Pub Date : 2018-10-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2018.1528908
Wissem Chaichi, Z. Djazouli, Bachar Zebib, O. Merah
Abstract This study investigated the effect of vermicompost tea (VCT) as a natural foliar fertilizer in faba bean. To determine the effect of VCT at different doses on the growth and reproduction of faba bean, VCT was produced and three different concentrations (0, 10, and 20% VCT) were applied as a foliar fertilizer to faba bean plants. Plant height, number of flowers, and pods per plant as well as soluble sugars were measured weekly after treatment for a period of 11 weeks. Treated plants were larger and had more flowers per clump, as well as more clumps and pods per plant than the control. Moreover, treated plants reached the flowering stage at least 3 weeks earlier than the control. This could be explained by the presence of nutrients, humic acid, and probably hormones in VCT, which may positively affect growth, reproduction, and yield. Treatment at 10% VCT presented better values than 20% VCT. The latter contained more humic acid, which probably limited growth and flowering. The soluble sugar and protein contents were higher in treated plants, and the highest values coincided with the flowering and reproductive stages. Similarly, seeds produced by treated plants were richer in protein that control seeds. These results indicate that 10% VCT is a useful fertilizer to improve growth in faba bean. This study highlights the possibility of using VCT as a foliar fertilizer to increase growth in faba bean.
{"title":"Effect of Vermicompost Tea on Faba Bean Growth and Yield","authors":"Wissem Chaichi, Z. Djazouli, Bachar Zebib, O. Merah","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2018.1528908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1528908","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study investigated the effect of vermicompost tea (VCT) as a natural foliar fertilizer in faba bean. To determine the effect of VCT at different doses on the growth and reproduction of faba bean, VCT was produced and three different concentrations (0, 10, and 20% VCT) were applied as a foliar fertilizer to faba bean plants. Plant height, number of flowers, and pods per plant as well as soluble sugars were measured weekly after treatment for a period of 11 weeks. Treated plants were larger and had more flowers per clump, as well as more clumps and pods per plant than the control. Moreover, treated plants reached the flowering stage at least 3 weeks earlier than the control. This could be explained by the presence of nutrients, humic acid, and probably hormones in VCT, which may positively affect growth, reproduction, and yield. Treatment at 10% VCT presented better values than 20% VCT. The latter contained more humic acid, which probably limited growth and flowering. The soluble sugar and protein contents were higher in treated plants, and the highest values coincided with the flowering and reproductive stages. Similarly, seeds produced by treated plants were richer in protein that control seeds. These results indicate that 10% VCT is a useful fertilizer to improve growth in faba bean. This study highlights the possibility of using VCT as a foliar fertilizer to increase growth in faba bean.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"26 1","pages":"279 - 285"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1528908","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47627014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2018.1471367
M. Abud-Archila, M. Luján-Hidalgo, Jaeni Mibeth López-Pérez, Josué Ordaz‐Rivera, V. Ruíz-Valdiviezo, M. A. Oliva-Llaven, F. Gutiérrez-Miceli
Abstract The aim of this investigation was to determine the effect of vermicompost (V) and phosphate rock (PR) on blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L. agg.) plants inoculated with Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe (AMF). Plant growth parameters, total phenol compounds and total flavonoids were evaluated on leaves. Anthocyanin contents, soluble solids (SS), pH, titratable acidity (TA) and SS/TA ratio was evaluated in blackberries fruits. Blackberry plants were obtained from cuttings from field plants, which were distributed in soil according to a randomized complete block design with three repetitions. Treatments were vermicompost (10░g plant−1), phosphate rock (1░g plant−1), Glomus mosseae (AMF), (1░g plant−1), PR + AMF, V + PR, V +AMF, V + PR+ AMF and control without any amended. Plant height and stem diameter were measured five months after treatments, while total phenols and total flavonoids in leaves were evaluated eight months later. Anthocyanins, SS, pH, and TA were determined in blackberry fruits ten months after. Plant height was not statistically affected (p≤0.05), although total phenol compounds were higher (21.1░mg g−1 dry plant) in the V+PR+AMF treatment, whereas the V + AMF treatment produced more dry plant total flavonoids (1.4░mg g−1), compared with control plants. Blackberries produced with the vermicompost treatment had more anthocyanins (9.54░mg g−1) than control plants. Soluble solids, pH and titratable acidity were not statistically (p≤0.05) affected by any treatment.
{"title":"Growth and Fruit Chemical Characteristics of Blackberry (Rubus Fruticosus) Cultivated with Vermicompost, Glomus Mosseae and Phosphate Rock","authors":"M. Abud-Archila, M. Luján-Hidalgo, Jaeni Mibeth López-Pérez, Josué Ordaz‐Rivera, V. Ruíz-Valdiviezo, M. A. Oliva-Llaven, F. Gutiérrez-Miceli","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2018.1471367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1471367","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this investigation was to determine the effect of vermicompost (V) and phosphate rock (PR) on blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L. agg.) plants inoculated with Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe (AMF). Plant growth parameters, total phenol compounds and total flavonoids were evaluated on leaves. Anthocyanin contents, soluble solids (SS), pH, titratable acidity (TA) and SS/TA ratio was evaluated in blackberries fruits. Blackberry plants were obtained from cuttings from field plants, which were distributed in soil according to a randomized complete block design with three repetitions. Treatments were vermicompost (10░g plant−1), phosphate rock (1░g plant−1), Glomus mosseae (AMF), (1░g plant−1), PR + AMF, V + PR, V +AMF, V + PR+ AMF and control without any amended. Plant height and stem diameter were measured five months after treatments, while total phenols and total flavonoids in leaves were evaluated eight months later. Anthocyanins, SS, pH, and TA were determined in blackberry fruits ten months after. Plant height was not statistically affected (p≤0.05), although total phenol compounds were higher (21.1░mg g−1 dry plant) in the V+PR+AMF treatment, whereas the V + AMF treatment produced more dry plant total flavonoids (1.4░mg g−1), compared with control plants. Blackberries produced with the vermicompost treatment had more anthocyanins (9.54░mg g−1) than control plants. Soluble solids, pH and titratable acidity were not statistically (p≤0.05) affected by any treatment.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"26 1","pages":"225 - 231"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1471367","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44596866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2018.1540953
T. T. Watson, L. Nelson, T. Forge
Abstract Preplant soil incorporation of compost has previously shown potential to suppress Pratylenchus penetrans populations and improve replant establishment of newly planted fruit trees at old orchard sites. Using a greenhouse experiment, we evaluated the effects of preplant incorporation of three compost amendments (agricultural waste compost, yard trimmings compost, and municipal waste compost) on growth of apple seedlings, P. penetrans populations, microbial populations associated with soil suppressiveness, and microbial activity using soil collected from three orchard sites. We also aimed to identify the biological factors that were most strongly associated with enhanced plant growth in compost-amended soil. In four out of nine compost type × soil combinations, compost improved apple seedling growth relative to the control. In four out of nine compost type × soil combinations, compost reduced P. penetrans root infestation relative to the control, and in one compost type × soil combination, compost amendment increased P. penetrans root infestation. Composts stimulated soil microbial activity and abundance, resulting in greater populations of Pseudomonas spp. in soil in seven of the nine compost type × soil combinations. In a step-wise multiple linear regression, P. penetrans root infestation and the total abundance of fungi in soil accounted for the most variance in plant biomass, with increases in both variables correlated with reduced seedling biomass. Overall, composts show variability in the capacity to promote the establishment of fruit trees in orchard soil. Future research should be directed toward understanding variability in compost-induced plant growth promotion among different orchard soils and compost types.
{"title":"Preplant Soil Incorporation of Compost to Mitigate Replant Disease: Soil Biological Factors Associated with Plant Growth Promotion in Orchard Soil","authors":"T. T. Watson, L. Nelson, T. Forge","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2018.1540953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1540953","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Preplant soil incorporation of compost has previously shown potential to suppress Pratylenchus penetrans populations and improve replant establishment of newly planted fruit trees at old orchard sites. Using a greenhouse experiment, we evaluated the effects of preplant incorporation of three compost amendments (agricultural waste compost, yard trimmings compost, and municipal waste compost) on growth of apple seedlings, P. penetrans populations, microbial populations associated with soil suppressiveness, and microbial activity using soil collected from three orchard sites. We also aimed to identify the biological factors that were most strongly associated with enhanced plant growth in compost-amended soil. In four out of nine compost type × soil combinations, compost improved apple seedling growth relative to the control. In four out of nine compost type × soil combinations, compost reduced P. penetrans root infestation relative to the control, and in one compost type × soil combination, compost amendment increased P. penetrans root infestation. Composts stimulated soil microbial activity and abundance, resulting in greater populations of Pseudomonas spp. in soil in seven of the nine compost type × soil combinations. In a step-wise multiple linear regression, P. penetrans root infestation and the total abundance of fungi in soil accounted for the most variance in plant biomass, with increases in both variables correlated with reduced seedling biomass. Overall, composts show variability in the capacity to promote the establishment of fruit trees in orchard soil. Future research should be directed toward understanding variability in compost-induced plant growth promotion among different orchard soils and compost types.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"26 1","pages":"286 - 296"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1540953","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48361118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2018.1496045
F. Diánez, F. Marín, Mila Santos, F. J. Gea, M. Navarro, M. Piñeiro, J. Gonzalez
Abstract Compost tea has been used throughout the world to control diseases and promote the growth of plants. The microbial community is the main factor involved both in the antagonistic effect against relevant phytopathogens and as a stimulator of plant growth. The objective of this research is to determine the bacterial diversity present in four types of compost as well as some of the mechanisms that may be involved in the positive effects of compost tea on crops. Aerated (ACT) and non-aerated (NCT) compost teas were obtained from four different composts: spent mushroom substrate compost (SMC), grape marc compost (GMC), greenhouse horticultural crop residues compost (CRC), and vermicompost (CRV). 16S rDNA-based DGGE profiles were obtained for each compost tea and their respective bacterial communities were analyzed. Of the 100 clones obtained, those typical for being dominant for all profiles were chosen. In total, 20 different clones were sequenced. The results showed that the bacterial communities of most compost teas had high richness, diversity, and evenness values, with relative abundance of species belonging to Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. The NCTs obtained from all the composts, especially CRC and CRV, showed high levels of siderophore production, while teas from GMC manifested high and consistent cellulase activity. The ACTs from all the composts, especially SMC, had high protease activity.
{"title":"Genetic Analysis and In Vitro Enzymatic Determination of Bacterial Community in Compost Teas from Different Sources","authors":"F. Diánez, F. Marín, Mila Santos, F. J. Gea, M. Navarro, M. Piñeiro, J. Gonzalez","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2018.1496045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1496045","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Compost tea has been used throughout the world to control diseases and promote the growth of plants. The microbial community is the main factor involved both in the antagonistic effect against relevant phytopathogens and as a stimulator of plant growth. The objective of this research is to determine the bacterial diversity present in four types of compost as well as some of the mechanisms that may be involved in the positive effects of compost tea on crops. Aerated (ACT) and non-aerated (NCT) compost teas were obtained from four different composts: spent mushroom substrate compost (SMC), grape marc compost (GMC), greenhouse horticultural crop residues compost (CRC), and vermicompost (CRV). 16S rDNA-based DGGE profiles were obtained for each compost tea and their respective bacterial communities were analyzed. Of the 100 clones obtained, those typical for being dominant for all profiles were chosen. In total, 20 different clones were sequenced. The results showed that the bacterial communities of most compost teas had high richness, diversity, and evenness values, with relative abundance of species belonging to Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. The NCTs obtained from all the composts, especially CRC and CRV, showed high levels of siderophore production, while teas from GMC manifested high and consistent cellulase activity. The ACTs from all the composts, especially SMC, had high protease activity.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"26 1","pages":"256 - 270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1496045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47377532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2018.1463878
N. Reddy, D. Crohn
Abstract Rockwool is an inert growing media popular in the hydroponics industry. Eventually the rockwool fills with plant material and must be replaced and the residuals are disposed. Composting of this material will conserve landfill space. Although the rockwool itself is stable, roots and other plant materials remaining after harvest can decompose. We studied the effect of composting greenwaste feedstock mixed with spent rockwool in the amount of 10% volume on plant growth. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with two types of soils: sandy loam and clay, each with and without rockwool, and applied at rates 0, 25, 50, and 100 t ha−1 to pots which were then seeded with okra, tomato, or chili pepper. Results indicate that plant growth of all three crops was unaffected by the presence of (10% volume) spent rockwool in the compost. In all cases, increase in application rate of compost enhanced plant growth significantly. While the growth of tomato was unaffected by soil type, shoot weights of okra and chili pepper plants were significantly lower in sandy soil compared to clay loam soil.
摘要岩棉是一种在水培工业中流行的惰性生长介质。最终，岩棉用植物材料填充，必须更换并处理残留物。这种材料的堆肥将节省垃圾填埋场的空间。尽管岩棉本身是稳定的，但收获后残留的根和其他植物材料会分解。我们研究了将绿垃圾原料与废岩棉以10%体积混合堆肥对植物生长的影响。用两种类型的土壤进行了温室试验：沙壤土和粘土，每种土壤都有和没有岩棉，并以0、25、50和100 t ha−1的速率施用到花盆中，然后用秋葵、番茄或辣椒播种。结果表明，所有三种作物的植物生长都不受堆肥中存在（10%体积）废岩棉的影响。在所有情况下，堆肥施用量的增加都显著促进了植物的生长。虽然番茄的生长不受土壤类型的影响，但在沙质土壤中，秋葵和辣椒植株的茎重明显低于粘壤土。
{"title":"Effect of Composted Greenwaste and Rockwool on Plant Growth of Okra, Tomato, and Chili Peppers","authors":"N. Reddy, D. Crohn","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2018.1463878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1463878","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Rockwool is an inert growing media popular in the hydroponics industry. Eventually the rockwool fills with plant material and must be replaced and the residuals are disposed. Composting of this material will conserve landfill space. Although the rockwool itself is stable, roots and other plant materials remaining after harvest can decompose. We studied the effect of composting greenwaste feedstock mixed with spent rockwool in the amount of 10% volume on plant growth. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with two types of soils: sandy loam and clay, each with and without rockwool, and applied at rates 0, 25, 50, and 100 t ha−1 to pots which were then seeded with okra, tomato, or chili pepper. Results indicate that plant growth of all three crops was unaffected by the presence of (10% volume) spent rockwool in the compost. In all cases, increase in application rate of compost enhanced plant growth significantly. While the growth of tomato was unaffected by soil type, shoot weights of okra and chili pepper plants were significantly lower in sandy soil compared to clay loam soil.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"26 1","pages":"217 - 224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1463878","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48267668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-21DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2018.1496044
K. K. Onchoke, I. T. Urasa, Barbara G. Shipes
Abstract The potential risk of increased metal concentrations through the application of composted wastewater sludge (CWS) is of concern. In particular, the high affinity of composted wastewater sludge for metals such as Pb, may influence the extent of metal uptake by plants. In this study, a sequential extraction protocol was employed to determine the fractionation and bioavailability of Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, Zn, Ni, and Fe in CWS. To evaluate the influence of CWS on metal uptake, a fast growing plant Raphanus sativus L. (cultivated radish), was grown in CWS amended with perlite at four different compositions (0, 25, 50, 75, 100% w/w) treated with Pb and Cu. Plants were harvested after 3 weeks and analyzed for Pb and Cu concentrations. The extent of metal uptake, and intercompetitions between Cu and Pb upon application, at pH 7.3 and 5.8 was also assessed. Best growth was apparent at 25% to 50% (w/w) CWS composition, while an increase in the pH lowered Pb and Cu concentrations in plant tissues. Higher metal concentrations were found in roots vis-à-vis shoot or leaves. In was found that longer incubation periods of more than 3 weeks are needed for metal salts supplied in the inorganic form to be incorporated into the CWS structure and reduce their uptake.
{"title":"Influence of Composted Wastewater Sludge (CWS) on Lead and Copper Uptake by Radish (Raphanus sativus L.)","authors":"K. K. Onchoke, I. T. Urasa, Barbara G. Shipes","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2018.1496044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1496044","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The potential risk of increased metal concentrations through the application of composted wastewater sludge (CWS) is of concern. In particular, the high affinity of composted wastewater sludge for metals such as Pb, may influence the extent of metal uptake by plants. In this study, a sequential extraction protocol was employed to determine the fractionation and bioavailability of Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, Zn, Ni, and Fe in CWS. To evaluate the influence of CWS on metal uptake, a fast growing plant Raphanus sativus L. (cultivated radish), was grown in CWS amended with perlite at four different compositions (0, 25, 50, 75, 100% w/w) treated with Pb and Cu. Plants were harvested after 3 weeks and analyzed for Pb and Cu concentrations. The extent of metal uptake, and intercompetitions between Cu and Pb upon application, at pH 7.3 and 5.8 was also assessed. Best growth was apparent at 25% to 50% (w/w) CWS composition, while an increase in the pH lowered Pb and Cu concentrations in plant tissues. Higher metal concentrations were found in roots vis-à-vis shoot or leaves. In was found that longer incubation periods of more than 3 weeks are needed for metal salts supplied in the inorganic form to be incorporated into the CWS structure and reduce their uptake.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"26 1","pages":"244 - 255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1496044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48865061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2018.1457998
M. A. O. Orrico Junior, A. P. Silveira, A. Orrico, A. W. Schwingel, Paulo Lópes Carnavali, Daniel Chiari Alves
ABSTRACT The use of organic compost in pasture fertilization is a form of recycling nutrients contained in waste and reducing chemical fertilizer use. To perform pasture fertilization, however, grass responses to doses of organic composts must be known. Thus, the objective of this study was to find the best dose of laying hen organic compost to maximize the productive, morphogenetic, structural, and nutritional responses of Paiaguás and Piatã grasses. A completely randomized factorial (4 × 2) design was used, composed of organic compost doses (0, 400, 800, and 1,200 kg equivalent N.ha−1) and two cultivars (Piatã and Paiaguás) of Urochloa brizantha grass with three replicates per treatment, assessed during four successive cuts. The parameters evaluated were dry matter yield (DM) of shoots and roots, leaf appearance rate (LAR), leaf elongation rate (LER), phyllochron, pseudoculm elongation rate (PER), final leaf length (FLL), number of green leaves (NGL), and senescence rate (SR). The nutritional value of the grasses was also assessed through contents of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). DM yields of both shoot and root increased due to nitrogen increase and Paiaguás grass had the highest yields (P < 0.01). The best organic compost doses ranged from 640 to 950 kg of equivalent N.ha−1 for most morphogenic and structural grass characteristics. The chemical composition of grasses was not influenced (P > 0.05) by doses of organic compost. Levels of 8.05% CP, 67.10% NDF, and 65.14% IVOMD were observed for cultivar Paiaguás, while for cultivar Piatã these values were 7.58% CP, 70.32% NDF, and 63.38% IVOMD. It is concluded that high doses of an organic compost are required (in equivalent N) for cultivars to reach the highest growth rates and that Paiaguás grass has higher dry matter yield, higher growth rates, and better chemical composition when compared to Piatã grass in similar organic fertilization conditions.
{"title":"Use of Organic Compost for the Fertilization of Piatã and Paiaguás Grasses: Effects of Dose on Morphogenetic, Structural, Nutritional, and Productive Characteristics","authors":"M. A. O. Orrico Junior, A. P. Silveira, A. Orrico, A. W. Schwingel, Paulo Lópes Carnavali, Daniel Chiari Alves","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2018.1457998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1457998","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The use of organic compost in pasture fertilization is a form of recycling nutrients contained in waste and reducing chemical fertilizer use. To perform pasture fertilization, however, grass responses to doses of organic composts must be known. Thus, the objective of this study was to find the best dose of laying hen organic compost to maximize the productive, morphogenetic, structural, and nutritional responses of Paiaguás and Piatã grasses. A completely randomized factorial (4 × 2) design was used, composed of organic compost doses (0, 400, 800, and 1,200 kg equivalent N.ha−1) and two cultivars (Piatã and Paiaguás) of Urochloa brizantha grass with three replicates per treatment, assessed during four successive cuts. The parameters evaluated were dry matter yield (DM) of shoots and roots, leaf appearance rate (LAR), leaf elongation rate (LER), phyllochron, pseudoculm elongation rate (PER), final leaf length (FLL), number of green leaves (NGL), and senescence rate (SR). The nutritional value of the grasses was also assessed through contents of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). DM yields of both shoot and root increased due to nitrogen increase and Paiaguás grass had the highest yields (P < 0.01). The best organic compost doses ranged from 640 to 950 kg of equivalent N.ha−1 for most morphogenic and structural grass characteristics. The chemical composition of grasses was not influenced (P > 0.05) by doses of organic compost. Levels of 8.05% CP, 67.10% NDF, and 65.14% IVOMD were observed for cultivar Paiaguás, while for cultivar Piatã these values were 7.58% CP, 70.32% NDF, and 63.38% IVOMD. It is concluded that high doses of an organic compost are required (in equivalent N) for cultivars to reach the highest growth rates and that Paiaguás grass has higher dry matter yield, higher growth rates, and better chemical composition when compared to Piatã grass in similar organic fertilization conditions.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"26 1","pages":"201 - 208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1457998","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44484729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2018.1438933
Yune Cao, Yongqiang Tian, Yanming Gao, Jianshe Li
ABSTRACT Compost is commonly used in agriculture to improve soil quality and enhance plant growth, which is considered to be related to microbial communities in compost. However, effects of microbial communities in compost on infecting microorganisms have remained underexplored. In this study, cucumber seedlings were grown in sterilized potting mix amended with sterilized straw composts inoculated with suspensions (4 dilution levels including 100, 10−3, 10−6, and 10−9) of the same compost that was not sterilized. Cucumber seedlings were challenged by a pathogenic F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum. The microbial communities were evaluated by using a 16 S rRNA multiplex 454 pyrosequencing approach. In general, in the presence of F. oxysporum sp. radicis-cucumerinum, increasing dilution level increased disease severity index and decreased plant productivity. The logarithmic numbers of F. oxysporum sp. radicis-cucumerinum were significantly negatively correlated with the bacterial phylum and OTU (Operational taxonomic unit) richness in compost. The promotion of F. oxysporum sp. radicis-cucumerinum survival in compost with low microbial diversity, might be related to loss of antagonistic activity (as reflected by the copy numbers of the genes rhlB and hcnBC), which was caused by loss of microbial diversity in compost. In summary, microbial diversity in compost is critical in suppressing plant pathogen survival and then enhancing cucumber seedling growth.
{"title":"Microbial Diversity in Compost is Critical in Suppressing Plant Fungal Pathogen Survival and Enhancing Cucumber Seedling Growth","authors":"Yune Cao, Yongqiang Tian, Yanming Gao, Jianshe Li","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2018.1438933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1438933","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Compost is commonly used in agriculture to improve soil quality and enhance plant growth, which is considered to be related to microbial communities in compost. However, effects of microbial communities in compost on infecting microorganisms have remained underexplored. In this study, cucumber seedlings were grown in sterilized potting mix amended with sterilized straw composts inoculated with suspensions (4 dilution levels including 100, 10−3, 10−6, and 10−9) of the same compost that was not sterilized. Cucumber seedlings were challenged by a pathogenic F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum. The microbial communities were evaluated by using a 16 S rRNA multiplex 454 pyrosequencing approach. In general, in the presence of F. oxysporum sp. radicis-cucumerinum, increasing dilution level increased disease severity index and decreased plant productivity. The logarithmic numbers of F. oxysporum sp. radicis-cucumerinum were significantly negatively correlated with the bacterial phylum and OTU (Operational taxonomic unit) richness in compost. The promotion of F. oxysporum sp. radicis-cucumerinum survival in compost with low microbial diversity, might be related to loss of antagonistic activity (as reflected by the copy numbers of the genes rhlB and hcnBC), which was caused by loss of microbial diversity in compost. In summary, microbial diversity in compost is critical in suppressing plant pathogen survival and then enhancing cucumber seedling growth.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"26 1","pages":"189 - 200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1438933","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46258572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-29DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2018.1463877
A. Biabani, L. Carpenter-Boggs, A. Gholizadeh, M. Vafaie-Tabar, Mohammad Osman Omara
ABSTRACT Vermicomposting is the processing of organic substrates through digestion by worms, usually Eisenia foetida. The physico-chemical characteristics of the substrates and health of the worms are important parameter for effective vermicomposting. This study assessed reproduction efficiency and reproductive rate of E. foetida and changes in EC, pH, organic C, total Nitrogen and C:N ratio by vermicomposting different substrate mixtures. The study was performed as a completely randomized design with 10 treatments and 4 replicates. Manures from sheep and horse were tested alone and mixed at 50 and 75% with residues of alfalfa and wheat straw. Wheat straw was also tested alone and mixed at 75% with 25% chicken manure. E. foetida were added to the mixtures and allowed to process the substrate mixtures for three months. Final EC, pH, organic C and N levels of vermicompost were measured, as well as the reproductive efficiency and reproductive rate of the E. foetida. All measured characteristics of the finished vermicompost were significantly different depending on substrate. Substrates also changed to differing degrees during vermicomposting. Total C and EC increased in all substrates; and pH, total N, and C:N decreased in all substrates during vermicomposting The greatest change of EC was in the 25% alfalfa + 75% sheep manure mixture, which was 12.8 dS.m-1 initially and 18.6 dS.m-1 in finished vermicompost. Overall, pH declined and EC increased during the preparing of vermicompost.
{"title":"Reproduction Efficiency of Eisenia foetida and Substrate Changes During Vermicomposting of Organic Materials","authors":"A. Biabani, L. Carpenter-Boggs, A. Gholizadeh, M. Vafaie-Tabar, Mohammad Osman Omara","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2018.1463877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1463877","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Vermicomposting is the processing of organic substrates through digestion by worms, usually Eisenia foetida. The physico-chemical characteristics of the substrates and health of the worms are important parameter for effective vermicomposting. This study assessed reproduction efficiency and reproductive rate of E. foetida and changes in EC, pH, organic C, total Nitrogen and C:N ratio by vermicomposting different substrate mixtures. The study was performed as a completely randomized design with 10 treatments and 4 replicates. Manures from sheep and horse were tested alone and mixed at 50 and 75% with residues of alfalfa and wheat straw. Wheat straw was also tested alone and mixed at 75% with 25% chicken manure. E. foetida were added to the mixtures and allowed to process the substrate mixtures for three months. Final EC, pH, organic C and N levels of vermicompost were measured, as well as the reproductive efficiency and reproductive rate of the E. foetida. All measured characteristics of the finished vermicompost were significantly different depending on substrate. Substrates also changed to differing degrees during vermicomposting. Total C and EC increased in all substrates; and pH, total N, and C:N decreased in all substrates during vermicomposting The greatest change of EC was in the 25% alfalfa + 75% sheep manure mixture, which was 12.8 dS.m-1 initially and 18.6 dS.m-1 in finished vermicompost. Overall, pH declined and EC increased during the preparing of vermicompost.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"26 1","pages":"209 - 215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1463877","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44504950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-08DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2018.1434023
M. Abaker, M. Domeizel, O. R. Mouloubou, N. Rapetti, S. Mounier
ABSTRACT The most frequent way to survey green waste composts is to monitor the temperature during the composting process. However, if the temperature is a good index for global biological processes, it is not for the chemical stability. In order to identify a reliable index, this work investigates water extraction coupled to spectroscopic indexes such as E2/E3, E4/E6, and SUVA254 ratios, and fluorescence indexes such as Kalbitz, Milori, CP/PARAFAC, and Fluorescence Region Integration. The measurements of these indexes are carried out with six samples from different sites with different green waste material composition. The results show that most indexes depend on the green waste origin more than the composting time; some depend mostly on the material origin while others on compost age. A comparison of these results indicates that the biochemical process occurs more rapidly than expected by the compost producers. The combination of these indicators gives useful information on the processes that take place during composting.
{"title":"UV–Visible and Fluorescence Green Waste Composts Monitoring: Material Dependency","authors":"M. Abaker, M. Domeizel, O. R. Mouloubou, N. Rapetti, S. Mounier","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2018.1434023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1434023","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The most frequent way to survey green waste composts is to monitor the temperature during the composting process. However, if the temperature is a good index for global biological processes, it is not for the chemical stability. In order to identify a reliable index, this work investigates water extraction coupled to spectroscopic indexes such as E2/E3, E4/E6, and SUVA254 ratios, and fluorescence indexes such as Kalbitz, Milori, CP/PARAFAC, and Fluorescence Region Integration. The measurements of these indexes are carried out with six samples from different sites with different green waste material composition. The results show that most indexes depend on the green waste origin more than the composting time; some depend mostly on the material origin while others on compost age. A comparison of these results indicates that the biochemical process occurs more rapidly than expected by the compost producers. The combination of these indicators gives useful information on the processes that take place during composting.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"26 1","pages":"177 - 188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2018.1434023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44101809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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