Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2019.1666067
Saima Sadiq, M. Mahmood-ul-Hassan, Nazia Rafiq, K. Ahad
Abstract Composts especially spent mushroom composts (SMC) have been used for their ability to degrade toxic organic pollutants. Due to extreme toxicity, endosulfan (C9H6Cl6O3S) is categorized as a Category 1 pollutant by the U.S. EPA because of its well-reported carcinogenicity. This study was done to monitor the biodegradation potential of SMC against this pesticide. For this purpose, bioreactors (BRs) system was designed to mimic the field conditions. Soil within all four BRs contaminated with endosulfan was amended with four different treatments of SMC. Quantitative reduction in amount of endosulfan isomers was calculated using Gas Chromatography–Electron Capture Detector. For the monitoring of metabolites formed as a result of biodegradation, Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry was used. Maximum attenuation was observed in BR1 (fresh SMC and soil). In BR2 when fresh SMC was added in sterilized soil, rate of removal was declined as compared to BR1. In another bioreactor BR3, where unsterilized soil was used with sterilized SMC, total reduction in quantity of endosulfan was less than BR1 and BR2. BR4 (abiotic control) showed the least reduction suggesting the role of SMC and soil microbes. Degradation was well described using simple first-order kinetics which revealed that the active microcosm of BR1 manifested least DT50. Denaturation of either SMC(BR3) or soil(BR2) or both (BR4) resulted in less biodegradation than BR1.
{"title":"Spent Mushroom Compost of Pleurotus ostreatus: A Tool to Treat Soil Contaminated with Endosulfan","authors":"Saima Sadiq, M. Mahmood-ul-Hassan, Nazia Rafiq, K. Ahad","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2019.1666067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1666067","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Composts especially spent mushroom composts (SMC) have been used for their ability to degrade toxic organic pollutants. Due to extreme toxicity, endosulfan (C9H6Cl6O3S) is categorized as a Category 1 pollutant by the U.S. EPA because of its well-reported carcinogenicity. This study was done to monitor the biodegradation potential of SMC against this pesticide. For this purpose, bioreactors (BRs) system was designed to mimic the field conditions. Soil within all four BRs contaminated with endosulfan was amended with four different treatments of SMC. Quantitative reduction in amount of endosulfan isomers was calculated using Gas Chromatography–Electron Capture Detector. For the monitoring of metabolites formed as a result of biodegradation, Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry was used. Maximum attenuation was observed in BR1 (fresh SMC and soil). In BR2 when fresh SMC was added in sterilized soil, rate of removal was declined as compared to BR1. In another bioreactor BR3, where unsterilized soil was used with sterilized SMC, total reduction in quantity of endosulfan was less than BR1 and BR2. BR4 (abiotic control) showed the least reduction suggesting the role of SMC and soil microbes. Degradation was well described using simple first-order kinetics which revealed that the active microcosm of BR1 manifested least DT50. Denaturation of either SMC(BR3) or soil(BR2) or both (BR4) resulted in less biodegradation than BR1.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"27 1","pages":"193 - 204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1666067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47700050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2019.1674224
Sally Brown, N. Beecher
Abstract Developing biosolids-based composts or soil blends suitable for use in urban areas is increasingly common. End uses for compost vary and can include use as a soil conditioner for existing turf, to establish new turf, for tree planting, in urban agriculture, and for use along highway right-of-ways. The carbon benefits/costs of biosolids compost were modeled for King County, Washington. Soil carbon sequestration was highest for use on disturbed soils such as new housing developments, neglected urban soils, or highway right-of-ways (–1.1 Mg CO2eq per Mg compost) and lowest for use in well-tended yards or other highly maintained landscapes (–0.036 Mg CO2eq per Mg compost). Compost use for tree growth, calculated over a 30-year period, added above-ground sequestration benefits ranging from –1.53 Mg CO2eq per Mg compost for a mature tree grown on a healthy soil to –4.58 Mg CO2eq per Mg compost for a newly planted tree grown on a disturbed site. Assuming a 20 km haul distance, transport costs ranged from 0.005 Mg CO2eq per Mg compost for delivery in a 5 Mg truck to 0.09 Mg CO2eq per Mg compost for pick up in a personal vehicle. Ecosystem services associated with different end uses for compost in urban areas also vary. This model suggests that while uses for biosolids compost will likely be varied, for a program as a whole, significant carbon benefits can be expected.
{"title":"Carbon Accounting for Compost Use in Urban Areas","authors":"Sally Brown, N. Beecher","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2019.1674224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1674224","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Developing biosolids-based composts or soil blends suitable for use in urban areas is increasingly common. End uses for compost vary and can include use as a soil conditioner for existing turf, to establish new turf, for tree planting, in urban agriculture, and for use along highway right-of-ways. The carbon benefits/costs of biosolids compost were modeled for King County, Washington. Soil carbon sequestration was highest for use on disturbed soils such as new housing developments, neglected urban soils, or highway right-of-ways (–1.1 Mg CO2eq per Mg compost) and lowest for use in well-tended yards or other highly maintained landscapes (–0.036 Mg CO2eq per Mg compost). Compost use for tree growth, calculated over a 30-year period, added above-ground sequestration benefits ranging from –1.53 Mg CO2eq per Mg compost for a mature tree grown on a healthy soil to –4.58 Mg CO2eq per Mg compost for a newly planted tree grown on a disturbed site. Assuming a 20 km haul distance, transport costs ranged from 0.005 Mg CO2eq per Mg compost for delivery in a 5 Mg truck to 0.09 Mg CO2eq per Mg compost for pick up in a personal vehicle. Ecosystem services associated with different end uses for compost in urban areas also vary. This model suggests that while uses for biosolids compost will likely be varied, for a program as a whole, significant carbon benefits can be expected.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"27 1","pages":"227 - 239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1674224","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42196964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2019.1641446
Pulat Isobaev, Kristine Wichuk, D. McCartney, N. Neumann
Abstract Pathogen inactivation due to temperature exposure was studied in full-scale covered aerated static piles (CASP) treating municipal biosolids. The objectives of the study were to assess the impact of the temperature contact time on pathogen inactivation and to analyze whether the gradual increase in temperature, as occurs in compost piles, trigger a viable-but-non-culturable (VBNC) state. Twenty-two temperature probes imitating random particle behavior were seeded with Escherichia coli and Salmonella and introduced into the CASP. It was found that 92% of the compost pile experienced temperatures ≥55 °C for at least three consecutive days during the first stage of composting (36 days). This number rose to 93% after the pile was turned and composted for a further 20 days. At the end of active composting, the fecal coliforms level in the compost matrix, determined by culturing methods, was <103 MPN·g−1 total solids, while Salmonella was below its detection limit of <3 MPN·4 g−1 total solids. The molecular method indicated that there were live cells which had apparently entered a VBNC state. Nonetheless, it was concluded further study is needed to assess overall risk, since other factors such as pH, toxic compounds, and microbial competition and antagonism were excluded from this particular study. In future, as the techniques presented herein are refined, they may be useful for validating different types of composting technologies for sanitation effectiveness.
{"title":"Sanitary Assurance at Biosolids Composting Facilities: Assessing the Efficiency of Temperature-Contact Time Criterion","authors":"Pulat Isobaev, Kristine Wichuk, D. McCartney, N. Neumann","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2019.1641446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1641446","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Pathogen inactivation due to temperature exposure was studied in full-scale covered aerated static piles (CASP) treating municipal biosolids. The objectives of the study were to assess the impact of the temperature contact time on pathogen inactivation and to analyze whether the gradual increase in temperature, as occurs in compost piles, trigger a viable-but-non-culturable (VBNC) state. Twenty-two temperature probes imitating random particle behavior were seeded with Escherichia coli and Salmonella and introduced into the CASP. It was found that 92% of the compost pile experienced temperatures ≥55 °C for at least three consecutive days during the first stage of composting (36 days). This number rose to 93% after the pile was turned and composted for a further 20 days. At the end of active composting, the fecal coliforms level in the compost matrix, determined by culturing methods, was <103 MPN·g−1 total solids, while Salmonella was below its detection limit of <3 MPN·4 g−1 total solids. The molecular method indicated that there were live cells which had apparently entered a VBNC state. Nonetheless, it was concluded further study is needed to assess overall risk, since other factors such as pH, toxic compounds, and microbial competition and antagonism were excluded from this particular study. In future, as the techniques presented herein are refined, they may be useful for validating different types of composting technologies for sanitation effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"27 1","pages":"178 - 192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1641446","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42893868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2019.1630338
M. Moqbal, M. Komatsuzaki, D. J. Jayasanka
Abstract Leaf composting is an essential technique in organic farming; it improves the physicochemical properties of soil such as texture, structure, water-holding capacity, and nutrient content. However, the use of leaf compost is prohibited in the Fukushima and Ibaraki prefectures because large areas of the Fukushima and Ibaraki forests were contaminated by radiocesium (134Cs and 137Cs) after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (FDNPP) accident. We examined the changes in radio Cs concentration and other physicochemical properties in leaf compost made from Ibaraki and Fukushima forest leaves. At the beginning of the composting process, rice bran-treated compost showed 25%–32% lower radio Cs concentration than the leaf-only compost; however, 2 years after composting, the difference in concentration between these treatments had increased to 35%–63%. Moreover, the incorporation of rice bran significantly increased the compost temperature, moisture, electrical conductivity, bulk density, and total nitrogen during the composting process. Plant uptake of radio Cs was significantly lower in rice bran-treated compost than the leaf-only compost at each level of application; furthermore, the levels of soil radio Cs showed a similar trend. Potassium application combined with leaf compost resulted in a significant reduction of radio Cs plant uptake. Our data revealed that adding rice bran to leaves positively affects radio Cs reduction in leaf compost and also reduces its uptake by plants. Our findings may improve the management of leaf composting after the FDNPP accident.
{"title":"Rice Bran Addition to Leaf Compost Can Reduce Radiocesium Concentration and Its Uptake by Crops After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident","authors":"M. Moqbal, M. Komatsuzaki, D. J. Jayasanka","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2019.1630338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1630338","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Leaf composting is an essential technique in organic farming; it improves the physicochemical properties of soil such as texture, structure, water-holding capacity, and nutrient content. However, the use of leaf compost is prohibited in the Fukushima and Ibaraki prefectures because large areas of the Fukushima and Ibaraki forests were contaminated by radiocesium (134Cs and 137Cs) after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (FDNPP) accident. We examined the changes in radio Cs concentration and other physicochemical properties in leaf compost made from Ibaraki and Fukushima forest leaves. At the beginning of the composting process, rice bran-treated compost showed 25%–32% lower radio Cs concentration than the leaf-only compost; however, 2 years after composting, the difference in concentration between these treatments had increased to 35%–63%. Moreover, the incorporation of rice bran significantly increased the compost temperature, moisture, electrical conductivity, bulk density, and total nitrogen during the composting process. Plant uptake of radio Cs was significantly lower in rice bran-treated compost than the leaf-only compost at each level of application; furthermore, the levels of soil radio Cs showed a similar trend. Potassium application combined with leaf compost resulted in a significant reduction of radio Cs plant uptake. Our data revealed that adding rice bran to leaves positively affects radio Cs reduction in leaf compost and also reduces its uptake by plants. Our findings may improve the management of leaf composting after the FDNPP accident.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"27 1","pages":"125 - 145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1630338","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46866991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2019.1630337
Elahe Ahmadpoor Dehkordi, M. R. Tadayon, A. Tadayyon
Abstract In order to evaluate the effect of different fertilizers’ sources on micronutrients’ content and sugar quality of sugar beet, three fertilizers’ sources include spent mushroom compost (SMC) (29 t/ha), sheep manure (23 t/ha), chemical fertilizer including zinc sulfate (10 kg/ha), copper sulfate (10 kg/ha), iron sulfate (30 kg/ha), manganese sulfate (15 kg/ha) and no fertilizer (control) were conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Farm of Shahrekord University in 2013. The results showed that micronutrients’ content in the root, α-amino-N sucrose percentage and sucrose yield were significantly affected by fertilizer treatments. The highest elements’ content of Fe (90.39 mg/kg), Zn (39.15 mg/kg), and Cu (18.1 mg/kg) in sugar beet root belonged to SMC treatment. Besides, SMC caused less α-amino-N accumulation in sugar beet compared with sheep manure (1.05 MEq/g). Sucrose percentage was higher in SMC treatment than the sheep manure. Likewise, sucrose percentage revealed a significant positive correlation with micronutrients of zinc, copper, and manganese in sugar beet root. Therefore, it could be concluded that using SMC increases micronutrients’ content in the root and at the same time, plays an important role in sugar quality improvement of sugar beet.
{"title":"The Effect of Different Fertilizers’ Sources on Micronutrients’ Content and Sugar Quality of Sugar Beet","authors":"Elahe Ahmadpoor Dehkordi, M. R. Tadayon, A. Tadayyon","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2019.1630337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1630337","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In order to evaluate the effect of different fertilizers’ sources on micronutrients’ content and sugar quality of sugar beet, three fertilizers’ sources include spent mushroom compost (SMC) (29 t/ha), sheep manure (23 t/ha), chemical fertilizer including zinc sulfate (10 kg/ha), copper sulfate (10 kg/ha), iron sulfate (30 kg/ha), manganese sulfate (15 kg/ha) and no fertilizer (control) were conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Farm of Shahrekord University in 2013. The results showed that micronutrients’ content in the root, α-amino-N sucrose percentage and sucrose yield were significantly affected by fertilizer treatments. The highest elements’ content of Fe (90.39 mg/kg), Zn (39.15 mg/kg), and Cu (18.1 mg/kg) in sugar beet root belonged to SMC treatment. Besides, SMC caused less α-amino-N accumulation in sugar beet compared with sheep manure (1.05 MEq/g). Sucrose percentage was higher in SMC treatment than the sheep manure. Likewise, sucrose percentage revealed a significant positive correlation with micronutrients of zinc, copper, and manganese in sugar beet root. Therefore, it could be concluded that using SMC increases micronutrients’ content in the root and at the same time, plays an important role in sugar quality improvement of sugar beet.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"27 1","pages":"161 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1630337","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46468869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2019.1630340
G. Meng, Dongxing Luan, Z. Tai, Jifeng Deng, Jianqiu Han, Yumei Zhou
Abstract Container technology can effectively control soil environment and nutrient status to obtain the optimal plant growth condition. Peat, green waste compost (GWC), soil and perlite were used as substrate materials to study the effects of different substrate ratios on growth and physiology of 1.5-year-old Sequoia sempervirens container seedlings. The optimal substrate ratio of S. sempervirens container seedlings was obtained by L9 (34) orthogonal design and was finally evaluated by principal component analysis. The volume ratio of peat: GWC: soil: perlite of 4: 1.5: 1: 2 was the best substrate ratio for S. sempervirens across all parameters, whose porosity, bulk density (BD) and gas-water ratio (GWR) were within the ideal ranges. The concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) of 1.40% and total phosphorus (TP) of 0.13% were the highest among the nine different substrates. The total potassium (TK) and electrical conductivity (EC) were 0.13% and 0.70 ms cm−1, respectively. In addition, the plant height and ground diameter growing in the substrate were increased by 28% and 39% compared to their respective initial values. The content of peat and GCW had significant effects on growth (p < 0.01). The GWR in T2 (peat: GWC: soil: perlite = 6: 1: 0.5: 2) and T6 (peat: GWC: soil: perlite = 4: 0.5: 0.5: 1) are not suitable for S. sempervirens container seedlings. The PCA ranking of the 9 groups of substrates is: T8 > T1 > T4 > T3 > T2 > T5 > T7 > T9 > T6. The combination of peat, GWC, soil and perlite in an appropriate ratio could provide a good environment for S. sempervirens container seedlings.
摘要容器技术可以有效地控制土壤环境和养分状况，获得最佳的植物生长条件。以泥炭、绿色垃圾堆肥（GWC）、土壤和珍珠岩为基质材料，研究了不同基质配比对1.5年生红杉容器苗生长和生理的影响。采用L9（34）正交设计，确定了粗穗细辛容器苗的最佳基质配比，并用主成分分析法对其进行了评价。在所有参数下，泥炭：GWC：土壤：珍珠岩的体积比为4:1.5:1:2是S.semperverrens的最佳基质比，其孔隙率、体积密度（BD）和气水比（GWR）均在理想范围内。在9种不同基质中，总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）的浓度分别为1.40%和0.13%。总钾（TK）和电导率（EC）分别为0.13%和0.70% ms cm−1。此外，生长在基质中的株高和地径分别比其初始值增加了28%和39%。泥炭和GCW含量对生长有显著影响（p T1 > T4 > T3 > T2 > T5 > T7 > T9 > T6.泥炭、GWC、土壤和珍珠岩以适当的比例组合，可以为S.semperverrens容器苗提供良好的生长环境。
{"title":"Effects of Different Substrate Ratios on the Growth and Physiology of Sequoia sempervirens Container Seedlings","authors":"G. Meng, Dongxing Luan, Z. Tai, Jifeng Deng, Jianqiu Han, Yumei Zhou","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2019.1630340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1630340","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Container technology can effectively control soil environment and nutrient status to obtain the optimal plant growth condition. Peat, green waste compost (GWC), soil and perlite were used as substrate materials to study the effects of different substrate ratios on growth and physiology of 1.5-year-old Sequoia sempervirens container seedlings. The optimal substrate ratio of S. sempervirens container seedlings was obtained by L9 (34) orthogonal design and was finally evaluated by principal component analysis. The volume ratio of peat: GWC: soil: perlite of 4: 1.5: 1: 2 was the best substrate ratio for S. sempervirens across all parameters, whose porosity, bulk density (BD) and gas-water ratio (GWR) were within the ideal ranges. The concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) of 1.40% and total phosphorus (TP) of 0.13% were the highest among the nine different substrates. The total potassium (TK) and electrical conductivity (EC) were 0.13% and 0.70 ms cm−1, respectively. In addition, the plant height and ground diameter growing in the substrate were increased by 28% and 39% compared to their respective initial values. The content of peat and GCW had significant effects on growth (p < 0.01). The GWR in T2 (peat: GWC: soil: perlite = 6: 1: 0.5: 2) and T6 (peat: GWC: soil: perlite = 4: 0.5: 0.5: 1) are not suitable for S. sempervirens container seedlings. The PCA ranking of the 9 groups of substrates is: T8 > T1 > T4 > T3 > T2 > T5 > T7 > T9 > T6. The combination of peat, GWC, soil and perlite in an appropriate ratio could provide a good environment for S. sempervirens container seedlings.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"27 1","pages":"169 - 177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1630340","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41507350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2019.1630339
G. Yakubova, A. Kavetskiy, S. Prior, H. Allen Torbert
Abstract The possible application of Pulsed Fast/Thermal Neutron Analysis (PFTNA) for determining the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N) of compost will be discussed. This analysis method has several advantages over traditional chemical analysis, including that it is a nondestructive in situ method that does not require extensive sample collection and it analyzes much larger volumes of material (∼1 m3) than traditional chemical analysis (∼1 cm3). The amount of carbon can be determined by irradiating compost with neutrons and measuring the gamma ray peak at an energy of 4.44 MeV that appears due to inelastic scattering. Nitrogen can be determined by measuring the gamma ray peak at 10.83 MeV that appears due to thermal neutron capture. For C/N measurements, a calibration line that relates the C/N mass ratio to the carbon/nitrogen gamma peak ratio should first be constructed; our calibration line was constructed using carbon–ammonium nitrate mixtures. PFTNA measurements were then used to determine carbon and nitrogen peak values in order to utilize the calibration line for calculating the C/N mass ratio. The workability of this methodology has been demonstrated in laboratory experiments. The applicability of PFTNA for compost C/N ratio determinations was evaluated with Monte Carlo computer simulations of neutron propagation in large compost volumes (Geant4 toolkit) and experimental measurements of real compost (volume 1.3 m3). Data from computer simulations and experiments demonstrated that the PFTNA method is fully applicable for determining the C/N ratio in compost material up to values of 25 and even greater.
{"title":"Application of Neutron-Gamma Analysis for Determining Compost C/N Ratio","authors":"G. Yakubova, A. Kavetskiy, S. Prior, H. Allen Torbert","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2019.1630339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1630339","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The possible application of Pulsed Fast/Thermal Neutron Analysis (PFTNA) for determining the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N) of compost will be discussed. This analysis method has several advantages over traditional chemical analysis, including that it is a nondestructive in situ method that does not require extensive sample collection and it analyzes much larger volumes of material (∼1 m3) than traditional chemical analysis (∼1 cm3). The amount of carbon can be determined by irradiating compost with neutrons and measuring the gamma ray peak at an energy of 4.44 MeV that appears due to inelastic scattering. Nitrogen can be determined by measuring the gamma ray peak at 10.83 MeV that appears due to thermal neutron capture. For C/N measurements, a calibration line that relates the C/N mass ratio to the carbon/nitrogen gamma peak ratio should first be constructed; our calibration line was constructed using carbon–ammonium nitrate mixtures. PFTNA measurements were then used to determine carbon and nitrogen peak values in order to utilize the calibration line for calculating the C/N mass ratio. The workability of this methodology has been demonstrated in laboratory experiments. The applicability of PFTNA for compost C/N ratio determinations was evaluated with Monte Carlo computer simulations of neutron propagation in large compost volumes (Geant4 toolkit) and experimental measurements of real compost (volume 1.3 m3). Data from computer simulations and experiments demonstrated that the PFTNA method is fully applicable for determining the C/N ratio in compost material up to values of 25 and even greater.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"27 1","pages":"146 - 160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1630339","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45996874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-03DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2019.1586595
R. Harvey, N. Shishkoff, J. Pecchia, D. Davis
Abstract Boxwood (Buxus spp.) blight is a devastating disease caused by the Ascomycete fungus Calonectria pseudonaviculata in the U.S. and Europe. A second Calonectria species, C. henricotiae, is also pathogenic on boxwood in Europe, but is not present in the U.S. where it is classified as a quarantine pathogen. Composting can eradicate various plant pathogens and high temperature is likely the most important factor influencing pathogen eradication. We previously reported that C. pseudonaviculata microsclerotia survived exposure to 40 °C in an incubator without compost, whereas exposure to the same temperature and time, but with compost added, greatly decreased survival. That is, the decrease in Calonectria growth and survival in compost was greater than could be accounted for by high temperature alone. We hypothesized that the enhanced decrease in Calonectria growth and survival might be due to ammonia, a fungitoxic gas produced during composting. In this laboratory study, we determined that ammonia within agar in Petri plates reduced radial growth of both C. pseudonaviculata and C. henricotiae. In studies with C. pseudonaviculata, gaseous ammonia reduced microsclerotia survival. Our findings suggest that composting dead or dying blighted boxwoods in the presence of ammonia could reduce dissemination of both Calonectria species from blighted to healthy boxwoods.
黄杨木疫病是由黄杨子囊菌真菌Calonectria pseudonaviculata引起的一种美国和欧洲的毁灭性病害。第二种calonectriae, C. henricotiae，在欧洲也能在黄杨上致病，但在美国不存在，在那里它被归类为检疫病原体。堆肥可以根除多种植物病原体，高温可能是影响病原体根除的最重要因素。我们之前报道过，在不添加堆肥的培养箱中，将假aviculata微核菌暴露在40°C下存活，而暴露在相同温度和时间但添加堆肥的情况下，存活率大大降低。也就是说，堆肥中calonecia生长和存活的下降大于单独高温所能解释的。研究人员推测，堆肥过程中产生的氨(一种真菌毒性气体)可能会导致calonecaria生长和存活的急剧下降。在本实验室研究中，我们确定了培养皿中琼脂中的氨会降低假鼻假单胞菌和亨里科假单胞菌的径向生长。在对假棘球绦虫的研究中，气态氨降低了微核菌的存活率。我们的研究结果表明，在氨的存在下堆肥死亡或垂死的黄杨木可以减少两种Calonectria物种从枯萎的黄杨木向健康的黄杨木传播。
{"title":"Impact of Ammonia During Composting on Calonectria pseudonaviculata and C. henricotiae, Causal Agents of Boxwood Blight","authors":"R. Harvey, N. Shishkoff, J. Pecchia, D. Davis","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2019.1586595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1586595","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Boxwood (Buxus spp.) blight is a devastating disease caused by the Ascomycete fungus Calonectria pseudonaviculata in the U.S. and Europe. A second Calonectria species, C. henricotiae, is also pathogenic on boxwood in Europe, but is not present in the U.S. where it is classified as a quarantine pathogen. Composting can eradicate various plant pathogens and high temperature is likely the most important factor influencing pathogen eradication. We previously reported that C. pseudonaviculata microsclerotia survived exposure to 40 °C in an incubator without compost, whereas exposure to the same temperature and time, but with compost added, greatly decreased survival. That is, the decrease in Calonectria growth and survival in compost was greater than could be accounted for by high temperature alone. We hypothesized that the enhanced decrease in Calonectria growth and survival might be due to ammonia, a fungitoxic gas produced during composting. In this laboratory study, we determined that ammonia within agar in Petri plates reduced radial growth of both C. pseudonaviculata and C. henricotiae. In studies with C. pseudonaviculata, gaseous ammonia reduced microsclerotia survival. Our findings suggest that composting dead or dying blighted boxwoods in the presence of ammonia could reduce dissemination of both Calonectria species from blighted to healthy boxwoods.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"27 1","pages":"116 - 123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1586595","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44072082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-03DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2018.1507850
Jing Yuan, Difang Zhang, Longlong Du, Fan Yang, Guoxue Li, Yuan-pei Luo
Abstract Woody peat was used as an additive to compost with pig manure in 1.2 m3 composting reactors under aerobic conditions for a 77 days period to estimate the effect on the compost maturity and gaseous emissions (NH3, N2O, and CH4). Pig manure was also composted with cornstalks (the traditional method) as a control treatment. The results showed that both cornstalks and woody peat composts reached the required maturity standard. Composting with woody peat as a bulking agent was found to reduced NH3 emissions by 36% than the cornstalks amended treatment. Although CH4 emission increased by adding woody peat, N2O emission was considerably reduced, resulting in a slight decrease in total greenhouse gas emissions. More importantly, woody peat could reduce the losses of total carbon and total nitrogen, improve the compost quality as fertilizer.
{"title":"Effect of Woody Peat as an Additive on Maturity and Gaseous Emissions During Pig Manure Composting","authors":"Jing Yuan, Difang Zhang, Longlong Du, Fan Yang, Guoxue Li, Yuan-pei Luo","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2018.1507850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1507850","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Woody peat was used as an additive to compost with pig manure in 1.2 m3 composting reactors under aerobic conditions for a 77 days period to estimate the effect on the compost maturity and gaseous emissions (NH3, N2O, and CH4). Pig manure was also composted with cornstalks (the traditional method) as a control treatment. The results showed that both cornstalks and woody peat composts reached the required maturity standard. Composting with woody peat as a bulking agent was found to reduced NH3 emissions by 36% than the cornstalks amended treatment. Although CH4 emission increased by adding woody peat, N2O emission was considerably reduced, resulting in a slight decrease in total greenhouse gas emissions. More importantly, woody peat could reduce the losses of total carbon and total nitrogen, improve the compost quality as fertilizer.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"27 1","pages":"69 - 80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1507850","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49363089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-03DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2019.1571462
E. Kent, S. K. Bailey, J. Stephens, W. Horwath, K. Paw U
Abstract Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are produced during the composting process, but few studies have measured emissions from a full-scale windrow of composting green-waste. This is important for evaluating composting as a waste management option and for understanding how changes to current composting management practices could help reduce emissions. This study uses micrometeorological mass balance (MMB) and open flow-through chamber techniques to measure emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) from a windrow of composting green-waste in Northern California. The MMB technique yielded mean upwind–downwind concentration differences over the study period that showed sourcing of all three GHGs. CO2 showed a stronger signal than CH4 and N2O. A strong diel pattern was found in the concentration differences at lower levels and fluxes of CO2, with substantial noise likely obscuring any possible daily patterns for CH4 and N2O. Fluxes normalized by the time since the previous turn event revealed an initial rapid rise in CO2 concentration differences (at lower levels) and fluxes, peaking close to 13 h after the turn event followed by a gradual decline. The same pattern was not as clear for the other two gases but overall declines in concentration differences and fluxes were apparent with increasing time since the previous turn event. Substantial differences between MMB and chamber calculated fluxes were found, due to both differences in the techniques as well as sampling frequency.
{"title":"Measurements of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Composting Green-Waste Using Micrometeorological Mass Balance and Flow-Through Chambers","authors":"E. Kent, S. K. Bailey, J. Stephens, W. Horwath, K. Paw U","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2019.1571462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1571462","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are produced during the composting process, but few studies have measured emissions from a full-scale windrow of composting green-waste. This is important for evaluating composting as a waste management option and for understanding how changes to current composting management practices could help reduce emissions. This study uses micrometeorological mass balance (MMB) and open flow-through chamber techniques to measure emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) from a windrow of composting green-waste in Northern California. The MMB technique yielded mean upwind–downwind concentration differences over the study period that showed sourcing of all three GHGs. CO2 showed a stronger signal than CH4 and N2O. A strong diel pattern was found in the concentration differences at lower levels and fluxes of CO2, with substantial noise likely obscuring any possible daily patterns for CH4 and N2O. Fluxes normalized by the time since the previous turn event revealed an initial rapid rise in CO2 concentration differences (at lower levels) and fluxes, peaking close to 13 h after the turn event followed by a gradual decline. The same pattern was not as clear for the other two gases but overall declines in concentration differences and fluxes were apparent with increasing time since the previous turn event. Substantial differences between MMB and chamber calculated fluxes were found, due to both differences in the techniques as well as sampling frequency.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"27 1","pages":"115 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1571462","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47993792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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