Current Eye Research最新文献

Purpose: To study the correlation between uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCVA) and myopic refractive error among school-aged children.

Methods: The North India Myopia study is a prospective cohort study in which school children were screened for refractive error. These children were subsequently followed up to note the incidence and progression of myopia. The methodology of the study is as previously described. Children with UCVA < 3/60 were excluded for this analysis, since they are more likely to be associated with other ocular pathologies.

Results: Of the 9884 children screened, 1463 children fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this analysis. UCVA was plotted against the mean prescribed Spherical equivalent (SE), with a 95% confidence interval. Marginal predictions of prescribed power according to UCVA were calculated using linear regression, enabling the development of a nomogram to estimate the closest SE based on UCVA.

Conclusion: There is a steady correlation between the UCVA and degree of myopic refractive error among school going children. This correlation has been utilized to develop this nomogram that may help predict myopic refractive error on the basis of uncorrected visual acuity. Large scale studies are needed for the validation of this nomogram in different populations.

Purpose: To evaluate the expression differences of tear lymphotoxin-α (LT-α), total immunoglobulin E (IgE), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in seasonal/perennial allergic conjunctivitis-associated dry eye (S/PAC-DE) and their clinical relevance, probing the underlying pathogenesis of S/PAC-DE.

Methods: This study enrolled 37 S/PAC-DE patients, 23 dry eye (DE) patients, and 24 healthy controls (HC). Assessing the clinical parameters, tear LT-α, total IgE, MMP-9, and nine other inflammatory cytokines in the three groups. Correlations between tear cytokines and clinical parameters were also analyzed.

Results: Tear LT-α levels were significantly lower in S/PAC-DE compared to DE and HC groups. Tear total IgE, TNF-α, and MMP-9 levels were significantly upregulated in the S/PAC-DE group than those in the DE (all p < 0.001) and HC groups (p = 0.005, p < 0.001, and p = 0.048). In the S/PAC-DE group, total IgE was positively correlated with MMP-9 (r = 0.652, p = 0.008). Total IgE and LT-α were positively correlated in the DE group (r = 0.498, p = 0.016), while the two showed a negative correlation trend in the S/PAC-DE group (r=-0.272, p = 0.103). LT-α was positively correlated with tear film break-up time and negatively correlated with corneal fluorescein staining score in both the S/PAC-DE and DE groups.

Conclusions: In the S/PAC-DE co-morbid state, the inhibition of tear LT-α expression and the upregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines total IgE, TNF-α, and MMP-9 may collectively contribute to the disruption of the ocular surface epithelial barrier, further promoting and exacerbating DE. Additionally, the differences in correlation between LT-α and total IgE in the S/PAC-DE and common DE patients may be related to the distinct ocular immune microenvironments.

Purpose: To assess the usability of a smartphone-based augmented reality tool for capsulorhexis training.

Methods: This is a single-center, prospective, clinical study conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. Surgery-naïve residents were included and divided into three subgroups: (1) augmented reality supported by the Custom Surgical MicroREC system during their capsulorhexis procedures; (2) Expert support supported by an experienced cataract surgeon; (3) No support without support. Capsulorhexis quality was graded by circularity, centration, and radius.

Results: Twenty-one (n_total = 21) participants were enrolled. The augmented reality group was statistically significantly better in terms of circularity than the Expert support (Mann-Whitney's U-test: p = .00175) and the No support group (Mann-Whitney's U-test: p = .00268). The procedure duration decreased statistically significantly for all three groups when try 1 and 10 were compared (augmented reality: p < .0001; Expert support: p = .0099; No support: p < .0001). The other parameters did not differ statistically significantly. The questionnaires handed to the augmented reality and No support group before and after the wet lab revealed a high importance of wet lab trainings to all polled participants. The provided wet lab setup was considered adequate by both groups.

Conclusion: Augmented reality can assist in cataract training. The Custom Surgical MicroREC system can have a positive influence on capsulorhexis quality in a training environment. Automated quality metrics measured by the augmented reality software provide an objective quality score of the performed surgical procedure. As the tested augmented reality system can be used in training as well as in a real-world setting, this will be a useful tool for trainees and expert surgeons alike.

Purpose: To investigate the oxidative stress (OS) and inflammatory cytokine (IC) levels in vitreous and subsilicone fluid (SSF) in cases with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD).

Methods: This prospective study included 21 cases of uncomplicated RRD. Total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) in the samples were determined by automatic measurement method and IC levels were determined by ELISA method. In addition to routine ophthalmological examinations, flare, optic coherence tomography (OCT) and enhanced depth imaging-OCT measurements were performed during follow-up.

Results: There was a significant difference in the TOS and oxidative stress index (OSI) in SSF compared to vitreous (p < 0.05). IL-1β level was detected significantly higher in vitreous fluid (p = 0.004). When the correlation between TAS, TOS, OSI and cytokine levels in SSF and the difference in central macular thickness (CMT), choroidal thickness and flare changes measured in the 1st and 3rd month follow up of the cases after vitrectomy were evaluated, only negative correlation was observed between TOS, OSI, and CMT.

Conclusion: OS, which has not been previously investigated in SSF, was significantly higher in this study, and our findings suggest that OS may have an initiating role in retinal damage thought to be caused by silicone oil.

Purpose: To determine histological effects of myopia progression control (MPC) lens-induced refractive changes on scleral remodeling in chicks.

Methods: 24 Ross-Ross chicks were raised for 14 days. 6 chicks wore conventional -10D lenses for 7 days, followed by no lenses for 7 days. 6 chicks wore conventional -10D lenses for the full 14 days. 6 chicks wore conventional -10D lenses for 7 days, followed by +10D lenses for 7 days. 6 chicks wore conventional -10D lenses for 7 days, followed by MPC lenses for 7 days. MPC lenses had a central power of -10D and a gradient power rise at pupil edge (+2.75D). Chicks were euthanized after 14 days and eyes were processed for histopathological evaluation. Whole mount H&E-stained tissue sections were analyzed using bright field microscopy.

Results: Total scleral thickness was significantly reduced in the group wearing conventional -10D lenses (p < 0.05) but remained comparable to the control group for MPC lenses treated chicks. Appositional growth of the cartilaginous sclera (CS) was observed in all MPC lenses treated eyes and only in those eyes. There was a significant increase in CS thickness in MPC lenses treated chicks compared to the other two groups (p < 0.03) but not between conventional -10D lens treated and control chicks (p > 0.05).

Conclusion: It is possible to induce appositional growth in hyaline cartilage in the chick sclera. In our study, this has only been achieved by using MPC lenses to reverse previously induced experimental myopia with conventional minus lenses. Our findings suggest that a gradient decrease in peripheral lens power and the resulting differential defocus could trigger of scleral reinforcement through of cartilage growth stimulation in the chick sclera.

Purpose: This study aims to elucidate the causal relationships and shared genetic architecture between metabolic-associated diseases and risk factors-including hypertension, type 1 diabetes (T1D), type 2 diabetes (T2D), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and body mass index (BMI)-and primary vision-threatening eye disorders, involving glaucoma, cataracts, refractive disorders, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Methods: We analyzed genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics from > 500 000 individuals of European ancestry in the FinnGen, UK Biobank, and MRC-IEU databases to ensure adequate sample size. Linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) was applied to estimate genetic correlations, while two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was performed to assess causal effects. Furthermore, a bidirectional Mendelian Randomization was further conducted to examine the directionality of associations between hypertension and cataracts.

Results: This study was the first to reveal genetic correlations and causal effects of hypertension on cataracts, particularly senile cataracts. MR analysis provided evidence that hypertension is causally associated with an increased risk of cataracts, particularly senile cataract, whereas the reverse association was not supported. Additionally, LDL cholesterol was suggested as a protective factor for AMD, while HDL cholesterol was associated with an increased risk. The LDSC analysis also indicated a suggestive genetic correlation between T2D and both cataracts and glaucoma, but not for T1D.

Conclusion: This study provides comprehensive evidence of genetic correlations and potential causal relationships between metabolic-associated conditions and major eye diseases contributing to vision loss.

Purpose: The decision when to operate cataract can be difficult when there are subjective visual complaints but visual acuity is intact. Straylight measurements can help to improve surgical decision making in this group of patients. It is however unclear if pupil size can affect straylight when cataract is present. In this study we investigate the effects of pupil size on intra-ocular straylight in patients with multiple types of cataract.

Methods: A total of 85 eyes from 51 participants were measured, with an average age of 66 years. Straylight was measured before and after pharmacologic mydriasis with the Oculus C-Quant device. Cataract was graded using the LOCS III classification system. Exploratory analysis using retro-illumination slit-lamp photography was performed to divide between central and peripheral lens opacities.

Results: Mean straylight both before and after dilation was 1.57 log(s). Reliable individual effects from dilation ranged between -0.42 and +0.48 log(s). No significant differences were found between cataract subtype groups using mixed model analysis. In nuclear cataract mean straylight levels were 1.71 log(s) undilated and 1.66 log(s) dilated. Mean straylight in cortical cataract was 1.38 log(s) undilated and 1.51 log(s) dilated. Centrally and peripherally located cataracts showed a mean change after mydriasis of -0.08 and +0.07 log(s), respectively.

Conclusions: Straylight after pupil dilation showed varying degrees of change, with a tendency to increase in cortical cataract and decrease in nuclear cataract. However, in all forms of cataract both large increases and decreases can be found. These changes were found to be repeatable and reliably measured. Centrality determination from retro-illumination photography can only partly predict these changes.

Purpose: This review provides an outcome-oriented, comprehensive summary of published works on the topic of repurposing the anterior lens capsule (ALC) in various subfields of ophthalmic surgery. Covering a broad spectrum of studies ranging from pre-clinical experiments on animal models to blinded prospective clinical trials involving patients.

Materials and methods: National Institute of Health (NIH) and COCHRANE libraries were comprehensively searched for published works covering the topic of ALC utilization in corneal, retinal, and glaucoma surgical procedures. Studies covering the topic of ALC use unrelated to ophthalmic surgical trials were excluded. A total of 15 studies were included based on the search criteria. Patient follow-up was limited to 18 months. Primary and secondary post-surgical outcomes were evaluated to assess the surgical effectiveness and complication risk of ALC use compared to alternative surgical techniques.

Results: ALC is a viable ophthalmic tissue for prospective use in ophthalmic surgery. Despite the limited number of studies conducted on the topic, the results presented have shown promise. Three studies demonstrated superior post-surgical outcomes in ALC-utilizing procedures compared to other ophthalmologic interventions. Remaining studies included in this review have demonstrated potential equivalence of outcomes after ALC-utilizing surgeries to established surgical methods without presenting new limitations and complications.

Conclusions: ALC is an abundant, routinely discarded tissue during cataract surgery. It possesses unique properties of acellularity, optical transparency, and immunologic nativity to the human eye, which enables it to be an excellent donor tissue for ophthalmic surgeries ranging from corneal defect management to prolonging the longevity of anti-glaucoma filtering blebs. The use of ALC autografts in ophthalmic surgery allows for augmentation of standard procedures in phakic patients, delivering satisfactory outcomes and potentially reducing costs. Further research into ALC collection, processing, and long-term storage is needed to enable ALC allograft use in pseudophakic and aphakic patients.

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the longitudinal changes in ocular biometry in mice treated with exogenous all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) and make comparisons with the lens-induced myopia (LIM) model.

Materials and methods: Male C57BL/6J mice were administered 10 µl of atRA (1 milligram [mg]/milliliter [mL]) every other two days via peribulbar injection. The LIM group received monocular -30D lenses. Ocular biometrics were measured on Days 0, 3, 6, 10, and 15 using swept-source optical coherence tomography. Scleral thickness (ST) and retinal arc length (RAL) were measured on histological sections.

Results: Both exogenous atRA and negative lenses induced longer axial length (AL) from Day 3 and thinner retinal thickness (RT) from Day 6 (all p < 0.05). An increase in vitreous chamber depth (VCD) was noted from Day 3 in atRA-Treated (p = 0.001) eyes and from Day 6 in LIM-Treated eyes (p < 0.001). The interocular difference in lens thickness (LT) varied significantly over time (p = 0.004) in the atRA group. The LT to AL ratios (LT/AL) for atRA-Treated eyes were notably higher than those for the LIM eyes on Days 10 and 15 (all p < 0.05). The VCD to AL ratios (VCD/AL) were comparable between the two groups, with notable declines observed in the late stage (all p < 0.01). Additionally, both treatment groups showed similarly reduced ST and larger RAL than untreated eyes.

Conclusions: Mice treated with exogenous atRA demonstrated comparable longitudinal ocular biometric alterations to the LIM model, except for the relatively thicker lenses.