Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657x.2020.1749184
Phillip S Coles, Galina Nogin, M. Fidanza, G. Roth
Abstract Commercial mushroom producers are continually looking for new substrate raw material sources and pathways to dispose of mushroom compost (formerly called “spent mushroom substrate”) after crop completion. A relatively new material used in the mushroom industry is corn stover, but supplies are somewhat limited. Corn farmers are often reluctant to remove stover from fields because of nutrient loss and possible soil erosion due to reduced soil protection, however, mushroom compost may be a potential substitute for stover. This field study evaluated the potential to improve corn crop yield and soil quality through stover removal coupled with the soil surface application of fresh mushroom compost. Stover was removed in amounts of 0, 70, and 100% and replaced with fresh mushroom compost at rates of 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 tons per acre to find an optimal rate for both, and to provide a rationale to replace stover with mushroom compost in order to generate additional income for corn farmers, and increase substrate component availability and mushroom compost disposal alternatives, to the mushroom industry. The results showed that corn stover removal did not influence corn yield, but an increase in corn yield trend was observed with the application of an increasing amounts ≥ 20 tons fresh mushroom compost per acre. Analysis of soil parameters, at 0-2 inch and 2-8 inch rootzone depths, at the start of the field study compared to approximately one year later were mostly inconclusive. Of note, the addition of ≥ 5 tons fresh mushroom compost per acre resulted in an increase in soil pH at 0-2 inch depth.
商业蘑菇生产者不断寻找新的基质原料来源和途径处理蘑菇堆肥(以前称为“废蘑菇基质”)作物完成后。蘑菇工业中使用的一种相对较新的材料是玉米秸秆，但供应有些有限。由于土壤保护的减少，玉米种植者往往不愿意将秸秆从田地中移走，因为养分损失和可能的土壤侵蚀，然而，蘑菇堆肥可能是秸秆的潜在替代品。本田间研究评价了秸秆去除与土壤表面施用新鲜蘑菇堆肥对提高玉米产量和土壤质量的潜力。以0,70和100%的量去除秸秆，并以每英亩0,5,10,20和40吨的速度用新鲜蘑菇堆肥代替，以找到两者的最佳比率，并为蘑菇产业提供用蘑菇堆肥代替秸秆的基本原理，以便为玉米农民带来额外收入，并增加基质成分的可用性和蘑菇堆肥处理替代品。结果表明:玉米秸秆去除对玉米产量没有影响，但随着用量≥20 t /亩的增加，玉米产量有增加的趋势。在实地研究开始时，将0-2英寸和2-8英寸根区深度的土壤参数与大约一年后的土壤参数进行比较，结果大多不确定。值得注意的是，每英亩添加≥5吨新鲜蘑菇堆肥导致0-2英寸深度土壤pH值增加。
{"title":"Evaluation of Fresh Mushroom Compost in a Field Corn Production System","authors":"Phillip S Coles, Galina Nogin, M. Fidanza, G. Roth","doi":"10.1080/1065657x.2020.1749184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657x.2020.1749184","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Commercial mushroom producers are continually looking for new substrate raw material sources and pathways to dispose of mushroom compost (formerly called “spent mushroom substrate”) after crop completion. A relatively new material used in the mushroom industry is corn stover, but supplies are somewhat limited. Corn farmers are often reluctant to remove stover from fields because of nutrient loss and possible soil erosion due to reduced soil protection, however, mushroom compost may be a potential substitute for stover. This field study evaluated the potential to improve corn crop yield and soil quality through stover removal coupled with the soil surface application of fresh mushroom compost. Stover was removed in amounts of 0, 70, and 100% and replaced with fresh mushroom compost at rates of 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 tons per acre to find an optimal rate for both, and to provide a rationale to replace stover with mushroom compost in order to generate additional income for corn farmers, and increase substrate component availability and mushroom compost disposal alternatives, to the mushroom industry. The results showed that corn stover removal did not influence corn yield, but an increase in corn yield trend was observed with the application of an increasing amounts ≥ 20 tons fresh mushroom compost per acre. Analysis of soil parameters, at 0-2 inch and 2-8 inch rootzone depths, at the start of the field study compared to approximately one year later were mostly inconclusive. Of note, the addition of ≥ 5 tons fresh mushroom compost per acre resulted in an increase in soil pH at 0-2 inch depth.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657x.2020.1749184","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44818853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2020.1749183
Yangcai Wang, Sheng-Wei Zheng, D. Gao, L. Cai
Abstract To meet the challenge of increased sludge generation, shortening of biodrying periods are required. This study assesses a shortened sewage sludge biodrying period of 15 days. The fundamental physicochemical properties of samples from different phases were determined, the functional groups were identified using infrared spectroscopy and the biodrying associated microbial functions were annotated against gene databases. After a 15-day biodrying period, the moisture content, readily degradable carbohydrate, lignocellulose and protein levels were significantly reduced. The distinct attenuation of peaks identified by infrared spectroscopy, indicates that the degradation of most lipids, proteins and polysaccharides in the biodrying matrix had reached equilibration on Day 15 and following this biosynthesis may result in an increased polysaccharide content. However, the biodrying matrix on Day 20 was only partially matured. Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria were the most ecologically dominant phyla. These ecologically dominant microorganisms were also functionally dominant in biodrying associated metabolic pathways (glycolysis, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism), as well as containing carbohydrate-active enzyme families. The modified 15-day biodrying period reduced the treatment time and achieved a competent biodrying result without increasing the operating costs. The 15-day treatment would increase the rate of existing systems or decrease the capital cost of new systems.
{"title":"The Organic Degradation and Potential Microbial Function in a 15-Day Sewage Sludge Biodrying","authors":"Yangcai Wang, Sheng-Wei Zheng, D. Gao, L. Cai","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2020.1749183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2020.1749183","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract To meet the challenge of increased sludge generation, shortening of biodrying periods are required. This study assesses a shortened sewage sludge biodrying period of 15 days. The fundamental physicochemical properties of samples from different phases were determined, the functional groups were identified using infrared spectroscopy and the biodrying associated microbial functions were annotated against gene databases. After a 15-day biodrying period, the moisture content, readily degradable carbohydrate, lignocellulose and protein levels were significantly reduced. The distinct attenuation of peaks identified by infrared spectroscopy, indicates that the degradation of most lipids, proteins and polysaccharides in the biodrying matrix had reached equilibration on Day 15 and following this biosynthesis may result in an increased polysaccharide content. However, the biodrying matrix on Day 20 was only partially matured. Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria were the most ecologically dominant phyla. These ecologically dominant microorganisms were also functionally dominant in biodrying associated metabolic pathways (glycolysis, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism), as well as containing carbohydrate-active enzyme families. The modified 15-day biodrying period reduced the treatment time and achieved a competent biodrying result without increasing the operating costs. The 15-day treatment would increase the rate of existing systems or decrease the capital cost of new systems.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2020.1749183","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42676551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2020.1727788
Micah Martin, G. Eudoxie, G. Gouveia
Abstract Detergent fiber analysis was used to fractionate carbon (C) into hemicellulose (degradable carbon) and cellulose and lignin (recalcitrant carbon) for cattle manure (CM), neem leaves (NL), corn stover (CS), and lawn clipping (LC) to investigate the effects of C quality on vermicomposting. A factorial design having five C sources (CM, CM + NL, CS, CS + NL, and LC) and two earthworm species (Eudrilus eugeniae (EE) and Omodeoscolex divergens (OD)) was studied under pure and mixed culture vermicomposting. Earthworm fecundity, biomass, and vermicompost quality were measured. The combination of culture and C source was significant (p < 0.05) for all fecundity and biomass variables. CM and CM + NL were mainly associated with increased responses. Change in population was > tenfold for EE and OD reared on CM. Percentage change in biomass increased up to 200% for OD and EE when fed CM and CM + NL. Contrastingly, decreases or no changes in fecundity and biomass parameters were associated with CS and CS + NL. The NL combinations resulted in lower responses in fecundity and biomass; however, earthworms favored CM + NL over CS + NL. OD was highest (p < 0.05) amongst cultures for LC. The mixed culture response was generally low for parameters measured. Vermicompost C/N ratio decreased from initial carbon source values except for LC. O. divergens vermi-converted carbon sources of varying C quality, producing distinct vermicompost in the process.
{"title":"Labile Carbon Affects Fecundity of Omodeoscolex divergens and Eudrilus eugeniae under Pure and Mixed Culture Vermicomposting","authors":"Micah Martin, G. Eudoxie, G. Gouveia","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2020.1727788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2020.1727788","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Detergent fiber analysis was used to fractionate carbon (C) into hemicellulose (degradable carbon) and cellulose and lignin (recalcitrant carbon) for cattle manure (CM), neem leaves (NL), corn stover (CS), and lawn clipping (LC) to investigate the effects of C quality on vermicomposting. A factorial design having five C sources (CM, CM + NL, CS, CS + NL, and LC) and two earthworm species (Eudrilus eugeniae (EE) and Omodeoscolex divergens (OD)) was studied under pure and mixed culture vermicomposting. Earthworm fecundity, biomass, and vermicompost quality were measured. The combination of culture and C source was significant (p < 0.05) for all fecundity and biomass variables. CM and CM + NL were mainly associated with increased responses. Change in population was > tenfold for EE and OD reared on CM. Percentage change in biomass increased up to 200% for OD and EE when fed CM and CM + NL. Contrastingly, decreases or no changes in fecundity and biomass parameters were associated with CS and CS + NL. The NL combinations resulted in lower responses in fecundity and biomass; however, earthworms favored CM + NL over CS + NL. OD was highest (p < 0.05) amongst cultures for LC. The mixed culture response was generally low for parameters measured. Vermicompost C/N ratio decreased from initial carbon source values except for LC. O. divergens vermi-converted carbon sources of varying C quality, producing distinct vermicompost in the process.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2020.1727788","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48120867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2019.1709106
G. Zaman, B. Murtaza, M. Imran, M. Shahid, G. M. Shah, M. Amjad, M. Naeem, M. Mubeen, G. Murtaza
Abstract Solid waste management and soil degradation are the two main issues faced by the developing countries. The present study is the first effort to use bio-municipal solid waste (MSW) for the amelioration of saline-sodic soils of Pakistan. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of MSW, farm yard manure (FM) and gypsum application on nitrate leaching, soil physicochemical characteristics and crop productivity under rice-wheat cropping system. The MSW was aerobically composted alone (MSW compost) or with FM (MSW_manure compost) or buried underground in lined pit for anaerobic decomposition (buried MSW) . Maximum nitrate leaching was observed during rice (84.91 mg L−1) and wheat (46.18 mg L−1) with buried MSW as compared with control treatment. Results showed that buried MSW significantly (p < 0.05) lowered the soil pHs (-5.6%), electrical conductivity (-38.8%), calcium carbonate (-45.8%), and sodium adsorption ratio (-51.4%) and significantly increased the organic matter (86.3%) and cation exchange capacity (31.50%) as compared with control treatment. Path analysis showed the highest direct path coefficient during rice and the lowest one during wheat. Soil amelioration with organic amendments was further confirmed with multivariate analysis. This study has proved that buried MSW can be used as an effective solution for MSW disposal thereby improving soil physicochemical properties and crop productivity from saline-sodic soil.
{"title":"Utilization of Bio-Municipal Solid Waste Improves Saline-Sodic Soils and Crop Productivity in Rice-Wheat","authors":"G. Zaman, B. Murtaza, M. Imran, M. Shahid, G. M. Shah, M. Amjad, M. Naeem, M. Mubeen, G. Murtaza","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2019.1709106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1709106","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Solid waste management and soil degradation are the two main issues faced by the developing countries. The present study is the first effort to use bio-municipal solid waste (MSW) for the amelioration of saline-sodic soils of Pakistan. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of MSW, farm yard manure (FM) and gypsum application on nitrate leaching, soil physicochemical characteristics and crop productivity under rice-wheat cropping system. The MSW was aerobically composted alone (MSW compost) or with FM (MSW_manure compost) or buried underground in lined pit for anaerobic decomposition (buried MSW) . Maximum nitrate leaching was observed during rice (84.91 mg L−1) and wheat (46.18 mg L−1) with buried MSW as compared with control treatment. Results showed that buried MSW significantly (p < 0.05) lowered the soil pHs (-5.6%), electrical conductivity (-38.8%), calcium carbonate (-45.8%), and sodium adsorption ratio (-51.4%) and significantly increased the organic matter (86.3%) and cation exchange capacity (31.50%) as compared with control treatment. Path analysis showed the highest direct path coefficient during rice and the lowest one during wheat. Soil amelioration with organic amendments was further confirmed with multivariate analysis. This study has proved that buried MSW can be used as an effective solution for MSW disposal thereby improving soil physicochemical properties and crop productivity from saline-sodic soil.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1709106","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49650604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2019.1709918
S. A. Abbasi, P. Patnaik, Tabassum- Abbasi, Channgam Khamrang, Tasneem Abbasi
Abstract Recent studies by these authors have shown that the toxic and allalopathic weed ipomoea (Ipomoea carnea), gets transformed into benign organic fertilizer when subjected to vermicomposting. To derive benefit from this finding, it is necessary that a process should be made available for uninterrupted and efficient conversion of ipomoea into vermicompost. The present study has been done toward development of such a process, based on the concept of high-rate vermicomposting. It explores the relative ability to vermicompost ipomoea, and to reproduce in ipomoea-fed vermireactors, of successive generations of four species of earthworms — born and raised in ipomoea-fed vermireactors — in comparison to the first generation which had been raised to adulthood on cow-dung. Three epigeic species Eisenia andrei, Peryonix sansibaricus, Lumbricus rubillus, and one anecic Drawida willsi were explored for the purpose. The results, obtained over 480 days of uninterrupted reactor operation, show that the first generation of all four species of earthworms was slow to adapt to the ipomoea feed and took about 40 days to produce consistent quantities of vermicast. The second and the third generations didn’t need this adaptation and each generated vermicompost at significantly faster rates than it’s previous generation. Overall, the third generation of E. andrei, P. sansibaricus, L. rubellus and D. willsi produced 40, 41, 28, and 26% more vermicast, respectively, than the pioneers of the corresponding species. Similar trend was seen in fecundity as well. Each new generation produced more juveniles and cocoons than the previous generation, the increase being statistically significant at ≥ 95% confidence level. The findings reveal that earthworms can be made to adapt to ipomoea as their sole feed and the earthworm generations born and raised in ipomoea-fed vermireactors display significantly greater vermicomposting ability as well on fecundity than the earthworms which had been cultured on animal manure.
{"title":"A Comparative Study of the Reproductive and the Vermicomposting Ability of Three Generations of Epigeic and Anecic Earthworms When Subjected to a Toxic Weed (Ipomoea) as the Sole Feed","authors":"S. A. Abbasi, P. Patnaik, Tabassum- Abbasi, Channgam Khamrang, Tasneem Abbasi","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2019.1709918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1709918","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Recent studies by these authors have shown that the toxic and allalopathic weed ipomoea (Ipomoea carnea), gets transformed into benign organic fertilizer when subjected to vermicomposting. To derive benefit from this finding, it is necessary that a process should be made available for uninterrupted and efficient conversion of ipomoea into vermicompost. The present study has been done toward development of such a process, based on the concept of high-rate vermicomposting. It explores the relative ability to vermicompost ipomoea, and to reproduce in ipomoea-fed vermireactors, of successive generations of four species of earthworms — born and raised in ipomoea-fed vermireactors — in comparison to the first generation which had been raised to adulthood on cow-dung. Three epigeic species Eisenia andrei, Peryonix sansibaricus, Lumbricus rubillus, and one anecic Drawida willsi were explored for the purpose. The results, obtained over 480 days of uninterrupted reactor operation, show that the first generation of all four species of earthworms was slow to adapt to the ipomoea feed and took about 40 days to produce consistent quantities of vermicast. The second and the third generations didn’t need this adaptation and each generated vermicompost at significantly faster rates than it’s previous generation. Overall, the third generation of E. andrei, P. sansibaricus, L. rubellus and D. willsi produced 40, 41, 28, and 26% more vermicast, respectively, than the pioneers of the corresponding species. Similar trend was seen in fecundity as well. Each new generation produced more juveniles and cocoons than the previous generation, the increase being statistically significant at ≥ 95% confidence level. The findings reveal that earthworms can be made to adapt to ipomoea as their sole feed and the earthworm generations born and raised in ipomoea-fed vermireactors display significantly greater vermicomposting ability as well on fecundity than the earthworms which had been cultured on animal manure.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1709918","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49120670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2020.1749182
A. Løes, R. Khalil, Kirsty McKinnon
Abstract A farm scale composting drum was used to study exhaust gases from horse manure, and from horse manure mixed with tomato plant residues (TPR) with a lower C/N ratio. To study whether this addition increased gaseous losses of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S), selected gas compounds of carbon (C) and N, and sulphur dioxide (SO2), were measured on three dates by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). From the gas production in the drum (g per kg wet substrate), and the content of C, N and S in substrates, elemental losses of C, N and S were assessed. Temperatures in the substrate inside the drum reached 55–60 °C. The production of methane (CH4) increased when the mean retention time increased from about 2 to 6.3 days. Replacing 50% of the substrate weight by TPR slightly increased the production of NH3, but not of N2O, NO2 or SO2. We did not find increased losses of C, N or S after addition of TPR, but the production of NH3 and SO2 fluctuated much more. The mean production of nitrous oxide (N2O) and CH4 comprised 15 g CO2 equivalents per kg wet substrate, ranging from 8 to 27. Nitrous oxide comprised 80–90%. Over three gas measurements, drum treatment reduced the C content in wet substrate by 7–10%, the N content by about 2% and the S content by 0.2–1%.
{"title":"Exhaust Gas Concentrations and Elemental Losses from a Composting Drum Treating Horse Manure","authors":"A. Løes, R. Khalil, Kirsty McKinnon","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2020.1749182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2020.1749182","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A farm scale composting drum was used to study exhaust gases from horse manure, and from horse manure mixed with tomato plant residues (TPR) with a lower C/N ratio. To study whether this addition increased gaseous losses of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S), selected gas compounds of carbon (C) and N, and sulphur dioxide (SO2), were measured on three dates by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). From the gas production in the drum (g per kg wet substrate), and the content of C, N and S in substrates, elemental losses of C, N and S were assessed. Temperatures in the substrate inside the drum reached 55–60 °C. The production of methane (CH4) increased when the mean retention time increased from about 2 to 6.3 days. Replacing 50% of the substrate weight by TPR slightly increased the production of NH3, but not of N2O, NO2 or SO2. We did not find increased losses of C, N or S after addition of TPR, but the production of NH3 and SO2 fluctuated much more. The mean production of nitrous oxide (N2O) and CH4 comprised 15 g CO2 equivalents per kg wet substrate, ranging from 8 to 27. Nitrous oxide comprised 80–90%. Over three gas measurements, drum treatment reduced the C content in wet substrate by 7–10%, the N content by about 2% and the S content by 0.2–1%.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2020.1749182","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45096551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2019.1686443
K. Nwanze, O. G. Clark
Abstract The need for renewable sources of energy has fueled interest in harvesting the heat produced by composting. Pilot-scale compost reactors were built with in-vessel heat exchangers to test the effect of heat extraction on the composting process. Water was passed through copper tubes embedded in the compost-filled barrels and the temperatures of the compost and the inlet and outlet water were monitored. More heat could be extracted with higher water flow rates. Compost temperatures were especially sensitive to the water flow rate during the thermophilic stage. The data from this experiment was then used to update a computational model of the composting process. COMSOL Multiphysics™ (v. 5.2, COMSOL AB, Stockholm, Sweden) was used to create a three-dimensional, finite-element simulation of mass and energy balances in the compost barrels. The model was validated against empirical data from the experiment. Simulated and empirical data were in general agreement from the start of composting until peak thermophilic temperatures, at which point they diverged, likely due to inappropriate heat transfer boundary conditions in the model. This work is a step in the development of empirically validated computational tools for the optimal design of compost heat extraction systems.
对可再生能源的需求激发了人们对收集堆肥产生的热量的兴趣。采用容器式热交换器建立了中试堆肥反应器，以测试热抽提对堆肥过程的影响。水通过埋在装满堆肥的桶内的铜管，并监测堆肥和进出水的温度。更高的水流速率可以提取更多的热量。在嗜热阶段，堆肥温度对水流速率特别敏感。该实验的数据随后被用于更新堆肥过程的计算模型。使用COMSOL Multiphysics™(v. 5.2, COMSOL AB, Stockholm, Sweden)创建堆肥桶中质量和能量平衡的三维有限元模拟。根据实验数据对模型进行了验证。从堆肥开始到嗜热温度达到峰值，模拟数据和经验数据基本一致，在这一点上它们出现分歧，可能是由于模型中的传热边界条件不适当。这项工作是在经验验证的计算工具的优化设计堆肥热提取系统的发展的一步。
{"title":"Optimizing Heat Extraction from Compost","authors":"K. Nwanze, O. G. Clark","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2019.1686443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1686443","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The need for renewable sources of energy has fueled interest in harvesting the heat produced by composting. Pilot-scale compost reactors were built with in-vessel heat exchangers to test the effect of heat extraction on the composting process. Water was passed through copper tubes embedded in the compost-filled barrels and the temperatures of the compost and the inlet and outlet water were monitored. More heat could be extracted with higher water flow rates. Compost temperatures were especially sensitive to the water flow rate during the thermophilic stage. The data from this experiment was then used to update a computational model of the composting process. COMSOL Multiphysics™ (v. 5.2, COMSOL AB, Stockholm, Sweden) was used to create a three-dimensional, finite-element simulation of mass and energy balances in the compost barrels. The model was validated against empirical data from the experiment. Simulated and empirical data were in general agreement from the start of composting until peak thermophilic temperatures, at which point they diverged, likely due to inappropriate heat transfer boundary conditions in the model. This work is a step in the development of empirically validated computational tools for the optimal design of compost heat extraction systems.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1686443","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44054082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2019.1682086
Y. Bayoumi, A. El-Henawy, K. Abdelaal, N. Elhawat
Abstract Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the utilization of compost derived from grape fruit waste (GFW) as an ingredient in nursery substrates for germination and development of cucumber. A randomized complete block design was used with thirteen treatments (S1-S13) encompassing 100% composted GFW, 60% GFW + 40% poultry manure including hardwood sawdust, 80% GFW + 20% broad bean straw, 80% GFW + 20% poultry manure including wheat straw, 50% coco peat + 50% vermiculite (as a control) and different combination of GFW-based composts with either coco peat or vermiculite. The resulted illustrated that GFW mixed with broad bean straw and poultry manure regardless of its source improved the chemical properties of composted GFW. Composts of GFW were even richer in nutrients, i.e., N, P, K, organic matter, soluble cations and anions and C/N ratio than control (50% coco peat + 50% vermiculite) except pH and electrical conductivity (EC), which was lower. Concentration of Cu, Fe, Cd and Pb were significantly lower in GFW composts than control substrate; while total phenolic content was significantly the highest in single compost of GFW. Mixing GFW composts with either vermiculite or coco peat (at 1:1 ratio by volume) was optimal for seed germination and seedling growth parameters; those combined substrates showed the highest FGP, CGRI, survival rate, and growth parameters in most cases. The negative effects of singly GFW compost can be removed or improved by mixing it with coco peat or vermiculite, so seed germination, seedling growth and survival rate significantly enhanced with mixing GFW-compost with coco peat or vermiculite substrates at ratio of 1:1. These recycled wastes are low cost products that can be usefully used in horticultural nurseries on a commercial scale. Highlights Grape fruit waste compost had similar chemical properties to coco peat and vermiculite mixture Grape fruit waste compost had the highest total phenolic content Replacing coco peat or vermiculite by GFW compost enhanced seed germination of cucumber Mixing GFW compost with either coco peat or vermiculite improved seedling development of cucumber Replacing coco peat or vermiculite by GFW compost reduced the cost by 50%
{"title":"Grape Fruit Waste Compost as a Nursery Substrate Ingredient for High-Quality Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Seedlings Production","authors":"Y. Bayoumi, A. El-Henawy, K. Abdelaal, N. Elhawat","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2019.1682086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1682086","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the utilization of compost derived from grape fruit waste (GFW) as an ingredient in nursery substrates for germination and development of cucumber. A randomized complete block design was used with thirteen treatments (S1-S13) encompassing 100% composted GFW, 60% GFW + 40% poultry manure including hardwood sawdust, 80% GFW + 20% broad bean straw, 80% GFW + 20% poultry manure including wheat straw, 50% coco peat + 50% vermiculite (as a control) and different combination of GFW-based composts with either coco peat or vermiculite. The resulted illustrated that GFW mixed with broad bean straw and poultry manure regardless of its source improved the chemical properties of composted GFW. Composts of GFW were even richer in nutrients, i.e., N, P, K, organic matter, soluble cations and anions and C/N ratio than control (50% coco peat + 50% vermiculite) except pH and electrical conductivity (EC), which was lower. Concentration of Cu, Fe, Cd and Pb were significantly lower in GFW composts than control substrate; while total phenolic content was significantly the highest in single compost of GFW. Mixing GFW composts with either vermiculite or coco peat (at 1:1 ratio by volume) was optimal for seed germination and seedling growth parameters; those combined substrates showed the highest FGP, CGRI, survival rate, and growth parameters in most cases. The negative effects of singly GFW compost can be removed or improved by mixing it with coco peat or vermiculite, so seed germination, seedling growth and survival rate significantly enhanced with mixing GFW-compost with coco peat or vermiculite substrates at ratio of 1:1. These recycled wastes are low cost products that can be usefully used in horticultural nurseries on a commercial scale. Highlights Grape fruit waste compost had similar chemical properties to coco peat and vermiculite mixture Grape fruit waste compost had the highest total phenolic content Replacing coco peat or vermiculite by GFW compost enhanced seed germination of cucumber Mixing GFW compost with either coco peat or vermiculite improved seedling development of cucumber Replacing coco peat or vermiculite by GFW compost reduced the cost by 50%","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1682086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45685095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2019.1666067
Saima Sadiq, M. Mahmood-ul-Hassan, Nazia Rafiq, K. Ahad
Abstract Composts especially spent mushroom composts (SMC) have been used for their ability to degrade toxic organic pollutants. Due to extreme toxicity, endosulfan (C9H6Cl6O3S) is categorized as a Category 1 pollutant by the U.S. EPA because of its well-reported carcinogenicity. This study was done to monitor the biodegradation potential of SMC against this pesticide. For this purpose, bioreactors (BRs) system was designed to mimic the field conditions. Soil within all four BRs contaminated with endosulfan was amended with four different treatments of SMC. Quantitative reduction in amount of endosulfan isomers was calculated using Gas Chromatography–Electron Capture Detector. For the monitoring of metabolites formed as a result of biodegradation, Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry was used. Maximum attenuation was observed in BR1 (fresh SMC and soil). In BR2 when fresh SMC was added in sterilized soil, rate of removal was declined as compared to BR1. In another bioreactor BR3, where unsterilized soil was used with sterilized SMC, total reduction in quantity of endosulfan was less than BR1 and BR2. BR4 (abiotic control) showed the least reduction suggesting the role of SMC and soil microbes. Degradation was well described using simple first-order kinetics which revealed that the active microcosm of BR1 manifested least DT50. Denaturation of either SMC(BR3) or soil(BR2) or both (BR4) resulted in less biodegradation than BR1.
{"title":"Spent Mushroom Compost of Pleurotus ostreatus: A Tool to Treat Soil Contaminated with Endosulfan","authors":"Saima Sadiq, M. Mahmood-ul-Hassan, Nazia Rafiq, K. Ahad","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2019.1666067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1666067","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Composts especially spent mushroom composts (SMC) have been used for their ability to degrade toxic organic pollutants. Due to extreme toxicity, endosulfan (C9H6Cl6O3S) is categorized as a Category 1 pollutant by the U.S. EPA because of its well-reported carcinogenicity. This study was done to monitor the biodegradation potential of SMC against this pesticide. For this purpose, bioreactors (BRs) system was designed to mimic the field conditions. Soil within all four BRs contaminated with endosulfan was amended with four different treatments of SMC. Quantitative reduction in amount of endosulfan isomers was calculated using Gas Chromatography–Electron Capture Detector. For the monitoring of metabolites formed as a result of biodegradation, Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry was used. Maximum attenuation was observed in BR1 (fresh SMC and soil). In BR2 when fresh SMC was added in sterilized soil, rate of removal was declined as compared to BR1. In another bioreactor BR3, where unsterilized soil was used with sterilized SMC, total reduction in quantity of endosulfan was less than BR1 and BR2. BR4 (abiotic control) showed the least reduction suggesting the role of SMC and soil microbes. Degradation was well described using simple first-order kinetics which revealed that the active microcosm of BR1 manifested least DT50. Denaturation of either SMC(BR3) or soil(BR2) or both (BR4) resulted in less biodegradation than BR1.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1666067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47700050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2019.1674224
Sally Brown, N. Beecher
Abstract Developing biosolids-based composts or soil blends suitable for use in urban areas is increasingly common. End uses for compost vary and can include use as a soil conditioner for existing turf, to establish new turf, for tree planting, in urban agriculture, and for use along highway right-of-ways. The carbon benefits/costs of biosolids compost were modeled for King County, Washington. Soil carbon sequestration was highest for use on disturbed soils such as new housing developments, neglected urban soils, or highway right-of-ways (–1.1 Mg CO2eq per Mg compost) and lowest for use in well-tended yards or other highly maintained landscapes (–0.036 Mg CO2eq per Mg compost). Compost use for tree growth, calculated over a 30-year period, added above-ground sequestration benefits ranging from –1.53 Mg CO2eq per Mg compost for a mature tree grown on a healthy soil to –4.58 Mg CO2eq per Mg compost for a newly planted tree grown on a disturbed site. Assuming a 20 km haul distance, transport costs ranged from 0.005 Mg CO2eq per Mg compost for delivery in a 5 Mg truck to 0.09 Mg CO2eq per Mg compost for pick up in a personal vehicle. Ecosystem services associated with different end uses for compost in urban areas also vary. This model suggests that while uses for biosolids compost will likely be varied, for a program as a whole, significant carbon benefits can be expected.
{"title":"Carbon Accounting for Compost Use in Urban Areas","authors":"Sally Brown, N. Beecher","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2019.1674224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1674224","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Developing biosolids-based composts or soil blends suitable for use in urban areas is increasingly common. End uses for compost vary and can include use as a soil conditioner for existing turf, to establish new turf, for tree planting, in urban agriculture, and for use along highway right-of-ways. The carbon benefits/costs of biosolids compost were modeled for King County, Washington. Soil carbon sequestration was highest for use on disturbed soils such as new housing developments, neglected urban soils, or highway right-of-ways (–1.1 Mg CO2eq per Mg compost) and lowest for use in well-tended yards or other highly maintained landscapes (–0.036 Mg CO2eq per Mg compost). Compost use for tree growth, calculated over a 30-year period, added above-ground sequestration benefits ranging from –1.53 Mg CO2eq per Mg compost for a mature tree grown on a healthy soil to –4.58 Mg CO2eq per Mg compost for a newly planted tree grown on a disturbed site. Assuming a 20 km haul distance, transport costs ranged from 0.005 Mg CO2eq per Mg compost for delivery in a 5 Mg truck to 0.09 Mg CO2eq per Mg compost for pick up in a personal vehicle. Ecosystem services associated with different end uses for compost in urban areas also vary. This model suggests that while uses for biosolids compost will likely be varied, for a program as a whole, significant carbon benefits can be expected.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1674224","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42196964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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