Pub Date : 2019-04-03DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2019.1571460
Longlong Du, Zhiye Zhang, Guoxue Li, Qiaoping Sun, Bangxi Zhang
Abstract This study investigated the performance of composting cornstalks after used as the filtering materials for the pretreatment of anaerobically digested manure centrate. Results show that cornstalks could effectively remove suspended solids and organic matter in digested centrate. Direct composting of the used cornstalks could be achieved. The composting temperature increased rapidly and maintained at the thermophilic phase for more than 10 days. During 28 days of composting, the used cornstalks could be mature as indicated by the matrix pH of 7.37, electrical conductivity of 1.13 mS/cm, and germination index of higher than 100%. During composting, the carbon/nitrogen ratio of the used cornstalks decreased from 16.81 to 13.62. Moreover, cellulose in the used cornstalks was degraded by approximately 35.4% during composting.
{"title":"Composting of Cornstalks Used as Filtering Materials for the Pretreatment of Anaerobically Digested Centrate","authors":"Longlong Du, Zhiye Zhang, Guoxue Li, Qiaoping Sun, Bangxi Zhang","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2019.1571460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1571460","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study investigated the performance of composting cornstalks after used as the filtering materials for the pretreatment of anaerobically digested manure centrate. Results show that cornstalks could effectively remove suspended solids and organic matter in digested centrate. Direct composting of the used cornstalks could be achieved. The composting temperature increased rapidly and maintained at the thermophilic phase for more than 10 days. During 28 days of composting, the used cornstalks could be mature as indicated by the matrix pH of 7.37, electrical conductivity of 1.13 mS/cm, and germination index of higher than 100%. During composting, the carbon/nitrogen ratio of the used cornstalks decreased from 16.81 to 13.62. Moreover, cellulose in the used cornstalks was degraded by approximately 35.4% during composting.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"27 1","pages":"81 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1571460","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44153857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-03DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2019.1571461
Y. Redel, P. M. Nkebiwe, R. Schulz, T. Müller
Abstract This study was conducted to investigate changes in P-fractions, bio-available P (CAL-P), citric acid extractable P, acid phosphatase activity and microbial biomass C and N during incubation of mature biogenic compost (MBC), immature biogenic compost (IBC) or immature sheep manure compost (ISC) not amended with P or amended with rock phosphate (RP, 7.6% P) or triple-superphosphate (TSP, 19.5% P). Incubation was performed at 20 °C in darkness under aerobic conditions. Samples were collected for laboratory analysis at the start of incubation (D-0) and after one, six and 26 days during incubation (D-1, D-6, D-26). Addition of soluble P fertilizer (TSP) led to a threefold increase in all P fractions in comparison to compost without TSP; even a “priming effect” could be observed, promoting conversion of non-labile to labile P. Moreover, addition of TSP lowered biological activity, especially acid phosphatase activity (P-ase), due to already high concentrations of readily available P. In general, P fractions (bicarbonate extractable Pi (NaHCO3-Pi) and bicarbonate extractable Po (NaHCO3-Po) and sodium hydroxide extractable Po (NaOH-Po)) increased during incubation until day 6 at the expense of NaOH-Pi fraction, which decreased. Generally, RP-derived P showed little or no effect on P fractions during the entire incubation period and only led to slightly increased CAL-P and Citric-acid-P levels. Fertilizer effects on labile P fractions were most enhanced with ISC. IBC enhanced microbial growth and P-ase, thereby enhancing conversion of labile into moderate labile NaOH-Po.
{"title":"Phosphate Amendments to Compost for Improving P Bio-Availability","authors":"Y. Redel, P. M. Nkebiwe, R. Schulz, T. Müller","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2019.1571461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1571461","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study was conducted to investigate changes in P-fractions, bio-available P (CAL-P), citric acid extractable P, acid phosphatase activity and microbial biomass C and N during incubation of mature biogenic compost (MBC), immature biogenic compost (IBC) or immature sheep manure compost (ISC) not amended with P or amended with rock phosphate (RP, 7.6% P) or triple-superphosphate (TSP, 19.5% P). Incubation was performed at 20 °C in darkness under aerobic conditions. Samples were collected for laboratory analysis at the start of incubation (D-0) and after one, six and 26 days during incubation (D-1, D-6, D-26). Addition of soluble P fertilizer (TSP) led to a threefold increase in all P fractions in comparison to compost without TSP; even a “priming effect” could be observed, promoting conversion of non-labile to labile P. Moreover, addition of TSP lowered biological activity, especially acid phosphatase activity (P-ase), due to already high concentrations of readily available P. In general, P fractions (bicarbonate extractable Pi (NaHCO3-Pi) and bicarbonate extractable Po (NaHCO3-Po) and sodium hydroxide extractable Po (NaOH-Po)) increased during incubation until day 6 at the expense of NaOH-Pi fraction, which decreased. Generally, RP-derived P showed little or no effect on P fractions during the entire incubation period and only led to slightly increased CAL-P and Citric-acid-P levels. Fertilizer effects on labile P fractions were most enhanced with ISC. IBC enhanced microbial growth and P-ase, thereby enhancing conversion of labile into moderate labile NaOH-Po.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"27 1","pages":"88 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1571461","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47843802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2018.1550023
S. R. Williams, X. Zhu-Barker, S. Lew, Benjamin James Croze, Kenna R. Fallan, W. Horwath
Abstract Windrow composting of green waste as an alternative to green waste disposal in landfills requires an understanding of the impacts on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the development of effective and efficient management strategies to reduce these emissions. The addition of food waste to green waste compost operations is becoming more common, but its effect on GHG emissions is less understood. As more food waste diversion occurs as a result of recent implementation of climate smart policies in California, more information is needed to address the sustainability of composting different combinations of waste types. We monitored GHG emissions from compost windrows comprised of green waste alone and a green/food waste mixture (green waste : food waste = 9:1, by wet weight) at the University of California, Davis Student Farm in 2016 using a modified, open, flow-through chamber technique. When comparing total emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4), the green/food waste mixture produced 110 kg CO2 eq./ton DM (dry matter, std error = 12.2), which were slightly lower than emissions produced by the green waste alone (152 kg CO2 eq./ton DM, std error = 15.9). Methane was a large contributor to global warming potential (GWP) of both composting treatments, suggesting that management practices that optimize porosity and air flow in compost piles are promising in reducing emissions from both green waste and green/food waste mixtures.
摘要作为垃圾填埋场绿色废物处理的替代方案，绿色废物的Windrow堆肥需要了解对温室气体（GHG）排放的影响，并制定有效的管理策略来减少这些排放。在绿色垃圾堆肥作业中添加食物垃圾越来越普遍，但其对温室气体排放的影响却鲜为人知。由于加州最近实施了气候智能政策，导致更多的食物垃圾被转移，因此需要更多的信息来解决不同垃圾类型组合堆肥的可持续性问题。2016年，我们在加州大学戴维斯分校学生农场使用改良的开放式流通室技术监测了堆肥堆的温室气体排放，堆肥堆由单独的绿色废物和绿色/食物废物混合物组成（绿色废物：食物废物=9:1，按湿重计）。当比较一氧化二氮（N2O）和甲烷（CH4）的总排放量时，绿色/食物垃圾混合物产生110 kg CO2当量/吨DM（干物质，标准误差=12.2），略低于单独的绿色废物产生的排放量（152 kg CO2当量/吨DM，标准误差=15.9）。甲烷是两种堆肥处理的全球变暖潜力（GWP）的主要因素，这表明优化堆肥堆中孔隙率和空气流动的管理实践有希望减少绿色废物和绿色/食物废物混合物的排放。
{"title":"Impact of Composting Food Waste with Green Waste on Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Compost Windrows","authors":"S. R. Williams, X. Zhu-Barker, S. Lew, Benjamin James Croze, Kenna R. Fallan, W. Horwath","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2018.1550023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1550023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Windrow composting of green waste as an alternative to green waste disposal in landfills requires an understanding of the impacts on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the development of effective and efficient management strategies to reduce these emissions. The addition of food waste to green waste compost operations is becoming more common, but its effect on GHG emissions is less understood. As more food waste diversion occurs as a result of recent implementation of climate smart policies in California, more information is needed to address the sustainability of composting different combinations of waste types. We monitored GHG emissions from compost windrows comprised of green waste alone and a green/food waste mixture (green waste : food waste = 9:1, by wet weight) at the University of California, Davis Student Farm in 2016 using a modified, open, flow-through chamber technique. When comparing total emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4), the green/food waste mixture produced 110 kg CO2 eq./ton DM (dry matter, std error = 12.2), which were slightly lower than emissions produced by the green waste alone (152 kg CO2 eq./ton DM, std error = 15.9). Methane was a large contributor to global warming potential (GWP) of both composting treatments, suggesting that management practices that optimize porosity and air flow in compost piles are promising in reducing emissions from both green waste and green/food waste mixtures.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"27 1","pages":"35 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1550023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42120687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2018.1524316
M. Aylaj, E. Lhadi, F. Adani
Abstract Organic wastes can be usefully recovered to produce organic amendments, for example, compost, to be used for crop production, thus reducing impacts through efficient waste management. The aim of this work was to study the effects of compost obtained from municipal waste in combination with poultry manure on plant growth, nitrate reductase (NR) activity and absorption and distribution of heavy metals (HM) in plant tissues of tomatoes, grown in pots in greenhouses. Two compost types obtained from municipal waste mixed with poultry manure (C1 = 3:2 and C2 = 2:3) were used at two different ages (105 d and 173 d) and at two mix rates with soil (32.5 g pot−1 and 65 g pot−1); soil with no compost amendment was used as control. The experiment was conducted using tomato plants in pots and plant growth and nutrient plant uptake was determined after 65 days from plant transplanting. Results obtained indicated that compost type and compost rate affected biomass production. However, compost age did not influence the development of plants. Nutrient status of tomato plants was also investigated with reference to the N cycle. Nitrite accumulation in the leaves increased with the increase in compost doses. The accumulation of NO2− was associated with a significant increase in NR activity. HM content in leaves decreased with compost use. HM accumulated preferentially in roots and leaves and the soil to root metals transfer was in this order: Fe (1.08–2.14)> Co (0.53–4.10)>Cu (0.28–2.28) >Mn (0.3–1.34) >Zn (0.87–1.21)>Cr (0.12–1.64). The highest and lowest dynamic bioaccumulation factors (BAFdyn) were observed in roots and stems, respectively. The root system acted as a barrier for Cd and Pb. It was concluded that compost use is beneficial for tomato plants, with particular reference to the compost obtained by using a higher amount of poultry manure (C2) in the mix.
有机废物可以有效地回收以生产有机改良剂，例如堆肥，用于作物生产，从而通过有效的废物管理减少影响。本试验旨在研究城市垃圾堆肥与禽畜粪便复合处理对温室盆栽番茄植株生长、硝酸盐还原酶(NR)活性和重金属(HM)吸收与分布的影响。从城市垃圾中获得的两种堆肥(C1 = 3:2和C2 = 2:3)与禽粪混合，在两个不同的日龄(105 d和173 d)和两种混合率(32.5 g pot - 1和65 g pot - 1)下使用;以不加堆肥改良剂的土壤为对照。本试验以盆栽番茄植株为试验材料，在植株移栽65 d后测定植株生长和养分吸收情况。结果表明，堆肥类型和堆肥率影响生物量产量。然而，堆肥年龄对植物的发育没有影响。并结合氮素循环研究了番茄植株的营养状况。随着堆肥用量的增加，叶片亚硝酸盐积累量增加。NO2−的积累与NR活性的显著增加有关。随着堆肥的使用，叶片中HM含量降低。HM优先在根系和叶片中积累，土壤向根系的金属迁移顺序为:Fe (1.08 ~ 2.14)> Co (0.53 ~ 4.10)>Cu (0.28 ~ 2.28) >Mn (0.3 ~ 1.34) >Zn (0.87 ~ 1.21)>Cr(0.12 ~ 1.64)。动态生物积累因子(BAFdyn)在根和茎中分别最高和最低。根系对Cd和Pb起屏障作用。综上所述，堆肥的使用对番茄植株有益，特别是在混合料中使用较多的禽粪(C2)所获得的堆肥。
{"title":"Municipal Waste and Poultry Manure Compost Affect Biomass Production, Nitrate Reductase Activity and Heavy Metals in Tomato Plants","authors":"M. Aylaj, E. Lhadi, F. Adani","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2018.1524316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1524316","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Organic wastes can be usefully recovered to produce organic amendments, for example, compost, to be used for crop production, thus reducing impacts through efficient waste management. The aim of this work was to study the effects of compost obtained from municipal waste in combination with poultry manure on plant growth, nitrate reductase (NR) activity and absorption and distribution of heavy metals (HM) in plant tissues of tomatoes, grown in pots in greenhouses. Two compost types obtained from municipal waste mixed with poultry manure (C1 = 3:2 and C2 = 2:3) were used at two different ages (105 d and 173 d) and at two mix rates with soil (32.5 g pot−1 and 65 g pot−1); soil with no compost amendment was used as control. The experiment was conducted using tomato plants in pots and plant growth and nutrient plant uptake was determined after 65 days from plant transplanting. Results obtained indicated that compost type and compost rate affected biomass production. However, compost age did not influence the development of plants. Nutrient status of tomato plants was also investigated with reference to the N cycle. Nitrite accumulation in the leaves increased with the increase in compost doses. The accumulation of NO2− was associated with a significant increase in NR activity. HM content in leaves decreased with compost use. HM accumulated preferentially in roots and leaves and the soil to root metals transfer was in this order: Fe (1.08–2.14)> Co (0.53–4.10)>Cu (0.28–2.28) >Mn (0.3–1.34) >Zn (0.87–1.21)>Cr (0.12–1.64). The highest and lowest dynamic bioaccumulation factors (BAFdyn) were observed in roots and stems, respectively. The root system acted as a barrier for Cd and Pb. It was concluded that compost use is beneficial for tomato plants, with particular reference to the compost obtained by using a higher amount of poultry manure (C2) in the mix.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"27 1","pages":"11 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1524316","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48530735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2019.1585304
Lu Zhang, Xiangyang Sun
Abstract This research determined whether addition of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD; 0, 0.15, or 0.25%) improved the two-stage composting of green waste (GW). The following parameters were measured during composting or in the final product: moisture content; volume; biochemical and chemical oxygen demand; humic substances; C/Nsolid and C/Nsoluble; microbial numbers (culturable bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi); enzyme activities (pectinase and xylanase); microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen; degradation of organic components; contents of phosphorus (available and total), potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium; and toxicity to germinating seeds. The two-stage composting of GW was optimal with the addition of 0.15% β-CD. A mature and stable compost was obtained in only 28 days with the optimized two-stage composting rather than in the 90–270 days typically required for traditional composting.
{"title":"Changes in Physical, Chemical, and Microbiological Properties During the Two-Stage Composting of Green Waste due to the Addition of β-cyclodextrin","authors":"Lu Zhang, Xiangyang Sun","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2019.1585304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1585304","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This research determined whether addition of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD; 0, 0.15, or 0.25%) improved the two-stage composting of green waste (GW). The following parameters were measured during composting or in the final product: moisture content; volume; biochemical and chemical oxygen demand; humic substances; C/Nsolid and C/Nsoluble; microbial numbers (culturable bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi); enzyme activities (pectinase and xylanase); microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen; degradation of organic components; contents of phosphorus (available and total), potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium; and toxicity to germinating seeds. The two-stage composting of GW was optimal with the addition of 0.15% β-CD. A mature and stable compost was obtained in only 28 days with the optimized two-stage composting rather than in the 90–270 days typically required for traditional composting.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"27 1","pages":"46 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1585304","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48793319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2019.1602489
Ali Khosravi Shakib, A. Rezaei Nejad, Azizollah Khandan Mirkohi, Sepideh Kalate Jari
Abstract This study was carried out to evaluate the impact of irrigation regime and potting media on morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics of pot marigold. The experiment was arranged factorially based on a completely randomized design. The first factor was irrigation regime in three levels of 80, 60 and 40% available water content and the second factor was potting media in five levels of 20% vermicompost, 30% vermicompost, 20% manure compost, 30% manure compost and control (sand and soil in equal proportions). Morpho-physiological traits (plant height, stem diameter, number of flowering stem, root diameter, root length, root dry weight, aerial dry weight, total dry weight, relative water content, ionic stability and water use efficiency) and biochemical traits (malondialdehyde content, catalase and peroxidase activity, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents) were measured. Morpho-physiological parameters, chlorophyll and carotenoid decreased under water deficit, while increased with application of vermicompost and manure compost. Also, lipid peroxidation, catalase and peroxidase activity enhanced under water deficit, while decreased with application of vermicompost and manure compost. In other words, the application of vermicompost and manure compost in potting media reduced the harmful effects of water deficit. Total dry mass and water use efficiency were about 3-fold higher in plants grown in 30% vermicompost or 30% manure compost substrate compared to those in control plants. The results suggest that the application of 30% manure compost could be recommended as suitable potting media due to reducing the negative effects of water shortages, helping to nourish the plant, cheapness and accessibility compared with 30% vermicompost.
{"title":"Vermicompost and Manure Compost Reduce Water-Deficit Stress in Pot Marigold (Calendula officinalis L. cv. Candyman Orange)","authors":"Ali Khosravi Shakib, A. Rezaei Nejad, Azizollah Khandan Mirkohi, Sepideh Kalate Jari","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2019.1602489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1602489","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study was carried out to evaluate the impact of irrigation regime and potting media on morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics of pot marigold. The experiment was arranged factorially based on a completely randomized design. The first factor was irrigation regime in three levels of 80, 60 and 40% available water content and the second factor was potting media in five levels of 20% vermicompost, 30% vermicompost, 20% manure compost, 30% manure compost and control (sand and soil in equal proportions). Morpho-physiological traits (plant height, stem diameter, number of flowering stem, root diameter, root length, root dry weight, aerial dry weight, total dry weight, relative water content, ionic stability and water use efficiency) and biochemical traits (malondialdehyde content, catalase and peroxidase activity, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents) were measured. Morpho-physiological parameters, chlorophyll and carotenoid decreased under water deficit, while increased with application of vermicompost and manure compost. Also, lipid peroxidation, catalase and peroxidase activity enhanced under water deficit, while decreased with application of vermicompost and manure compost. In other words, the application of vermicompost and manure compost in potting media reduced the harmful effects of water deficit. Total dry mass and water use efficiency were about 3-fold higher in plants grown in 30% vermicompost or 30% manure compost substrate compared to those in control plants. The results suggest that the application of 30% manure compost could be recommended as suitable potting media due to reducing the negative effects of water shortages, helping to nourish the plant, cheapness and accessibility compared with 30% vermicompost.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"27 1","pages":"61 - 68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2019.1602489","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45817576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2018.1536865
R. Harvey, D. Davis, N. Shishkoff, J. Pecchia
Abstract Boxwood blight, caused by Calonectria pseudonaviculata, is a devastating fungal disease of Buxus spp., first observed in the United States in 2011. Due to the persistent nature of the produced microsclerotia, concern arose over the potential for compost to serve as a disease vector. Previous work demonstrated that C. pseudonaviculata is very stable at mesophilic temperatures, however, no previous work has evaluated C. pseudonaviculata during composting. Our objective was to evaluate the survival of C. pseudonaviculata microsclerotia after being composted for 24, 48, and 72 h at temperatures of 40, 50, and 60 °C. Composting was performed using a newly created bioreactor system, allowing for precise control of the composting process. In conjunction with the composting evaluations, the same temperature/time combinations were evaluated in incubators. While the pathogen survived 40 °C through 72 h in an incubator, compost survival was minimal, with only some survival observed at 24 h at the same temperature. We were able to determine that exposure to temperatures ≥50 °C for 24 h or longer, and that exposure in a composting system for 48 h or longer at 40 °C would kill the microsclerotia.
{"title":"Survival of Lab Grown Calonectria pseudonaviculata Microsclerotia During Small-Scale Composting","authors":"R. Harvey, D. Davis, N. Shishkoff, J. Pecchia","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2018.1536865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1536865","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Boxwood blight, caused by Calonectria pseudonaviculata, is a devastating fungal disease of Buxus spp., first observed in the United States in 2011. Due to the persistent nature of the produced microsclerotia, concern arose over the potential for compost to serve as a disease vector. Previous work demonstrated that C. pseudonaviculata is very stable at mesophilic temperatures, however, no previous work has evaluated C. pseudonaviculata during composting. Our objective was to evaluate the survival of C. pseudonaviculata microsclerotia after being composted for 24, 48, and 72 h at temperatures of 40, 50, and 60 °C. Composting was performed using a newly created bioreactor system, allowing for precise control of the composting process. In conjunction with the composting evaluations, the same temperature/time combinations were evaluated in incubators. While the pathogen survived 40 °C through 72 h in an incubator, compost survival was minimal, with only some survival observed at 24 h at the same temperature. We were able to determine that exposure to temperatures ≥50 °C for 24 h or longer, and that exposure in a composting system for 48 h or longer at 40 °C would kill the microsclerotia.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"27 1","pages":"24 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1536865","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41516293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2016.1172055
D. Tangour, Hamouda Aichi, Nizar Yeddes, A. Jrad, M. Trabelsi-ayadi
Abstract In Tunisia, on‐site co‐composting of oil mill waste would overcome environmental issues and valorize renewable resources. The authors' goal was to determine the physic‐chemical and microbiological properties and nutrient supply characteristics of mixed oil mill waste and green waste compost. Two piles of the same raw materials (2/3 oil mill waste–1/3 green waste, w/w) were moistened with two kinds of water: treated urban wastewater (A1) and tap water (A2). Results showed the following: (i) produced compost decreased in C/N from 32 to 12.30 ± 0.89 (A1) and 11 ± 0.89 (A2); (ii) major elements (P and K) were within acceptable limits; (iii) A1 and A2 had potentially lower heavy metal contents than the limits established by the second draft of the Biological Treatment of Biowaste of the European Commission and microbial load values below the limit N FU 44‐051 values; (iv) A1 and A2 had, respectively, 93 and 89.67% as germination index Gl values, which confirmed the composts' maturity and safety; (v) for both composts, A1 and A2, culture potting made up of half compost and half soil revealed the highest bean leaves' number; and (vi) the less richness in minerals and organic compounds of A2 compared to A1 gave better germination results for white wheat and bean leaves' number for A2. Even moistened with treated urban waste water, oil mill wastes proved to be very interesting for co‐composting with green waste.
在突尼斯，现场共同堆肥的油厂废物将克服环境问题和价值可再生资源。作者的目的是确定混合油厂废弃物和绿色废弃物堆肥的理化、微生物特性和养分供应特性。用处理过的城市污水(A1)和自来水(A2)两种水润湿两堆相同的原料(2/3油厂废水- 1/3绿色废弃物，w/w)。结果表明:(1)产堆肥C/N由32降至12.30±0.89 (A1)和11±0.89 (A2);(ii)主要元素(磷和钾)在可接受范围内;(iii) A1和A2的重金属含量可能低于欧盟委员会生物废物生物处理第二稿确定的限值，微生物负荷值低于限值N FU 44‐051;(iv) A1和A2的萌发指数Gl值分别为93和89.67%，表明堆肥的成熟度和安全性较高;(v)对于A1和A2两种堆肥，一半堆肥一半土壤的栽培盆栽显示出最高的豆叶数;(6)由于A2土壤中矿物质和有机物的丰富度低于A1，因此A2的白小麦和豆类叶片数量萌发效果较好。即使用处理过的城市废水进行润湿处理，油厂废物也被证明是非常有趣的，可以与绿色废物共同堆肥。
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Pub Date : 2018-10-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2018.1488636
O. Alvarez-Campos, G. Evanylo, Mike J. Badzmierowski
Abstract Exceptional Quality (EQ) biosolids may be developed into products that can rehabilitate disturbed urban soils for the production of garden vegetables. The objectives of this study were to compare newly developed EQ biosolids products specially tailored for urban soil use with those of established products for the purpose of identifying their capability to support germination and plant growth, as well as to quantify their plant available nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Seven EQ biosolids products and an inorganic fertilizer control were compared in greenhouse bioassays employing soybean (Glycine max L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) to assess product quality and nutrient availability. The EQ biosolids were derived from treatment processes such as thermal drying, composting, and blending with complementary organic and mineral materials. The EQ biosolids products applied at an estimated equivalent agronomic N rate enabled adequate germination and plant growth. The N uptake by tall fescue grown with the biosolids amendments compared with known rates of inorganic N confirmed organic N availability to be approximately 40%, 20%, and 15% for thermally dried, blended, and composted EQ biosolids products, respectively. The application of these products at agronomic N rates to a soil testing adequate in P increased soil P saturation to 20%–35%, a normal range for soil not excessively enriched with P. The availability of N and P in the EQ biosolids products will permit their agronomically beneficial and environmentally sound use in urban soils.
摘要优质（EQ）生物固体可以开发成可以修复受干扰的城市土壤的产品，用于生产花园蔬菜。本研究的目的是将专门为城市土壤使用而开发的新EQ生物固体产品与现有产品进行比较，以确定其支持发芽和植物生长的能力，并量化其植物有效氮（N）和磷（P）。在温室生物测定中，使用大豆（Glycine max L.）和高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea Schreb.）对七种EQ生物固体产品和一种无机肥料对照进行了比较，以评估产品质量和养分有效性。EQ生物固体来源于热干燥、堆肥以及与互补有机和矿物材料混合等处理过程。EQ生物固体产品以估计的等效农艺氮率施用，能够使植物充分发芽和生长。与已知的无机氮吸收率相比，用生物固体改良剂生长的高羊茅对氮的吸收证实，对于热干燥、混合和堆肥的EQ生物固体产品，有机氮的有效性分别约为40%、20%和15%。在磷含量充足的土壤中，以农艺氮含量施用这些产品，可将土壤磷饱和度提高到20%-35%，这是不过度富含磷的土壤的正常范围。EQ生物固体产品中氮和磷的可用性将使其在城市土壤中具有农业效益和环境无害的用途。
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Pub Date : 2018-10-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2018.1522280
Bin Li, S. Chakraborty, Maria Fernanda Godoy Sosa, N. Y. Kusi, D. Weindorf
Abstract Compost is a valuable organic amendment which affords substantive fertility to soils where applied. A common component of compost fertility is cation exchange capacity (CEC), which has traditionally been determined via standard wet chemistry laboratory methods. This research utilized portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectrometry to evaluate 74 compost samples from the USA and Canada. PXRF elemental data were used for predicting compost CEC via random forest (RF) regression. Comparison between laboratory-determined vs. PXRF predicted CEC produced the following relationships: R2=0.90, RMSE = 5.41 meq 100 g−1 (model calibration) and R2=0.60, RMSE = 8.07 meq 100 g−1 (model validation). A key advantage of this technique is that the same data used for CEC prediction can also yield insight into other compost parameters of interest such as heavy metal content, plant essential nutrient content, salinity, and pH. Taken collectively, the PXRF approach can provide rapid, on-site analysis of compost which was previously not feasible with conventional methods. Our initial study has established the viability of PXRF for compost CEC determination, with further development on a wider array of feedstocks suggested for future study.
{"title":"Compost Cation Exchange Capacity via Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (PXRF) Spectrometry","authors":"Bin Li, S. Chakraborty, Maria Fernanda Godoy Sosa, N. Y. Kusi, D. Weindorf","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2018.1522280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1522280","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Compost is a valuable organic amendment which affords substantive fertility to soils where applied. A common component of compost fertility is cation exchange capacity (CEC), which has traditionally been determined via standard wet chemistry laboratory methods. This research utilized portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectrometry to evaluate 74 compost samples from the USA and Canada. PXRF elemental data were used for predicting compost CEC via random forest (RF) regression. Comparison between laboratory-determined vs. PXRF predicted CEC produced the following relationships: R2=0.90, RMSE = 5.41 meq 100 g−1 (model calibration) and R2=0.60, RMSE = 8.07 meq 100 g−1 (model validation). A key advantage of this technique is that the same data used for CEC prediction can also yield insight into other compost parameters of interest such as heavy metal content, plant essential nutrient content, salinity, and pH. Taken collectively, the PXRF approach can provide rapid, on-site analysis of compost which was previously not feasible with conventional methods. Our initial study has established the viability of PXRF for compost CEC determination, with further development on a wider array of feedstocks suggested for future study.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"26 1","pages":"271 - 278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1522280","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42528199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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