odds of individuals experiencing regional chronic pain, suggesting that future studies and interventions should focus on improving preventative and rehabilitative care.","PeriodicalId":10709,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139311355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.1163/17552559-20220071
V. Dahl, E. Singer, T.C. Garcia, K. Adkins, D. Hawkins, S.M. Stover
Shoeing techniques have the potential to affect hoof growth, causing abnormal hoof conformations, which in turn put affected horses at risk for lameness and injury. Racehorses are often shod with shorter shoe branches which may predispose them to underrun heel hoof conformation. Horseshoe branch length was tested to determine the effect on hoof wall deformations, expansion, strain and fetlock extension during midstance limb loading. Our hypotheses were that shortening of the shoe branch length would increase fetlock extension, increase compressive strains at the heel, and change principal strain directions in a proximodorsal direction. Nine cadaveric forelimbs were loaded in vitro to simulate mid-stance from walk to canter loads. Analysis of variance was used to assess the effect of horseshoe (no shoe, short shoe, full shoe, and long shoe) on outcome variables. Hoof wall expansion and lateral hoof wall distortion did not differ among treatments. Principal compressive hoof wall strain magnitudes were greater than principal tensile strain magnitudes. As shoe length increased principal compressive strains decreased, except for the middle quarter location; shear strains increased for distal locations and decreased at the proximal heel location; and principal strain directions viewed on the lateral side of the right hoof rotated in a counterclockwise direction at middle and distal quarter locations. Results do not provide evidence that a shorter shoe increases fetlock extension. Additionally, as the shorter shoe had similar strain results to that of an unshod hoof, it is unclear if a shorter shoe could lead to the development of abnormal hoof conformations. Other factors that may play a role in changes of hoof conformation including surface type, amount of exercise and frequency of trimming as well as other planes within the xyz coordinate system for the fetlock and hoof should be investigated.
{"title":"In vitro effect of horseshoe length on hoof wall deformation, expansion, and strain","authors":"V. Dahl, E. Singer, T.C. Garcia, K. Adkins, D. Hawkins, S.M. Stover","doi":"10.1163/17552559-20220071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20220071","url":null,"abstract":"Shoeing techniques have the potential to affect hoof growth, causing abnormal hoof conformations, which in turn put affected horses at risk for lameness and injury. Racehorses are often shod with shorter shoe branches which may predispose them to underrun heel hoof conformation. Horseshoe branch length was tested to determine the effect on hoof wall deformations, expansion, strain and fetlock extension during midstance limb loading. Our hypotheses were that shortening of the shoe branch length would increase fetlock extension, increase compressive strains at the heel, and change principal strain directions in a proximodorsal direction. Nine cadaveric forelimbs were loaded in vitro to simulate mid-stance from walk to canter loads. Analysis of variance was used to assess the effect of horseshoe (no shoe, short shoe, full shoe, and long shoe) on outcome variables. Hoof wall expansion and lateral hoof wall distortion did not differ among treatments. Principal compressive hoof wall strain magnitudes were greater than principal tensile strain magnitudes. As shoe length increased principal compressive strains decreased, except for the middle quarter location; shear strains increased for distal locations and decreased at the proximal heel location; and principal strain directions viewed on the lateral side of the right hoof rotated in a counterclockwise direction at middle and distal quarter locations. Results do not provide evidence that a shorter shoe increases fetlock extension. Additionally, as the shorter shoe had similar strain results to that of an unshod hoof, it is unclear if a shorter shoe could lead to the development of abnormal hoof conformations. Other factors that may play a role in changes of hoof conformation including surface type, amount of exercise and frequency of trimming as well as other planes within the xyz coordinate system for the fetlock and hoof should be investigated.","PeriodicalId":10709,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139309812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-23DOI: 10.1163/17552559-20230009
M. Boora, J. Kaur
The upper limb (UL) is one of the important target for musculoskeletal complications in patients with diabetes. The objective of this trial was to measure the feasibility and clinical effectiveness of upper limb training on grip strength and muscle activity in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A parallel three-arm randomised controlled trial (RCT) was employed. Fifty-seven patients with T2DM aged between 35 to 60 years were recruited based on eligibility criteria and asked to visit the outpatient department (OPD) of physiotherapy. They were randomly allocated into 3 groups; resistance training (RT) group; sensorimotor training (SMT) group; and control group with the help of a computer-generated random number table. Primary outcome measures were recruitment rate, outcome measure, retention rate, adherence, and acceptability of the intervention to assess trial feasibility. The efficacy of training on grip strength and on activation of deltoid, bicep and triceps brachii after 6 weeks was measured using a JAMAR hand dynamometer and S4-channel Neurostim EMG/NCV/EP system, respectively. The feasibility of recruitment rate of participants was 72.15%, outcome measures feasibility was 81%, retention rate of participants was 81% and intervention adherence was 91.34% for RT group & 87.41% for SMT group. Most of the participants were satisfied with the given intervention as the acceptance rate was high. Between and within-group analysis of muscular activity and strength shows a significant difference as the P-value was < 0.05. RT group shows maximum improvement in both outcome measures. This study was feasible and well accepted by participants. Therefore, it is possible to perform a fully powered RCT and to use upper limb training in the future for good clinical management in type 2 diabetic population. This trial was registered under the Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI) with registration no. CTRI/2021/06/034188.
{"title":"Efficacy of upper limb training on grip strength and muscle activity in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a feasibility study","authors":"M. Boora, J. Kaur","doi":"10.1163/17552559-20230009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20230009","url":null,"abstract":"The upper limb (UL) is one of the important target for musculoskeletal complications in patients with diabetes. The objective of this trial was to measure the feasibility and clinical effectiveness of upper limb training on grip strength and muscle activity in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A parallel three-arm randomised controlled trial (RCT) was employed. Fifty-seven patients with T2DM aged between 35 to 60 years were recruited based on eligibility criteria and asked to visit the outpatient department (OPD) of physiotherapy. They were randomly allocated into 3 groups; resistance training (RT) group; sensorimotor training (SMT) group; and control group with the help of a computer-generated random number table. Primary outcome measures were recruitment rate, outcome measure, retention rate, adherence, and acceptability of the intervention to assess trial feasibility. The efficacy of training on grip strength and on activation of deltoid, bicep and triceps brachii after 6 weeks was measured using a JAMAR hand dynamometer and S4-channel Neurostim EMG/NCV/EP system, respectively. The feasibility of recruitment rate of participants was 72.15%, outcome measures feasibility was 81%, retention rate of participants was 81% and intervention adherence was 91.34% for RT group & 87.41% for SMT group. Most of the participants were satisfied with the given intervention as the acceptance rate was high. Between and within-group analysis of muscular activity and strength shows a significant difference as the P-value was < 0.05. RT group shows maximum improvement in both outcome measures. This study was feasible and well accepted by participants. Therefore, it is possible to perform a fully powered RCT and to use upper limb training in the future for good clinical management in type 2 diabetic population. This trial was registered under the Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI) with registration no. CTRI/2021/06/034188.","PeriodicalId":10709,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139315378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-13DOI: 10.1163/17552559-20220070
J. Bagshaw, M. Sanz, Y. Wang, S. Shoemaker, W. Bayly
This study evaluated the severity of pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia (PLH) in relation to age, performance and geographic location of Thoroughbreds racing at 13 American racetracks. PLH severity (graded 1-4 with validated criteria related to size, appearance and coalescence of hyperplastic follicles) and tracheal mucus score (0-5) were determined from videoendoscopies recorded 30-60 min post-racing. There were 198 from 2-year-olds, including following graded stakes races, and 116 were from ≥2-year-old horses following graded races. Performance data was obtained from Thoroughbred racehorse databases. Associations between PLH and speed index, average race speed, mucus score, age, and track location were separately investigated for the 2-year-olds and for the stakes horses using Pearson’s Chi-squared independence test, ANOVA or an ordinal logistic regression model. was significant. There were age (PLH Grade ≥3 in 92% 2-year-olds, 88% for 3-year-olds and 52% in ≥4-year-olds; ) and track location () effects on PLH grade. In 2-year-olds, PLH varied with track location () and race day air quality index (AQI; ). Horses housed at the racetrack had higher PLH grades than horses transported to the race (). Speed index (), tracheal mucus () and average speed () were not associated with PLH severity in 2-year-olds. In stakes horses, severity of PLH was not different between 2- and 3-year-olds but decreased with age in ≥3-year-olds (). Higher PLH grades were associated with decreased speed index () but not average speed (). Track location () and mucus scores () were also associated with PLH grade in all stakes horses. PLH was most severe in 2- and 3-year-old stakes horses but did not impair their performance. Of stakes horses ≥4-years-old, those with PLH ≥3 performed worse than those with PLH ≤2. Racetrack location and AQI were associated with PLH severity in racehorses of all ages for reasons that require further study.
{"title":"Severity and effects of pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia vary with age and racetrack location in Thoroughbred racehorses","authors":"J. Bagshaw, M. Sanz, Y. Wang, S. Shoemaker, W. Bayly","doi":"10.1163/17552559-20220070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20220070","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated the severity of pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia (PLH) in relation to age, performance and geographic location of Thoroughbreds racing at 13 American racetracks. PLH severity (graded 1-4 with validated criteria related to size, appearance and coalescence of hyperplastic follicles) and tracheal mucus score (0-5) were determined from videoendoscopies recorded 30-60 min post-racing. There were 198 from 2-year-olds, including following graded stakes races, and 116 were from ≥2-year-old horses following graded races. Performance data was obtained from Thoroughbred racehorse databases. Associations between PLH and speed index, average race speed, mucus score, age, and track location were separately investigated for the 2-year-olds and for the stakes horses using Pearson’s Chi-squared independence test, ANOVA or an ordinal logistic regression model. was significant. There were age (PLH Grade ≥3 in 92% 2-year-olds, 88% for 3-year-olds and 52% in ≥4-year-olds; ) and track location () effects on PLH grade. In 2-year-olds, PLH varied with track location () and race day air quality index (AQI; ). Horses housed at the racetrack had higher PLH grades than horses transported to the race (). Speed index (), tracheal mucus () and average speed () were not associated with PLH severity in 2-year-olds. In stakes horses, severity of PLH was not different between 2- and 3-year-olds but decreased with age in ≥3-year-olds (). Higher PLH grades were associated with decreased speed index () but not average speed (). Track location () and mucus scores () were also associated with PLH grade in all stakes horses. PLH was most severe in 2- and 3-year-old stakes horses but did not impair their performance. Of stakes horses ≥4-years-old, those with PLH ≥3 performed worse than those with PLH ≤2. Racetrack location and AQI were associated with PLH severity in racehorses of all ages for reasons that require further study.","PeriodicalId":10709,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139319601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.1163/17552559-20230001
J. Israel, R. Leguillette, B.W. Parry, D.R. Hodgson, B.D. Grant, W. Bayly
Exercise-and training-induced changes in plasma (PV) and blood volumes (BV) have been well documented in racehorses but not in endurance horses. We aimed to determine and compare the effects of training and exercise on BV and PV in Thoroughbred racehorses and endurance horses. Six endurance horses underwent a 4-month training program under saddle and 11 Thoroughbreds completed a racehorse-appropriate interval training program for 3-4 months on a racetrack. PV and BV were measured before and after training at rest and post-exercise using the indocyanine green dilution technique. For the Thoroughbreds, exercise consisted of a 1000 m breeze on a racetrack. The endurance horses completed rides of 10, 20 and 30 miles during training and 50 miles when fully trained. Data were analysed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test, Mann-Whitney test and paired t test, with significance set at . Although absolute PV and BV were greater in Thoroughbreds, mass-specific PV and BV were mostly greater in endurance horses. Untrained endurance horses had a greater mass-specific PV and BV at rest (PV: 65 ± 4.1 vs 54 ± 5.7 ml/kg, ; BV: 101 ± 8.0 vs 83 ± 8.8 ml/kg; ) and a greater PV (60 ± 3.8 vs 44 ± 4.8 ml/kg; ) but not BV (108 ± 2.0 vs 112 ± 14.3 ml/kg) after exercise. Training induced an increase in resting PV and BV to 73 ± 4.3 and 116 ± 14.1 ml/kg, respectively, in endurance horses (), and an increase in PV and BV after 30 miles endurance exercise (PV: 60 ± 3.8 vs 80 ± 15.8 ml/kg; ; BV: 108 ± 2.0 vs 139 ± 26.5 ml/kg; ). Resting and post-exercise PV and BV increased following training in the Thoroughbreds: resting PV = 57 ± 5.1 ml/kg (), resting BV = 89 ± 8.3 ml/kg (); post-exercise PV = 49 ± 4.8 ml/kg (), post-exercise BV = 112 ± 14.3 ml/kg (untrained) vs 124 ± 18.2 ml/kg (trained), ). PV increased in response to exercise in endurance horses but decreased in Thoroughbreds. Endurance horses had smaller absolute PV and BV but greater mass-specific resting PV and BV than Thoroughbreds.
{"title":"Effects of exercise and training on plasma and blood volumes in Thoroughbreds and endurance horses","authors":"J. Israel, R. Leguillette, B.W. Parry, D.R. Hodgson, B.D. Grant, W. Bayly","doi":"10.1163/17552559-20230001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20230001","url":null,"abstract":"Exercise-and training-induced changes in plasma (PV) and blood volumes (BV) have been well documented in racehorses but not in endurance horses. We aimed to determine and compare the effects of training and exercise on BV and PV in Thoroughbred racehorses and endurance horses. Six endurance horses underwent a 4-month training program under saddle and 11 Thoroughbreds completed a racehorse-appropriate interval training program for 3-4 months on a racetrack. PV and BV were measured before and after training at rest and post-exercise using the indocyanine green dilution technique. For the Thoroughbreds, exercise consisted of a 1000 m breeze on a racetrack. The endurance horses completed rides of 10, 20 and 30 miles during training and 50 miles when fully trained. Data were analysed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test, Mann-Whitney test and paired t test, with significance set at . Although absolute PV and BV were greater in Thoroughbreds, mass-specific PV and BV were mostly greater in endurance horses. Untrained endurance horses had a greater mass-specific PV and BV at rest (PV: 65 ± 4.1 vs 54 ± 5.7 ml/kg, ; BV: 101 ± 8.0 vs 83 ± 8.8 ml/kg; ) and a greater PV (60 ± 3.8 vs 44 ± 4.8 ml/kg; ) but not BV (108 ± 2.0 vs 112 ± 14.3 ml/kg) after exercise. Training induced an increase in resting PV and BV to 73 ± 4.3 and 116 ± 14.1 ml/kg, respectively, in endurance horses (), and an increase in PV and BV after 30 miles endurance exercise (PV: 60 ± 3.8 vs 80 ± 15.8 ml/kg; ; BV: 108 ± 2.0 vs 139 ± 26.5 ml/kg; ). Resting and post-exercise PV and BV increased following training in the Thoroughbreds: resting PV = 57 ± 5.1 ml/kg (), resting BV = 89 ± 8.3 ml/kg (); post-exercise PV = 49 ± 4.8 ml/kg (), post-exercise BV = 112 ± 14.3 ml/kg (untrained) vs 124 ± 18.2 ml/kg (trained), ). PV increased in response to exercise in endurance horses but decreased in Thoroughbreds. Endurance horses had smaller absolute PV and BV but greater mass-specific resting PV and BV than Thoroughbreds.","PeriodicalId":10709,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139320132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-04DOI: 10.1163/17552559-20230010
H. Banitalebi, E. Nasiri, B. Bazgir, B. Abbasi, A. Samadi
The effect of lifestyle modifications in the form of exercise training and fasting intervention on glucose metabolism in subjects on a high-fat diet is not completely understood. The present study aimed to examine the effects of alternate-day fasting (ADF) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on serum levels of C-peptide, fructosamine, and glucose in rats under a high-fat diet. Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were initially fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks, then randomised into the following four groups: HIIT, ADF, HIIT + ADF, and control (CON). The HIIT and ADF interventions were conducted 3 days per week for 6 weeks. The HIIT induced a significant reduction in serum fructosamine levels compared to other groups (), as well as there was a significant reduction in serum glucose levels compared to the ADF and HIIT + ADF groups (). ADF and HIIT + ADF did not cause any significant changes in fructosamine, glucose, and C-peptide serum levels compared to the CON group (). In subjects under a high-fat diet, HIIT but not ADF or HIIT + ADF may be associated with favourable improvements in glucose metabolism markers.
以运动训练和禁食干预为形式的生活方式调整对高脂饮食受试者糖代谢的影响尚未完全明了。本研究旨在探讨隔日禁食（ADF）和高强度间歇训练（HIIT）对高脂饮食大鼠血清中 C 肽、果糖胺和葡萄糖水平的影响。28 只雄性 Wistar 大鼠最初以高脂肪饮食喂养 12 周，然后随机分为以下四组：HIIT 组、ADF 组、HIIT + ADF 组和对照组（CON）。HIIT和ADF干预每周进行3天，持续6周。与其他组相比，HIIT组的血清果糖胺水平显著降低（），与ADF组和HIIT + ADF组相比，血清葡萄糖水平也显著降低（）。与 CON 组相比，ADF 和 HIIT + ADF 并未引起果糖胺、葡萄糖和 C 肽血清水平的任何显著变化（）。对于高脂饮食的受试者，HIIT（而非 ADF 或 HIIT + ADF）可能与葡萄糖代谢指标的改善有关。
{"title":"The impact of high-intensity interval training and alternate-day fasting on glucose metabolism in rats on a high-fat diet","authors":"H. Banitalebi, E. Nasiri, B. Bazgir, B. Abbasi, A. Samadi","doi":"10.1163/17552559-20230010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20230010","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of lifestyle modifications in the form of exercise training and fasting intervention on glucose metabolism in subjects on a high-fat diet is not completely understood. The present study aimed to examine the effects of alternate-day fasting (ADF) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on serum levels of C-peptide, fructosamine, and glucose in rats under a high-fat diet. Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were initially fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks, then randomised into the following four groups: HIIT, ADF, HIIT + ADF, and control (CON). The HIIT and ADF interventions were conducted 3 days per week for 6 weeks. The HIIT induced a significant reduction in serum fructosamine levels compared to other groups (), as well as there was a significant reduction in serum glucose levels compared to the ADF and HIIT + ADF groups (). ADF and HIIT + ADF did not cause any significant changes in fructosamine, glucose, and C-peptide serum levels compared to the CON group (). In subjects under a high-fat diet, HIIT but not ADF or HIIT + ADF may be associated with favourable improvements in glucose metabolism markers.","PeriodicalId":10709,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139323562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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