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Air Pollution and Lung Cancer: Contributions of Extracellular Vesicles as Pathogenic Mechanisms and Clinical Utility. 空气污染与肺癌:作为致病机制和临床用途的细胞外囊泡的贡献。
IF 7.4 2区 医学 Q1 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-023-00421-8
Jonathan González-Ruíz, Andrea A Baccarelli, David Cantu-de-Leon, Diddier Prada

Purpose of review: This review addresses the pressing issue of air pollution's threat to human health, focusing on its connection to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) development. The aim is to explore the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as potential pathogenic mechanisms in lung cancer, including NSCLC, induced by air pollutants.

Recent findings: Recent research highlights EVs as vital mediators of intercellular communication and key contributors to cancer progression. Notably, this review emphasizes the cargo of EVs released by both cancerous and non-cancerous lung cells, shedding light on their potential role in promoting various aspects of tumor development. The review underscores the importance of comprehending the intricate interplay between air pollution, biological damage mechanisms, and EV-mediated communication during NSCLC development. Major takeaways emphasize the significance of this understanding in addressing air pollution-related lung cancer. Future research avenues are also highlighted, aiming to enhance the applicability of EVs for diagnosis and targeted therapies, ultimately mitigating the inevitable impact of air pollution on NSCLC development and treatment.

综述的目的:这篇综述探讨了空气污染威胁人类健康这一紧迫问题,重点关注空气污染与非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)发展的关系。目的是探讨细胞外囊泡(EVs)在空气污染物诱发的肺癌(包括 NSCLC)中作为潜在致病机制的作用:最新研究结果:最新研究强调,细胞外囊泡是细胞间交流的重要媒介,也是导致癌症进展的关键因素。值得注意的是,这篇综述强调了癌细胞和非癌细胞释放的 EVs 货物,揭示了它们在促进肿瘤发展的各个方面的潜在作用。这篇综述强调了在 NSCLC 发展过程中理解空气污染、生物损伤机制和 EV 介导的交流之间错综复杂的相互作用的重要性。主要启示强调了这一认识对解决空气污染相关肺癌问题的重要意义。文章还强调了未来的研究途径,旨在提高 EVs 在诊断和靶向治疗中的适用性,最终减轻空气污染对 NSCLC 发展和治疗不可避免的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Exposure to Organochlorine Pesticides and Female Breast Cancer Risk According to Molecular Receptors Expression: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Epidemiological Evidence. 根据分子受体表达的有机氯杀虫剂暴露与女性乳腺癌风险:流行病学证据的系统回顾和元分析。
IF 7.9 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-28 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-023-00408-5
Rodrigo Ugalde-Resano, Brenda Gamboa-Loira, Ángel Mérida-Ortega, Alma Rincón-Rubio, Gisela Flores-Collado, Maricela Piña-Pozas, Lizbeth López-Carrillo

Purpose of review: Organochlorine pesticides (OCP) have been proposed as potential mammary carcinogens since they interact with steroid signaling pathways. However, the epidemiological results are not conclusive. Most studies have evaluated breast cancer (BC) as a single entity without considering the different molecular expressions, including estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2, that could differ in their association with these contaminants. Hence, we assessed the association between biological concentration of OCP and BC, according to its molecular receptor expression, based on a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Recent findings: Of the 141 articles eligible for full-text review, nine met the inclusion criteria. The way in which molecular expression was reported was heterogeneous; therefore, the inclusion of studies in the meta-analysis was limited to eight articles. A negative association was identified for β-hexachlorocyclohexane and trans-nonachlor with ER + tumors and between hexachlorobenzene and ER - tumors. No associations were observed for p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, cis-nonachlor, and dieldrin, and it was not possible to evaluate the associations between OCP with HER2 expression or triple-negative tumors due to lack of data. The results suggest that some OCP might be associated with BC depending on the expression of ER. However, the evidence is not conclusive due to the scarce data. We identified several methodological aspects to fill the gaps in knowledge and increase the comparability among studies.

审查目的:有机氯杀虫剂(OCP)与类固醇信号通路相互作用,因此被认为是潜在的乳腺致癌物。然而,流行病学研究结果并不确凿。大多数研究将乳腺癌(BC)作为一个单一实体进行评估,而没有考虑不同的分子表达,包括雌激素受体(ER)、孕酮受体(PR)和 HER2,它们与这些污染物的关系可能有所不同。因此,我们在系统综述和荟萃分析的基础上,根据OCP的分子受体表达,评估了OCP的生物浓度与BC之间的关联:在符合全文综述条件的 141 篇文章中,有 9 篇符合纳入标准。报告分子表达的方式不尽相同;因此,纳入荟萃分析的研究仅限于 8 篇文章。研究发现,β-六氯环己烷和反式壬氯与ER+肿瘤呈负相关,六氯苯与ER-肿瘤呈负相关。p,p'-二氯二苯基二氯乙烯、顺式壬草胺和狄氏剂之间没有关联,由于缺乏数据,无法评估 OCP 与 HER2 表达或三阴性肿瘤之间的关联。结果表明,某些 OCP 可能与 BC 有关,这取决于 ER 的表达。然而,由于数据稀少,证据并不确凿。我们确定了几个方法学方面的问题,以填补知识空白并提高研究之间的可比性。
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引用次数: 0
A scoping review of multigenerational impacts of grandparental exposures on mental health in grandchildren. 祖父母暴露对孙辈心理健康的多代影响的范围综述。
IF 7.9 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-023-00413-8
Jingyuan Xiao, Anushka Jain, Giselle Bellia, Kate Nyhan, Zeyan Liew

Purpose of review: The multigenerational effects of grandparental exposures on their grandchildren's mental health and neurodevelopment are gaining research attention. We conducted a scoping review to summarize the current epidemiological studies investigating pregnancy-related and environmental factors that affected grandparental pregnancies and mental health outcomes in their grandchildren. We also identified methodological challenges that affect these multigenerational health studies and discuss opportunities for future research.

Recent findings: We performed a literature search using PubMed and Embase and included 18 articles for this review. The most investigated grandparental pregnancy-related factors were the grandparental age of pregnancy (N = 6), smoking during pregnancy (N = 4), and medication intake (N = 3). The most frequently examined grandchild outcomes were autism spectrum disorder (N = 6) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (N = 4). Among these studies, grandparental smoking and the use of diethylstilbestrol were more consistently reported to be associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, while the findings for grandparental age vary across the maternal or paternal line. Grandmaternal weight, adverse delivery outcomes, and other spatial-temporal markers of physical and social environmental stressors require further scrutiny. The current body of literature has suggested that mental and neurodevelopmental disorders may be outcomes of unfavorable exposures originating from the grandparental generation during their pregnancies. To advance the field, we recommend research efforts into setting up multigenerational studies with prospectively collected data that span through at least three generations, incorporating spatial, environmental, and biological markers for exposure assessment, expanding the outcome phenotypes evaluated, and developing a causal analytical framework including mediation analyses specific for multigenerational research.

综述目的:祖父母暴露对孙辈心理健康和神经发育的多代影响正受到研究的关注。我们进行了一项范围综述,以总结当前的流行病学研究,这些研究调查了影响祖父母怀孕及其孙辈心理健康结果的妊娠相关因素和环境因素。我们还确定了影响这些多代健康研究的方法学挑战,并讨论了未来研究的机会。最新发现:我们使用PubMed和Embase进行了文献检索,纳入了18篇文章。调查最多的祖父母怀孕相关因素是祖父母怀孕年龄(N = 6),怀孕期间吸烟(N = 4)和药物摄入(N = 3)。最常检查的孙子结果是自闭症谱系障碍(N = 6)和注意缺陷/多动障碍(N = 4)。在这些研究中,祖父母吸烟和使用己烯雌酚更一致地报道与神经发育障碍有关。而对祖父母年龄的研究结果在母系和父系之间有所不同。祖母体重、不良分娩结果以及其他生理和社会环境压力因素的时空标志需要进一步研究。目前的文献表明,精神和神经发育障碍可能是祖父母辈在怀孕期间不良暴露的结果。为了推进这一领域,我们建议开展多代研究,前瞻性地收集至少三代人的数据,将空间、环境和生物标记纳入暴露评估,扩大评估的结果表型,并建立一个因果分析框架,包括针对多代研究的中介分析。
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引用次数: 0
Current Trends and Future Directions in Urban Social Prescribing. 城市社会处方的当前趋势和未来方向。
IF 7.9 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-023-00419-2
J S Litt, L Coll-Planas, A L Sachs, M Masó Aguado, M Howarth

Purpose of review: Social prescribing (SP) is defined as a non-medical community referral program to support well-being and health. This review explores the current evidence about the effectiveness of SP.

Recent findings: This review examined existing SP models that have been or are being tested to connect people to these opportunities through direct and indirect referral schemes. The review identified a fifth model that facilitates a group-based approach used to mental well-being and resilience. While the development of SP largely originates from the UK, the global interest in SP has increased, with over 31 nations reporting elements of SP. The main goal of SP is to better integrate care between the traditional medical setting and resources available in the community and voluntary sectors. Although this review found widespread optimism around SP, there remain concerns about its effectiveness and demands for high-quality evaluations to strengthen the evidence base for SP.

审查目的:社会处方(Social Prescribing,SP)被定义为一种非医疗性的社区转介计划,旨在为人们的福祉和健康提供支持。本综述探讨了有关社会处方有效性的现有证据:本综述研究了已经或正在测试的现有社会处方模式,这些模式通过直接和间接转介计划将人们与这些机会联系起来。审查确定了第五种模式,该模式以小组为基础,促进心理健康和复原力。虽然心理健康计划的发展主要源于英国,但全球对心理健康计划的兴趣却与日俱增,超过 31 个国家报告了心理健康计划的内容。SP 的主要目标是更好地整合传统医疗环境与社区和志愿部门可用资源之间的护理。尽管本次审查发现,人们对 SP 普遍持乐观态度,但对其有效性仍有担忧,并要求进行高质量的评估,以加强 SP 的证据基础。
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引用次数: 0
Do Mental Health Changes in Nature Co-occur with Changes in Heartrate Variability and Executive Functioning? A Systematic Review. 自然中的心理健康变化与心率变异性和执行功能的变化同时发生吗?系统回顾。
IF 7.9 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-29 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-023-00407-6
Sara LoTemplio, Joanna E Bettmann, Emily Scott, Ellison Blumenthal

Purpose of review: Given the global burden of mental health issues, new solutions are needed to promote mental health. Nature exposure represents a promising option to promote mental health, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Recent frameworks have argued that changes in mental health in nature are caused by activity changes in the vagus nerve, which connects the heart and the brain, and that these changes also improve executive functioning (EF) abilities. This suggests that changes in mental health symptomology in nature should be accompanied by changes in vagus nerve activity, as well as changes in executive functioning. Yet, little work has systematically examined co-variation of these outcomes in empirical studies. The present manuscript systematically examines whether changes in mental health in nature are accompanied by changes in vagus nerve activity (approximated by heartrate variability) and changes in executive functioning.

Recent findings: There is compelling evidence that spending time in nature can increase heartrate variability, improve mental health, and improve executive functioning. However, despite strong theoretical claims that these three outcomes should be linked after spending time in nature settings, few studies directly examine such co-occurrence. The study systematically examines whether studies that considered both mental health and executive functioning (n = 6) showed co-occurring effects in response to nature exposure. Similarly, the study also considers if studies examining mental health and heartrate variability (n = 6) showed similarly directional effects following nature exposure. This systematic review concludes with discussion about the limited number of studies (n =1) that include all three measures. We find mixed results of co-occurrence with these variables, suggesting that the relationship between these three constructs in nature may be more nuanced than current theory suggests. Perhaps more importantly, our results demonstrate that there is very little existing work linking changes in mental health to changes in EF and vagal tone. We conclude with justification for why it may be beneficial for researchers to include all three metrics as well as guidance on how to do so.

审查目的:鉴于全球心理健康问题的负担,需要新的解决方案来促进心理健康。自然暴露是促进心理健康的一个很有前途的选择,但其机制尚不清楚。最近的框架认为,自然界中心理健康的变化是由连接心脏和大脑的迷走神经的活动变化引起的,这些变化也会提高执行功能(EF)能力。这表明,自然界中心理健康症状的变化应该伴随着迷走神经活动的变化,以及执行功能的变化。然而,很少有工作在实证研究中系统地研究这些结果的共同变化。本手稿系统地研究了自然界中心理健康的变化是否伴随着迷走神经活动的变化(近似于心率变异性)和执行功能的变化。最近的发现:有令人信服的证据表明,在大自然中度过一段时间可以增加心率变异性,改善心理健康,改善执行功能。然而,尽管有强有力的理论主张,在自然环境中度过一段时间后,这三种结果应该联系在一起,但很少有研究直接研究这种共现现象。这项研究系统地考察了同时考虑心理健康和执行功能的研究(n=6)是否显示出对自然暴露的共同影响。同样,该研究还考虑了检查心理健康和心率变异性(n=6)的研究是否在自然暴露后显示出类似的方向性影响。这篇系统综述的结尾是对有限数量的研究(n=1)的讨论,这些研究包括所有三项指标。我们发现与这些变量共存的结果喜忧参半,这表明这三种结构在自然界中的关系可能比目前的理论所表明的更为微妙。也许更重要的是,我们的研究结果表明,目前很少有研究将心理健康的变化与EF和迷走神经张力的变化联系起来。最后,我们解释了为什么将这三个指标都包括在内对研究人员来说可能是有益的,以及如何做到这一点的指导。
{"title":"Do Mental Health Changes in Nature Co-occur with Changes in Heartrate Variability and Executive Functioning? A Systematic Review.","authors":"Sara LoTemplio,&nbsp;Joanna E Bettmann,&nbsp;Emily Scott,&nbsp;Ellison Blumenthal","doi":"10.1007/s40572-023-00407-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40572-023-00407-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Given the global burden of mental health issues, new solutions are needed to promote mental health. Nature exposure represents a promising option to promote mental health, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Recent frameworks have argued that changes in mental health in nature are caused by activity changes in the vagus nerve, which connects the heart and the brain, and that these changes also improve executive functioning (EF) abilities. This suggests that changes in mental health symptomology in nature should be accompanied by changes in vagus nerve activity, as well as changes in executive functioning. Yet, little work has systematically examined co-variation of these outcomes in empirical studies. The present manuscript systematically examines whether changes in mental health in nature are accompanied by changes in vagus nerve activity (approximated by heartrate variability) and changes in executive functioning.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>There is compelling evidence that spending time in nature can increase heartrate variability, improve mental health, and improve executive functioning. However, despite strong theoretical claims that these three outcomes should be linked after spending time in nature settings, few studies directly examine such co-occurrence. The study systematically examines whether studies that considered both mental health and executive functioning (n = 6) showed co-occurring effects in response to nature exposure. Similarly, the study also considers if studies examining mental health and heartrate variability (n = 6) showed similarly directional effects following nature exposure. This systematic review concludes with discussion about the limited number of studies (n =1) that include all three measures. We find mixed results of co-occurrence with these variables, suggesting that the relationship between these three constructs in nature may be more nuanced than current theory suggests. Perhaps more importantly, our results demonstrate that there is very little existing work linking changes in mental health to changes in EF and vagal tone. We conclude with justification for why it may be beneficial for researchers to include all three metrics as well as guidance on how to do so.</p>","PeriodicalId":10775,"journal":{"name":"Current Environmental Health Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10280545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Prenatal Exposure to Nitrate in Drinking Water and Adverse Health Outcomes in the Offspring: a Review of Current Epidemiological Research. 产前饮用水中硝酸盐暴露与后代不良健康后果:当前流行病学研究综述。
IF 7.9 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-16 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-023-00404-9
Pernille Jul Clemmensen, Jörg Schullehner, Nis Brix, Torben Sigsgaard, Leslie Thomas Stayner, Henrik Albert Kolstad, Cecilia Høst Ramlau-Hansen

Purpose of review: Recently, several epidemiological studies have investigated whether prenatal exposure to nitrate from drinking water may be harmful to the fetus, even at nitrate levels below the current World Health Organization drinking water standard. The purpose of this review was to give an overview of the newest knowledge on potential health effects of prenatal exposure to nitrate.

Recent findings: We included 13 epidemiological studies conducted since 2017. Nine studies investigated outcomes appearing around birth, and four studies investigated health outcomes appearing in childhood and young adulthood. The reviewed studies showed some indications of higher risk of preterm delivery, lower birth weight, birth defects, and childhood cancer related to prenatal exposure to nitrate. However, the numbers of studies for each outcome were sparse, and some of the results were conflicting. We suggest that there is a need for additional studies and particularly for studies that include information on water consumption patterns, intake of nitrate from diet, and intake of nitrosatable drugs.

综述目的:最近,几项流行病学研究调查了产前接触饮用水中的硝酸盐是否对胎儿有害,即使硝酸盐水平低于世界卫生组织现行的饮用水标准。这篇综述的目的是概述关于产前接触硝酸盐对健康的潜在影响的最新知识。最近的发现:我们纳入了自2017年以来进行的13项流行病学研究。九项研究调查了出生前后的结果,四项研究调查儿童和青年期的健康结果。回顾性研究表明,一些迹象表明,产前接触硝酸盐会导致早产风险升高、出生体重降低、出生缺陷和儿童癌症。然而,每种结果的研究数量很少,有些结果相互矛盾。我们认为,有必要进行更多的研究,特别是包括水消耗模式、饮食中硝酸盐摄入和可亚硝化药物摄入信息的研究。
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引用次数: 0
An Overview of How the Built Environment Relates to Children's Health. 建筑环境与儿童健康的关系概述。
IF 7.9 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-28 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-023-00405-8
Shabnam Abdollahi, E Owen D Waygood, Zeinab Aliyas, Marie-Soleil Cloutier

Purpose of review: Explore the varied pathways between the built environment and children's health. The review begins by describing how the built environment and transport infrastructure relate to conditions that lead to health outcomes. The review examines emissions, noise, and traffic dangers in relation to children's physical, mental, and social health.

Recent findings: Evidence is increasing for walkable neighborhoods and health-related behavior such as physical activity. However, diverse land uses (often supporting walkability) were also found to increase traffic injuries. Cognitive impacts of motorways on children at schools were found. Finally, the relationships between social activities and built environment are beginning. The built environment's influence on various physical health outcomes is increasingly clear and is often through a transport pathway. However, the links with mental and social health are less developed, though recent findings show significant results. Having accessible child-relevant destinations is an important consideration for children's health.

审查目的:探索建筑环境与儿童健康之间的各种途径。审查首先描述了建筑环境和交通基础设施与导致健康结果的条件之间的关系。该审查审查了与儿童身体、心理和社会健康相关的排放、噪音和交通危险。最近的发现:越来越多的证据表明,适合步行的社区和与健康相关的行为,如体育活动。然而,不同的土地用途(通常支持步行)也被发现会增加交通伤害。研究发现,高速公路对在校儿童的认知影响。最后,社会活动和建筑环境之间的关系开始了。建筑环境对各种身体健康结果的影响越来越明显,而且往往是通过运输途径产生的。然而,尽管最近的研究结果显示出了显著的结果,但与心理和社会健康的联系还不太发达。拥有方便的儿童相关目的地是儿童健康的一个重要考虑因素。
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引用次数: 0
Methods in Public Health Environmental Justice Research: a Scoping Review from 2018 to 2021. 公共卫生环境正义研究方法:2018年至2021年范围界定综述。
IF 7.9 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-15 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-023-00406-7
Joan A Casey, Misbath Daouda, Ryan S Babadi, Vivian Do, Nina M Flores, Isa Berzansky, David J X González, Yoshira Ornelas Van Horne, Tamarra James-Todd

Purpose of review: The volume of public health environmental justice (EJ) research produced by academic institutions increased through 2022. However, the methods used for evaluating EJ in exposure science and epidemiologic studies have not been catalogued. Here, we completed a scoping review of EJ studies published in 19 environmental science and epidemiologic journals from 2018 to 2021 to summarize research types, frameworks, and methods.

Recent findings: We identified 402 articles that included populations with health disparities as a part of EJ research question and met other inclusion criteria. Most studies (60%) evaluated EJ questions related to socioeconomic status (SES) or race/ethnicity. EJ studies took place in 69 countries, led by the US (n = 246 [61%]). Only 50% of studies explicitly described a theoretical EJ framework in the background, methods, or discussion and just 10% explicitly stated a framework in all three sections. Among exposure studies, the most common area-level exposure was air pollution (40%), whereas chemicals predominated personal exposure studies (35%). Overall, the most common method used for exposure-only EJ analyses was main effect regression modeling (50%); for epidemiologic studies the most common method was effect modification (58%), where an analysis evaluated a health disparity variable as an effect modifier. Based on the results of this scoping review, current methods in public health EJ studies could be bolstered by integrating expertise from other fields (e.g., sociology), conducting community-based participatory research and intervention studies, and using more rigorous, theory-based, and solution-oriented statistical research methods.

审查目的:到2022年,学术机构开展的公共卫生环境正义(EJ)研究数量有所增加。然而,暴露科学和流行病学研究中用于评估EJ的方法尚未编目。在这里,我们完成了对2018年至2021年发表在19份环境科学和流行病学杂志上的EJ研究的范围审查,以总结研究类型、框架和方法。最近的发现:作为EJ研究问题的一部分,我们确定了402篇包含健康差异人群的文章,并符合其他纳入标准。大多数研究(60%)评估了与社会经济地位(SES)或种族/民族相关的EJ问题。EJ研究在69个国家进行,以美国为首(n=246[61%])。只有50%的研究在背景、方法或讨论中明确描述了理论EJ框架,只有10%的研究在所有三个部分中明确说明了框架。在暴露研究中,最常见的区域级暴露是空气污染(40%),而化学品在个人暴露研究中占主导地位(35%)。总体而言,仅用于暴露的EJ分析的最常见方法是主效应回归建模(50%);在流行病学研究中,最常见的方法是效果修正(58%),其中分析评估了健康差异变量作为效果修正。根据这一范围界定审查的结果,可以通过整合其他领域(如社会学)的专业知识,进行基于社区的参与性研究和干预研究,以及使用更严格的、基于理论和面向解决方案的统计研究方法,来支持公共卫生EJ研究的当前方法。
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引用次数: 0
Dairy and Plant-Based Milks: Implications for Nutrition and Planetary Health. 乳制品和植物奶:对营养和行星健康的影响。
IF 7.9 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-10 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-023-00400-z
Rebecca Ramsing, Raychel Santo, Brent F Kim, Daphene Altema-Johnson, Alyssa Wooden, Kenjin B Chang, Richard D Semba, David C Love

Purpose of review: Dairy milk products are dominant in the market; however, plant-based milks are gaining prominence among USA consumers. Many questions remain about how plant-based milk products compare to dairy milk from a nutrition, public health, and planetary health perspective. Here, we compare the retail sales, nutrient profiles, and known health and environmental impacts of the production and consumption of dairy and plant-based milks and identify knowledge gaps for future studies. For our plant-based milk comparisons, we reviewed almond, soy, oat, coconut, rice, pea, cashew, and other plant-based milks as data were available.

Recent findings: The retail unit price of plant-based milks was generally higher than that of cow's milk, making it less accessible to lower-income groups. Many plant-based milks are fortified to match the micronutrient profile of dairy milk more closely. Notable differences remained, especially in protein, zinc, and potassium, depending on the base ingredient and individual product. Some plant-based milks contain added sugar to improve flavor. Plant-based milks were generally associated with lower environmental impacts (e.g., greenhouse gas emissions, water use) than cow's milk, with the notable exception of the higher water footprint of almond milk. This review of recent studies and consumer purchases confirmed that retail sales of plant-based milks are increasing and shifting among products. Further research is needed to better characterize the environmental impacts of newer plant-based milks, such as cashew, hemp, and pea milks; consumer attitudes and behavior towards plant-based milks; and the safety and potential health effects related to their long-term and more frequent consumption.

审查目的:乳制品在市场上占主导地位;然而,植物奶在美国消费者中越来越受欢迎。从营养、公共卫生和全球健康的角度来看,植物奶制品与乳制品相比,仍然存在许多问题。在这里,我们比较了乳制品和植物奶的生产和消费的零售额、营养状况以及已知的健康和环境影响,并确定了未来研究的知识差距。对于我们的植物奶比较,我们回顾了杏仁、大豆、燕麦、椰子、大米、豌豆、腰果和其他有数据的植物奶。最近的发现:植物奶的零售单价通常高于牛奶,这使得低收入群体更难获得。许多植物奶都经过强化,以更接近牛奶中的微量营养素。仍然存在显著差异,尤其是蛋白质、锌和钾,这取决于基本成分和单个产品。一些植物奶含有添加糖以改善风味。植物奶通常比牛奶对环境的影响更低(例如温室气体排放、用水),但杏仁奶的水足迹更高是一个显著的例外。这篇对最近研究和消费者购买的综述证实,植物奶的零售额正在增加,并在产品之间发生变化。需要进一步的研究来更好地描述新型植物奶对环境的影响,如腰果、大麻和豌豆奶;消费者对植物奶的态度和行为;以及与长期和更频繁消费有关的安全性和潜在的健康影响。
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引用次数: 6
Natural gas odorants: A scoping review of health effects. 天然气气味剂:健康影响的范围审查。
IF 7.9 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-25 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-023-00403-w
Drew R Michanowicz, Olivia M Leventhal, Jeremy K Domen, Samuel R Williams, Eric D Lebel, Lee Ann L Hill, Jonathan J Buonocore, Curtis L Nordgaard, Aaron S Bernstein, Seth B C Shonkoff

Purpose of review: Organosulfur compounds are intentionally added to natural gas as malodorants with the intent of short-term nasal inhalation to aid in leak detection. Regulatory exposure limits have not been established for all commonly used natural gas odorants, and recent community-level exposure events and growing evidence of indoor natural gas leakage have raised concerns associated with natural gas odorant exposures. We conducted a scoping review of peer-reviewed scientific publications on human exposures and animal toxicological studies of natural gas odorants to assess toxicological profiles, exposure potential, health effects and regulatory guidelines associated with commonly used natural gas odorants.

Recent findings: We identified only 22 studies which met inclusion criteria for full review. Overall, there is limited evidence of both transient nonspecific health symptoms and clinically diagnosed causative neurotoxic effects associated with prolonged odorant exposures. Across seven community-level exposure events and two occupational case reports, consistent symptom patterns included: headache, ocular irritation, nose and throat irritation, respiratory complaints such as shortness of breath and asthma attacks, and skin irritation and rash. Of these, respiratory inflammation and asthma exacerbations are the most debilitating, whereas the high prevalence of ocular and dermatologic symptoms suggest a non-inhalation route of exposure. The limited evidence available raises the possibility that organosulfur odorants may pose health risks at exposures much lower than presently understood, though additional dose-response studies are needed to disentangle specific toxicologic effects from nonspecific responses to noxious organosulfur odors. Numerous recommendations are provided including more transparent and prescriptive natural gas odorant use practices.

审查目的:有意将有机硫化合物作为恶臭物质添加到天然气中,目的是通过短期鼻腔吸入来帮助检测泄漏。尚未对所有常用的天然气加臭剂制定监管暴露限值,最近社区层面的暴露事件和越来越多的室内天然气泄漏证据引发了人们对天然气加气味剂暴露的担忧。我们对关于天然气气味剂的人类暴露和动物毒理学研究的同行评审科学出版物进行了范围审查,以评估与常用天然气气味物质相关的毒理学特征、暴露潜力、健康影响和监管指南。最近的发现:我们只确定了22项符合纳入标准的研究进行全面审查。总体而言,与长期接触气味剂相关的短暂非特异性健康症状和临床诊断的致病性神经毒性影响的证据有限。在七次社区级接触事件和两份职业病例报告中,一致的症状模式包括:头痛、眼部刺激、鼻子和喉咙刺激、呼吸系统主诉,如呼吸急促和哮喘发作,以及皮肤刺激和皮疹。其中,呼吸道炎症和哮喘恶化是最令人衰弱的,而眼部和皮肤病症状的高患病率表明非吸入性接触途径。现有的有限证据表明,有机硫气味剂在暴露时可能造成的健康风险远低于目前所了解的水平,尽管还需要进行额外的剂量反应研究,以区分对有毒有机硫气味的特定毒理学影响和非特异性反应。提供了许多建议,包括更透明和规范的天然气加臭剂使用实践。
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Current Environmental Health Reports
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