Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2020.1838357
M. Neubauer, J. P. Miranda, F. Ramírez, A. Esquerra, G. Vidal
Abstract The goal of this article is the evaluation of the compost quality from Kraft mill organic matter by germination Raphanus sativus and Lepidium sativum. The evaluation of compost was measured in terms of stability, maturity and phytotoxicity. Two compost piles were elaborated, one with a ratio of C/N = 23.67 and the other with C/N = 18.67. Each pile was divided into 2 sections, pile 1 (compost 1 and 2) and pile 2 (compost 3 and 4). Wood bark was added to each pile as a structuring material, resulting in mixtures conformed by treatment sludge with bark. The results obtained show that all the mixtures reached thermophilic temperatures (>50 °C), resulting in stable and mature compost with humic and fulvic acid ratios > 1.9. The gemination index showed no presence of toxic substances, with germination percentages over 80% for all the tests of Raphanus sativus and Lepidium sativum, while the N:P:K ratio of 0.5 of Compost 4 positively and significantly boosted the growth of both species with respect to control. It was concluded that Compost 4, with C/N ratio = 23.67 with structuring material presented positive and significant results (p > 0.05) with respect to Compost 1, 2 and 3.
{"title":"Performance of the Kraft Mill Biosolids Compost and Their Quality Evaluation","authors":"M. Neubauer, J. P. Miranda, F. Ramírez, A. Esquerra, G. Vidal","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2020.1838357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2020.1838357","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The goal of this article is the evaluation of the compost quality from Kraft mill organic matter by germination Raphanus sativus and Lepidium sativum. The evaluation of compost was measured in terms of stability, maturity and phytotoxicity. Two compost piles were elaborated, one with a ratio of C/N = 23.67 and the other with C/N = 18.67. Each pile was divided into 2 sections, pile 1 (compost 1 and 2) and pile 2 (compost 3 and 4). Wood bark was added to each pile as a structuring material, resulting in mixtures conformed by treatment sludge with bark. The results obtained show that all the mixtures reached thermophilic temperatures (>50 °C), resulting in stable and mature compost with humic and fulvic acid ratios > 1.9. The gemination index showed no presence of toxic substances, with germination percentages over 80% for all the tests of Raphanus sativus and Lepidium sativum, while the N:P:K ratio of 0.5 of Compost 4 positively and significantly boosted the growth of both species with respect to control. It was concluded that Compost 4, with C/N ratio = 23.67 with structuring material presented positive and significant results (p > 0.05) with respect to Compost 1, 2 and 3.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2020.1838357","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46942279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2021.1949410
Te Ma
Abstract As a by-product of municipal sewage treatment, sewage sludge must be properly treated to avoid secondary pollution to the environment. Aerobic composting is one of the mainstream technologies in sludge treatment, but nitrogen loss in composting process usually reaches more than 40%, which seriously reduces the fertilizer efficiency of composting products, and at the same time, a large amount of odor will cause harm to the environment. In this article, the nitrogen emission and nitrogen loss were reduced by adding sawdust of different proportions in the sludge composting process, and the nitrogen emission and nitrogen loss were reduced by up to 70% and 30% respectively. The addition of sawdust can significantly increase the sludge composting temperature and duration of high temperature period, reduce the sludge pH and water content, increase the mineralization rate of organic matter, thereby inhibiting the nitrogen loss. The results showed that nitrogen loss decreased with the increase of sawdust ratio, and A30 was the best ratio. The process has the advantages of simple operation, low cost and good nitrogen holding effect.
{"title":"Effect of Processing Conditions on Nitrogen Loss of Sewage Sludge Composting","authors":"Te Ma","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2021.1949410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2021.1949410","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract As a by-product of municipal sewage treatment, sewage sludge must be properly treated to avoid secondary pollution to the environment. Aerobic composting is one of the mainstream technologies in sludge treatment, but nitrogen loss in composting process usually reaches more than 40%, which seriously reduces the fertilizer efficiency of composting products, and at the same time, a large amount of odor will cause harm to the environment. In this article, the nitrogen emission and nitrogen loss were reduced by adding sawdust of different proportions in the sludge composting process, and the nitrogen emission and nitrogen loss were reduced by up to 70% and 30% respectively. The addition of sawdust can significantly increase the sludge composting temperature and duration of high temperature period, reduce the sludge pH and water content, increase the mineralization rate of organic matter, thereby inhibiting the nitrogen loss. The results showed that nitrogen loss decreased with the increase of sawdust ratio, and A30 was the best ratio. The process has the advantages of simple operation, low cost and good nitrogen holding effect.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2021.1949410","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43273888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2020.1858372
A. Ngakou, L. C. Haouvang, M. Mbaiguinam, P. Uke, M. Issa
Abstract The effect of organic fertilizers was evaluated on the nutritional parameters of Moringa oleifera in the field at a year after transplantation. The study was conducted in a completely randomized block design comprising six treatments each of which was replicated four times. Physicochemical properties of leaves and seeds sampled from treatments (cow dung compost, goat manure compost, poultry manure compost, chemical fertilizer, mixture of fertilizers and control) were assessed. Results obtained indicate that dried leaves of M. oleifera from poultry manure compost contain a high total protein content (41.83%). Seeds harvested from composted plants were rich in nutrients than leaves, with the exception of vitamin C, which was more concentrated in leaves than seeds. Vitamin C contents in dry leaves from cow dung compost and the mixture of fertilizers were 734 and 964.50 mg/100g, respectively. Applying plants with compost resulted in increasing chlorophyll a and b in leaves, but not carotenoid. On the overall, organic fertilizers contributed to the improvement of the nutritional quality of M. oleifera leaves and seeds under field conditions.
{"title":"Changes in Pigment Contents and Nutritional Components of Moringa oleifera Lam. as Impacted by Different Feedstuff Compost Receipts","authors":"A. Ngakou, L. C. Haouvang, M. Mbaiguinam, P. Uke, M. Issa","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2020.1858372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2020.1858372","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The effect of organic fertilizers was evaluated on the nutritional parameters of Moringa oleifera in the field at a year after transplantation. The study was conducted in a completely randomized block design comprising six treatments each of which was replicated four times. Physicochemical properties of leaves and seeds sampled from treatments (cow dung compost, goat manure compost, poultry manure compost, chemical fertilizer, mixture of fertilizers and control) were assessed. Results obtained indicate that dried leaves of M. oleifera from poultry manure compost contain a high total protein content (41.83%). Seeds harvested from composted plants were rich in nutrients than leaves, with the exception of vitamin C, which was more concentrated in leaves than seeds. Vitamin C contents in dry leaves from cow dung compost and the mixture of fertilizers were 734 and 964.50 mg/100g, respectively. Applying plants with compost resulted in increasing chlorophyll a and b in leaves, but not carotenoid. On the overall, organic fertilizers contributed to the improvement of the nutritional quality of M. oleifera leaves and seeds under field conditions.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2020.1858372","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41805109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2021.1949409
Hong-xia Zhang, Xiao-jie Sun, H. Shan, Chen Xue, Jiajie Wang
Abstract This study aims to investigate the characteristics of night soil/horse manure with leaf co-composting using aerobic static composting method. Two influencing factors, including composting materials and aeration pattern, were investigated by determining the change in the principal physicochemical properties, i.e. temperature, volatile solid, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, heavy metals, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and germination index (GI). The mixture of horse manure and leaf can achieve high composting temperature, long retention time of high temperature (55 °C), fast organic matter degradation, and high GI under the same aeration pattern. Under the same composting materials, the intermittent aeration pattern during composting was superior to the continuous aeration pattern because the former promoted the composting process.
{"title":"Composting of Night Soil and Horse Manure with Leaves as Organic Substrate","authors":"Hong-xia Zhang, Xiao-jie Sun, H. Shan, Chen Xue, Jiajie Wang","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2021.1949409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2021.1949409","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study aims to investigate the characteristics of night soil/horse manure with leaf co-composting using aerobic static composting method. Two influencing factors, including composting materials and aeration pattern, were investigated by determining the change in the principal physicochemical properties, i.e. temperature, volatile solid, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, heavy metals, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and germination index (GI). The mixture of horse manure and leaf can achieve high composting temperature, long retention time of high temperature (55 °C), fast organic matter degradation, and high GI under the same aeration pattern. Under the same composting materials, the intermittent aeration pattern during composting was superior to the continuous aeration pattern because the former promoted the composting process.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2021.1949409","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49014219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2020.1864514
Mehlika Karamanlioglu, Ü. Alkan
Abstract Degradation rate of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), a compostable plastic, is affected by its physical properties and environmental conditions. Since PLA with different physical properties enter composting systems, investigation of degradation of PLA with strong physical properties in compost at different temperatures and its influence on compost fungal community structure are the main concerns of this study. To determine the effect of slow PLA degradation on fungal communities, PLA granules with high degree of crystallinity, 60%, were incubated in compost at 25 °C and 50 °C for 4 months at 0, 10, 25 and 50% (w/w) concentrations; their degradation rates were compared and impact of PLA degradation on compost fungal communities was examined by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP). PLA granules in compost at 25 °C showed no physical changes but at 50 °C physical disintegration occurred after 4 months. TRFLP revealed that fungal community profiles in compost were affected by PLA, particularly at 50 °C where PLA degraded. Compost fungal communities in the presence of PLA at 50 °C had more variation, 63%, than at 25 °C (52%). Incubation time affected fungal community structure as during 2nd month, community structure changed specifically at 50 °C and at 50% (w/w) PLA, however, became similar to that in the absence of PLA at the end of 4th month at both temperatures indicating PLA with a high degree of crystallinity causes a temporal perturbation in compost fungal communities. In compost containing PLA at 50 °C, abundance of certain TRFs representing fungal populations increased to 30% which may involve in PLA utilization.
{"title":"Influence of Degradation of PLA with High Degree of Crystallinity on Fungal Community Structure in Compost","authors":"Mehlika Karamanlioglu, Ü. Alkan","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2020.1864514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2020.1864514","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Degradation rate of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), a compostable plastic, is affected by its physical properties and environmental conditions. Since PLA with different physical properties enter composting systems, investigation of degradation of PLA with strong physical properties in compost at different temperatures and its influence on compost fungal community structure are the main concerns of this study. To determine the effect of slow PLA degradation on fungal communities, PLA granules with high degree of crystallinity, 60%, were incubated in compost at 25 °C and 50 °C for 4 months at 0, 10, 25 and 50% (w/w) concentrations; their degradation rates were compared and impact of PLA degradation on compost fungal communities was examined by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP). PLA granules in compost at 25 °C showed no physical changes but at 50 °C physical disintegration occurred after 4 months. TRFLP revealed that fungal community profiles in compost were affected by PLA, particularly at 50 °C where PLA degraded. Compost fungal communities in the presence of PLA at 50 °C had more variation, 63%, than at 25 °C (52%). Incubation time affected fungal community structure as during 2nd month, community structure changed specifically at 50 °C and at 50% (w/w) PLA, however, became similar to that in the absence of PLA at the end of 4th month at both temperatures indicating PLA with a high degree of crystallinity causes a temporal perturbation in compost fungal communities. In compost containing PLA at 50 °C, abundance of certain TRFs representing fungal populations increased to 30% which may involve in PLA utilization.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2020.1864514","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48108557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2020.1828198
M. Pasha, K. Shahedi, Q. Vahabzadeh, A. Kavian, M. Sepanlou, P. Jouquet
Abstract This study aimed at measuring the effect of vermicompost on soil physical and chemical properties and runoff quality and quantity in agro-ecosystems in Northern Iran. Thus, runoff measurement plots of 1 × 5 m were set up in sloping lands under natural rainfall during 5 months. Runoff quality and quantity, soil properties, and plant growth were measured. This study shows that the amount of runoff water and its quality (sediment yields, nitrate content, pH, and conductivity) were not influenced by the fertilization treatments (vermicompost alone, chemical fertilization alone, or their mixture), except for the first month of the experiment where a lower runoff amount was measured when vermicompost was applied alone. Although no difference in plant growth was found, our results showed a significant improvement of soil properties when vermicompost was used as a fertilizer. Consequently, this study shows that vermicompost can be considered as an alternative application for reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and improving soil properties but its impact on plant growth and runoff is limited to the short term.
{"title":"Effect of Vermicompost on Soil and Runoff Properties in Northern Iran","authors":"M. Pasha, K. Shahedi, Q. Vahabzadeh, A. Kavian, M. Sepanlou, P. Jouquet","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2020.1828198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2020.1828198","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study aimed at measuring the effect of vermicompost on soil physical and chemical properties and runoff quality and quantity in agro-ecosystems in Northern Iran. Thus, runoff measurement plots of 1 × 5 m were set up in sloping lands under natural rainfall during 5 months. Runoff quality and quantity, soil properties, and plant growth were measured. This study shows that the amount of runoff water and its quality (sediment yields, nitrate content, pH, and conductivity) were not influenced by the fertilization treatments (vermicompost alone, chemical fertilization alone, or their mixture), except for the first month of the experiment where a lower runoff amount was measured when vermicompost was applied alone. Although no difference in plant growth was found, our results showed a significant improvement of soil properties when vermicompost was used as a fertilizer. Consequently, this study shows that vermicompost can be considered as an alternative application for reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and improving soil properties but its impact on plant growth and runoff is limited to the short term.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2020.1828198","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45428748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-22DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2020.1755386
Adnan I. Khdair, Ghaida Abu-Rumman, Sawasn I. Khdair
Abstract The behaviors of bioactive compounds treating gaseous pollutants in biofilters and in the compost used as soil amendment and in green roof buildings are controlled by their thermal properties. There is a lack of information on thermal conductivity of olive cake compost (OCC), K as affected by water content and bulk density. Thermal conductivities (K) of 40 samples of (OCC) were determined experimentally at bulk densities (400–950 kg/m3) and moisture contents (10%–90%) using a single thermal probe method. The results showed that thermal conductivity increased linearly as water content, and bulk density increased and with a decrease in air filled porosity. Simple linear relationships were developed between compost thermal conductivity and dry bulk density and the degree of saturation. The experimental values were close to those reported recently for leaf compost and green roof soils. The compost at water content of 90% showed the highest thermal conductivity (K) of 0.60 W/m.k, which indicate that compost, can be used as good cheep insulator in geothermal heat storage application and as an additional echo-friendly insulation layer in green roof building which might be considered as a good means of passive energy saving there.
{"title":"Thermal Conductivity of Olive Cake Compost (OCC) as Affected by Moisture and Density: An Experimental and Mathematical Modeling","authors":"Adnan I. Khdair, Ghaida Abu-Rumman, Sawasn I. Khdair","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2020.1755386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2020.1755386","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The behaviors of bioactive compounds treating gaseous pollutants in biofilters and in the compost used as soil amendment and in green roof buildings are controlled by their thermal properties. There is a lack of information on thermal conductivity of olive cake compost (OCC), K as affected by water content and bulk density. Thermal conductivities (K) of 40 samples of (OCC) were determined experimentally at bulk densities (400–950 kg/m3) and moisture contents (10%–90%) using a single thermal probe method. The results showed that thermal conductivity increased linearly as water content, and bulk density increased and with a decrease in air filled porosity. Simple linear relationships were developed between compost thermal conductivity and dry bulk density and the degree of saturation. The experimental values were close to those reported recently for leaf compost and green roof soils. The compost at water content of 90% showed the highest thermal conductivity (K) of 0.60 W/m.k, which indicate that compost, can be used as good cheep insulator in geothermal heat storage application and as an additional echo-friendly insulation layer in green roof building which might be considered as a good means of passive energy saving there.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2020.1755386","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45548716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657x.2020.1772906
M. Gondek, D. Weindorf, C. Thiel, G. Kleinheinz
Abstract The chemical, physical, and biological conditions of soil and growing media can be substantively improved by the addition of compost. Compost contains many plant essential nutrients (e.g. N, P, and K) and can also be a source of organic matter. However, concerns persist over composts with a high concentration of soluble salts and their effects on soil fertility, plant growth, and yields. Soluble salts refer to soluble ions such as Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, and Na+ in compost and are measured indirectly and cumulatively through electrical conductivity (EC). Specifically, compost salinity is commonly measured using a method referred to as EC5 whereas soils are measured using an ECe. The use of a variety of non-standardized methodologies often make interpreting results between studies difficult. A compost with an EC5 >5 dS m−1 could be the result of high concentrations of Na+ or other ions, which can be detrimental to plants due to their ability to accumulate in plant tissue and interfere with root uptake of water. Thus, reducing soluble salts, specifically Na+ and Cl− in composts is of high importance. Other soluble salts present in compost (e.g. K+ and Ca2+) are mineral nutrients required for plant growth and can aid in reducing soil sodicity. In appropriate proportions, quality compost with a high EC5 mixed with soil or media can enhance plant growth and yields. Composts with a high EC5 are adept at aiding in soil remediation by facilitating soil particle flocculation, helping leach Na+ deeper into the soil profile and raising soil cation exchange capacity in support of increased soil fertility. Labeling composts and developing appropriate application methods could allay concerns associated with composts where EC5 > 5 dS m−1and promote compost use and sustainable farming practices.
{"title":"Soluble Salts in Compost and Their Effects on Soil and Plants: A Review","authors":"M. Gondek, D. Weindorf, C. Thiel, G. Kleinheinz","doi":"10.1080/1065657x.2020.1772906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657x.2020.1772906","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The chemical, physical, and biological conditions of soil and growing media can be substantively improved by the addition of compost. Compost contains many plant essential nutrients (e.g. N, P, and K) and can also be a source of organic matter. However, concerns persist over composts with a high concentration of soluble salts and their effects on soil fertility, plant growth, and yields. Soluble salts refer to soluble ions such as Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, and Na+ in compost and are measured indirectly and cumulatively through electrical conductivity (EC). Specifically, compost salinity is commonly measured using a method referred to as EC5 whereas soils are measured using an ECe. The use of a variety of non-standardized methodologies often make interpreting results between studies difficult. A compost with an EC5 >5 dS m−1 could be the result of high concentrations of Na+ or other ions, which can be detrimental to plants due to their ability to accumulate in plant tissue and interfere with root uptake of water. Thus, reducing soluble salts, specifically Na+ and Cl− in composts is of high importance. Other soluble salts present in compost (e.g. K+ and Ca2+) are mineral nutrients required for plant growth and can aid in reducing soil sodicity. In appropriate proportions, quality compost with a high EC5 mixed with soil or media can enhance plant growth and yields. Composts with a high EC5 are adept at aiding in soil remediation by facilitating soil particle flocculation, helping leach Na+ deeper into the soil profile and raising soil cation exchange capacity in support of increased soil fertility. Labeling composts and developing appropriate application methods could allay concerns associated with composts where EC5 > 5 dS m−1and promote compost use and sustainable farming practices.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657x.2020.1772906","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41463938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657x.2020.1749185
Hongye Wang, W. Bridges, Zhao Chen, C. Gong, Xiuping Jiang
Abstract The aim of this study was to compare and model the thermal inactivation of bacteriophages as surrogates for pathogenic viruses, such as avian influenza virus, in chicken litter compost. Three bacteriophages [ø6, MS2, and Felix O1 (FO)] were inoculated separately into aged chicken litter compost with various moisture contents (MCs), and then exposed to 75 and 85 °C for up to 3 h. The bacteriophage ø6 was undetectable during come-up time at all tested conditions. After 3 h heat treatment at 75 °C, population reductions of MS2 in the compost with 20, 30, and 40% MCs were 5.83, 6.08, and 8.32 log plaque forming units (PFU g−1), respectively, as compared with 4.87, 5.40, and 5.75 log PFU g−1 for FO, respectively. When exposed to 85 °C, population reductions of MS2 in the compost with 20, 30, and 40% MCs were 6.07, 7.93, and 8.03 log PFU g−1, respectively, as compared with 6.29, 6.20, and 7.59 log PFU g−1 for FO, respectively. Both bacteriophages MS2 and FO had higher recovery rates from compost, and bacteriophage MS2 had a comparable thermal resistance with the reported resistance of avian influenza virus than bacteriophage FO. Additionally, the proposed non-linear three-phase model was developed to describe the survival of bacteriophages exposed to the physical-heat treatment into different stages. Considering that virus may survive in some cold spots of compost piles, this study provides scientific evidence for the fertilizer industry to validate the effectiveness of their heating process in order to inactivate avian influenza virus in chicken litter compost.
{"title":"Comparing and Modeling the Thermal Inactivation of Bacteriophages as Pathogenic Viruses Surrogates in Chicken Litter Compost","authors":"Hongye Wang, W. Bridges, Zhao Chen, C. Gong, Xiuping Jiang","doi":"10.1080/1065657x.2020.1749185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657x.2020.1749185","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this study was to compare and model the thermal inactivation of bacteriophages as surrogates for pathogenic viruses, such as avian influenza virus, in chicken litter compost. Three bacteriophages [ø6, MS2, and Felix O1 (FO)] were inoculated separately into aged chicken litter compost with various moisture contents (MCs), and then exposed to 75 and 85 °C for up to 3 h. The bacteriophage ø6 was undetectable during come-up time at all tested conditions. After 3 h heat treatment at 75 °C, population reductions of MS2 in the compost with 20, 30, and 40% MCs were 5.83, 6.08, and 8.32 log plaque forming units (PFU g−1), respectively, as compared with 4.87, 5.40, and 5.75 log PFU g−1 for FO, respectively. When exposed to 85 °C, population reductions of MS2 in the compost with 20, 30, and 40% MCs were 6.07, 7.93, and 8.03 log PFU g−1, respectively, as compared with 6.29, 6.20, and 7.59 log PFU g−1 for FO, respectively. Both bacteriophages MS2 and FO had higher recovery rates from compost, and bacteriophage MS2 had a comparable thermal resistance with the reported resistance of avian influenza virus than bacteriophage FO. Additionally, the proposed non-linear three-phase model was developed to describe the survival of bacteriophages exposed to the physical-heat treatment into different stages. Considering that virus may survive in some cold spots of compost piles, this study provides scientific evidence for the fertilizer industry to validate the effectiveness of their heating process in order to inactivate avian influenza virus in chicken litter compost.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657x.2020.1749185","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41913236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657x.2020.1789011
Z. Demir
Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the influence of vermicompost (VC) as a soil conditioner in alleviating adverse effects of sodium in Na salt-effected soils. Therefore, the role of VC for reducing the adverse effects of Na salt on physicochemical properties of soil was investigated. Experiments were conducted with different doses of VC (0, 2.5 and 5% VC (w/w) and three different Na salt levels (0, 4 and 8 dS m−1 NaCl). Vermicompost treatments under different salinity stress levels had significant positive effects on soil physicochemical properties. Vermicompost also decreased exchangeable Na of salt-affected soils. Vermicompost treatments under different Na salt regimes enhanced soil organic matter, available phosphorus, total nitrogen, available K and cation exchange capacity of the soils. VC treatments under the low and medium Na salt levels (0 and 4 dS m−1 NaCl concentration, respectively) increased soil EC values. However, vermicompost treatments under high Na salt stress (8 dS m−1 NaCl concentration) decreased EC values, thus soil salinity. Vermicompost treatments under different Na salt regimes increased field capacity, available water capacity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, total porosity, aggregate stability and decreased bulk density of the soils. Present findings revealed that vermicompost treatments, especially 5% VC treatments were quite effecient in alleviating adverse effects of salinity and enhancing soil quality. It was concluded based on present findings that vermicompost treatments could be considered as an efficient amelioration material for reclamation of Na salt-effected soils.
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