Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-08-26DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2025.2549298
Xiting Jiao, Ning Gao, Dan Wang, Emmanuel Eric Pazo, Yuanyuan Qi, Yueni Ma, Chen Zhang, Ruibo Yang
Purpose: To evaluate the expression differences of tear lymphotoxin-α (LT-α), total immunoglobulin E (IgE), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in seasonal/perennial allergic conjunctivitis-associated dry eye (S/PAC-DE) and their clinical relevance, probing the underlying pathogenesis of S/PAC-DE.
Methods: This study enrolled 37 S/PAC-DE patients, 23 dry eye (DE) patients, and 24 healthy controls (HC). Assessing the clinical parameters, tear LT-α, total IgE, MMP-9, and nine other inflammatory cytokines in the three groups. Correlations between tear cytokines and clinical parameters were also analyzed.
Results: Tear LT-α levels were significantly lower in S/PAC-DE compared to DE and HC groups. Tear total IgE, TNF-α, and MMP-9 levels were significantly upregulated in the S/PAC-DE group than those in the DE (all p < 0.001) and HC groups (p = 0.005, p < 0.001, and p = 0.048). In the S/PAC-DE group, total IgE was positively correlated with MMP-9 (r = 0.652, p = 0.008). Total IgE and LT-α were positively correlated in the DE group (r = 0.498, p = 0.016), while the two showed a negative correlation trend in the S/PAC-DE group (r=-0.272, p = 0.103). LT-α was positively correlated with tear film break-up time and negatively correlated with corneal fluorescein staining score in both the S/PAC-DE and DE groups.
Conclusions: In the S/PAC-DE co-morbid state, the inhibition of tear LT-α expression and the upregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines total IgE, TNF-α, and MMP-9 may collectively contribute to the disruption of the ocular surface epithelial barrier, further promoting and exacerbating DE. Additionally, the differences in correlation between LT-α and total IgE in the S/PAC-DE and common DE patients may be related to the distinct ocular immune microenvironments.
目的:探讨季节性/常年性变应性结膜炎相关性干眼(S/PAC-DE)中泪液淋巴素-α (LT-α)、总免疫球蛋白E (IgE)、基质金属蛋白酶-9 (MMP-9)的表达差异及其临床意义,探讨S/PAC-DE的发病机制。方法:本研究纳入37例S/PAC-DE患者,23例干眼(DE)患者和24例健康对照(HC)。评估三组患者的临床参数、泪液LT-α、总IgE、MMP-9及其他9种炎性因子。分析泪液细胞因子与临床参数的相关性。结果:S/PAC-DE组泪液中LT-α水平明显低于DE组和HC组。S/PAC-DE组泪液总IgE、TNF-α、MMP-9水平明显高于DE组(p = 0.005, p = 0.048)。S/PAC-DE组总IgE与MMP-9呈正相关(r = 0.652, p = 0.008)。总IgE与LT-α在DE组呈正相关(r= 0.498, p = 0.016),在S/PAC-DE组呈负相关(r=-0.272, p = 0.103)。S/PAC-DE组和DE组LT-α与泪膜破裂时间呈正相关,与角膜荧光素染色评分呈负相关。结论:在S/PAC-DE共病状态下,泪液中LT-α表达的抑制和促炎细胞因子总IgE、TNF-α、MMP-9的上调可能共同导致眼表上皮屏障的破坏,进一步促进和加重DE, S/PAC-DE与普通DE患者LT-α和总IgE相关性的差异可能与不同的眼部免疫微环境有关。
{"title":"Differential Expression of Tear Lymphotoxin-Α, Immunoglobulin E, and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Allergic Conjunctivitis-Associated Dry Eye.","authors":"Xiting Jiao, Ning Gao, Dan Wang, Emmanuel Eric Pazo, Yuanyuan Qi, Yueni Ma, Chen Zhang, Ruibo Yang","doi":"10.1080/02713683.2025.2549298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2025.2549298","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the expression differences of tear lymphotoxin-α (LT-α), total immunoglobulin E (IgE), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in seasonal/perennial allergic conjunctivitis-associated dry eye (S/PAC-DE) and their clinical relevance, probing the underlying pathogenesis of S/PAC-DE.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study enrolled 37 S/PAC-DE patients, 23 dry eye (DE) patients, and 24 healthy controls (HC). Assessing the clinical parameters, tear LT-α, total IgE, MMP-9, and nine other inflammatory cytokines in the three groups. Correlations between tear cytokines and clinical parameters were also analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Tear LT-α levels were significantly lower in S/PAC-DE compared to DE and HC groups. Tear total IgE, TNF-α, and MMP-9 levels were significantly upregulated in the S/PAC-DE group than those in the DE (all <i>p</i> < 0.001) and HC groups (<i>p</i> = 0.005, <i>p</i> < 0.001, and <i>p</i> = 0.048). In the S/PAC-DE group, total IgE was positively correlated with MMP-9 (<i>r</i> = 0.652, <i>p</i> = 0.008). Total IgE and LT-α were positively correlated in the DE group (<i>r</i> = 0.498, <i>p</i> = 0.016), while the two showed a negative correlation trend in the S/PAC-DE group (r=-0.272, <i>p</i> = 0.103). LT-α was positively correlated with tear film break-up time and negatively correlated with corneal fluorescein staining score in both the S/PAC-DE and DE groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In the S/PAC-DE co-morbid state, the inhibition of tear LT-α expression and the upregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines total IgE, TNF-α, and MMP-9 may collectively contribute to the disruption of the ocular surface epithelial barrier, further promoting and exacerbating DE. Additionally, the differences in correlation between LT-α and total IgE in the S/PAC-DE and common DE patients may be related to the distinct ocular immune microenvironments.</p>","PeriodicalId":10782,"journal":{"name":"Current Eye Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"16-23"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146084637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2026-01-30DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2026.2615668
Stefan Schrader
{"title":"Being an Editor in a Changing Scientific Landscape.","authors":"Stefan Schrader","doi":"10.1080/02713683.2026.2615668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2026.2615668","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10782,"journal":{"name":"Current Eye Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146084643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-25DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2025.2585338
Jialing Tang, Junjie Chen, Zhaohuai Li, Genxian Zhang, Lei Zhu, He Li, Wenru Su, Shuyan Qin
Purpose: This study aims to elucidate the causal relationships and shared genetic architecture between metabolic-associated diseases and risk factors-including hypertension, type 1 diabetes (T1D), type 2 diabetes (T2D), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and body mass index (BMI)-and primary vision-threatening eye disorders, involving glaucoma, cataracts, refractive disorders, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
Methods: We analyzed genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics from > 500 000 individuals of European ancestry in the FinnGen, UK Biobank, and MRC-IEU databases to ensure adequate sample size. Linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) was applied to estimate genetic correlations, while two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was performed to assess causal effects. Furthermore, a bidirectional Mendelian Randomization was further conducted to examine the directionality of associations between hypertension and cataracts.
Results: This study was the first to reveal genetic correlations and causal effects of hypertension on cataracts, particularly senile cataracts. MR analysis provided evidence that hypertension is causally associated with an increased risk of cataracts, particularly senile cataract, whereas the reverse association was not supported. Additionally, LDL cholesterol was suggested as a protective factor for AMD, while HDL cholesterol was associated with an increased risk. The LDSC analysis also indicated a suggestive genetic correlation between T2D and both cataracts and glaucoma, but not for T1D.
Conclusion: This study provides comprehensive evidence of genetic correlations and potential causal relationships between metabolic-associated conditions and major eye diseases contributing to vision loss.
{"title":"Genetic Correlation and Mendelian Randomization Analyses Reveal Causal Links Between Metabolic-Associated Diseases or Risk Factors and Major Eye Diseases.","authors":"Jialing Tang, Junjie Chen, Zhaohuai Li, Genxian Zhang, Lei Zhu, He Li, Wenru Su, Shuyan Qin","doi":"10.1080/02713683.2025.2585338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2025.2585338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aims to elucidate the causal relationships and shared genetic architecture between metabolic-associated diseases and risk factors-including hypertension, type 1 diabetes (T1D), type 2 diabetes (T2D), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and body mass index (BMI)-and primary vision-threatening eye disorders, involving glaucoma, cataracts, refractive disorders, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics from > 500 000 individuals of European ancestry in the FinnGen, UK Biobank, and MRC-IEU databases to ensure adequate sample size. Linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) was applied to estimate genetic correlations, while two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was performed to assess causal effects. Furthermore, a bidirectional Mendelian Randomization was further conducted to examine the directionality of associations between hypertension and cataracts.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study was the first to reveal genetic correlations and causal effects of hypertension on cataracts, particularly senile cataracts. MR analysis provided evidence that hypertension is causally associated with an increased risk of cataracts, particularly senile cataract, whereas the reverse association was not supported. Additionally, LDL cholesterol was suggested as a protective factor for AMD, while HDL cholesterol was associated with an increased risk. The LDSC analysis also indicated a suggestive genetic correlation between T2D and both cataracts and glaucoma, but not for T1D.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provides comprehensive evidence of genetic correlations and potential causal relationships between metabolic-associated conditions and major eye diseases contributing to vision loss.</p>","PeriodicalId":10782,"journal":{"name":"Current Eye Research","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145833185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2025.2606325
B de Jong, I J E van der Meulen, T J T P van den Berg
Purpose: The decision when to operate cataract can be difficult when there are subjective visual complaints but visual acuity is intact. Straylight measurements can help to improve surgical decision making in this group of patients. It is however unclear if pupil size can affect straylight when cataract is present. In this study we investigate the effects of pupil size on intra-ocular straylight in patients with multiple types of cataract.
Methods: A total of 85 eyes from 51 participants were measured, with an average age of 66 years. Straylight was measured before and after pharmacologic mydriasis with the Oculus C-Quant device. Cataract was graded using the LOCS III classification system. Exploratory analysis using retro-illumination slit-lamp photography was performed to divide between central and peripheral lens opacities.
Results: Mean straylight both before and after dilation was 1.57 log(s). Reliable individual effects from dilation ranged between -0.42 and +0.48 log(s). No significant differences were found between cataract subtype groups using mixed model analysis. In nuclear cataract mean straylight levels were 1.71 log(s) undilated and 1.66 log(s) dilated. Mean straylight in cortical cataract was 1.38 log(s) undilated and 1.51 log(s) dilated. Centrally and peripherally located cataracts showed a mean change after mydriasis of -0.08 and +0.07 log(s), respectively.
Conclusions: Straylight after pupil dilation showed varying degrees of change, with a tendency to increase in cortical cataract and decrease in nuclear cataract. However, in all forms of cataract both large increases and decreases can be found. These changes were found to be repeatable and reliably measured. Centrality determination from retro-illumination photography can only partly predict these changes.
{"title":"Straylight and Pupil Size in Cataract Patients.","authors":"B de Jong, I J E van der Meulen, T J T P van den Berg","doi":"10.1080/02713683.2025.2606325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2025.2606325","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The decision when to operate cataract can be difficult when there are subjective visual complaints but visual acuity is intact. Straylight measurements can help to improve surgical decision making in this group of patients. It is however unclear if pupil size can affect straylight when cataract is present. In this study we investigate the effects of pupil size on intra-ocular straylight in patients with multiple types of cataract.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 85 eyes from 51 participants were measured, with an average age of 66 years. Straylight was measured before and after pharmacologic mydriasis with the Oculus C-Quant device. Cataract was graded using the LOCS III classification system. Exploratory analysis using retro-illumination slit-lamp photography was performed to divide between central and peripheral lens opacities.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean straylight both before and after dilation was 1.57 log(s). Reliable individual effects from dilation ranged between -0.42 and +0.48 log(s). No significant differences were found between cataract subtype groups using mixed model analysis. In nuclear cataract mean straylight levels were 1.71 log(s) undilated and 1.66 log(s) dilated. Mean straylight in cortical cataract was 1.38 log(s) undilated and 1.51 log(s) dilated. Centrally and peripherally located cataracts showed a mean change after mydriasis of -0.08 and +0.07 log(s), respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Straylight after pupil dilation showed varying degrees of change, with a tendency to increase in cortical cataract and decrease in nuclear cataract. However, in all forms of cataract both large increases and decreases can be found. These changes were found to be repeatable and reliably measured. Centrality determination from retro-illumination photography can only partly predict these changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10782,"journal":{"name":"Current Eye Research","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145803381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2025.2599507
Marián Okál, Martin Horák, Alina-Dana Baxant, Martin Penčák, Pavel Studený, Magdaléna Netuková
Purpose: This review provides an outcome-oriented, comprehensive summary of published works on the topic of repurposing the anterior lens capsule (ALC) in various subfields of ophthalmic surgery. Covering a broad spectrum of studies ranging from pre-clinical experiments on animal models to blinded prospective clinical trials involving patients.
Materials and methods: National Institute of Health (NIH) and COCHRANE libraries were comprehensively searched for published works covering the topic of ALC utilization in corneal, retinal, and glaucoma surgical procedures. Studies covering the topic of ALC use unrelated to ophthalmic surgical trials were excluded. A total of 15 studies were included based on the search criteria. Patient follow-up was limited to 18 months. Primary and secondary post-surgical outcomes were evaluated to assess the surgical effectiveness and complication risk of ALC use compared to alternative surgical techniques.
Results: ALC is a viable ophthalmic tissue for prospective use in ophthalmic surgery. Despite the limited number of studies conducted on the topic, the results presented have shown promise. Three studies demonstrated superior post-surgical outcomes in ALC-utilizing procedures compared to other ophthalmologic interventions. Remaining studies included in this review have demonstrated potential equivalence of outcomes after ALC-utilizing surgeries to established surgical methods without presenting new limitations and complications.
Conclusions: ALC is an abundant, routinely discarded tissue during cataract surgery. It possesses unique properties of acellularity, optical transparency, and immunologic nativity to the human eye, which enables it to be an excellent donor tissue for ophthalmic surgeries ranging from corneal defect management to prolonging the longevity of anti-glaucoma filtering blebs. The use of ALC autografts in ophthalmic surgery allows for augmentation of standard procedures in phakic patients, delivering satisfactory outcomes and potentially reducing costs. Further research into ALC collection, processing, and long-term storage is needed to enable ALC allograft use in pseudophakic and aphakic patients.
{"title":"Overview of Current and Prospective Applications of the Anterior Lens Capsule in Eye Surgery.","authors":"Marián Okál, Martin Horák, Alina-Dana Baxant, Martin Penčák, Pavel Studený, Magdaléna Netuková","doi":"10.1080/02713683.2025.2599507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2025.2599507","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This review provides an outcome-oriented, comprehensive summary of published works on the topic of repurposing the anterior lens capsule (ALC) in various subfields of ophthalmic surgery. Covering a broad spectrum of studies ranging from pre-clinical experiments on animal models to blinded prospective clinical trials involving patients.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>National Institute of Health (NIH) and COCHRANE libraries were comprehensively searched for published works covering the topic of ALC utilization in corneal, retinal, and glaucoma surgical procedures. Studies covering the topic of ALC use unrelated to ophthalmic surgical trials were excluded. A total of 15 studies were included based on the search criteria. Patient follow-up was limited to 18 months. Primary and secondary post-surgical outcomes were evaluated to assess the surgical effectiveness and complication risk of ALC use compared to alternative surgical techniques.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ALC is a viable ophthalmic tissue for prospective use in ophthalmic surgery. Despite the limited number of studies conducted on the topic, the results presented have shown promise. Three studies demonstrated superior post-surgical outcomes in ALC-utilizing procedures compared to other ophthalmologic interventions. Remaining studies included in this review have demonstrated potential equivalence of outcomes after ALC-utilizing surgeries to established surgical methods without presenting new limitations and complications.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>ALC is an abundant, routinely discarded tissue during cataract surgery. It possesses unique properties of acellularity, optical transparency, and immunologic nativity to the human eye, which enables it to be an excellent donor tissue for ophthalmic surgeries ranging from corneal defect management to prolonging the longevity of anti-glaucoma filtering blebs. The use of ALC autografts in ophthalmic surgery allows for augmentation of standard procedures in phakic patients, delivering satisfactory outcomes and potentially reducing costs. Further research into ALC collection, processing, and long-term storage is needed to enable ALC allograft use in pseudophakic and aphakic patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":10782,"journal":{"name":"Current Eye Research","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145773906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: This study aims to investigate the longitudinal changes in ocular biometry in mice treated with exogenous all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) and make comparisons with the lens-induced myopia (LIM) model.
Materials and methods: Male C57BL/6J mice were administered 10 µl of atRA (1 milligram [mg]/milliliter [mL]) every other two days via peribulbar injection. The LIM group received monocular -30D lenses. Ocular biometrics were measured on Days 0, 3, 6, 10, and 15 using swept-source optical coherence tomography. Scleral thickness (ST) and retinal arc length (RAL) were measured on histological sections.
Results: Both exogenous atRA and negative lenses induced longer axial length (AL) from Day 3 and thinner retinal thickness (RT) from Day 6 (all p < 0.05). An increase in vitreous chamber depth (VCD) was noted from Day 3 in atRA-Treated (p = 0.001) eyes and from Day 6 in LIM-Treated eyes (p < 0.001). The interocular difference in lens thickness (LT) varied significantly over time (p = 0.004) in the atRA group. The LT to AL ratios (LT/AL) for atRA-Treated eyes were notably higher than those for the LIM eyes on Days 10 and 15 (all p < 0.05). The VCD to AL ratios (VCD/AL) were comparable between the two groups, with notable declines observed in the late stage (all p < 0.01). Additionally, both treatment groups showed similarly reduced ST and larger RAL than untreated eyes.
Conclusions: Mice treated with exogenous atRA demonstrated comparable longitudinal ocular biometric alterations to the LIM model, except for the relatively thicker lenses.
目的:研究外源性全反式维甲酸(atRA)治疗小鼠眼生物计量学的纵向变化,并与晶状体性近视(LIM)模型进行比较。材料与方法:雄性C57BL/6J小鼠经球周注射atRA 10µl(1毫克/毫升),每隔两天注射一次。LIM组接受单眼-30D透镜。在第0、3、6、10和15天使用扫源光学相干断层扫描测量眼部生物特征。在组织学切片上测量巩膜厚度(ST)和视网膜弧长(RAL)。结果:外源性atRA组和阴性透镜均导致眼轴长(AL)从第3天开始变长,视网膜厚度(RT)从第6天开始变薄(所有p p = 0.001),而atRA组则从第6天开始变薄(p p = 0.004)。在第10天和第15天,atRA治疗的眼睛的LT/AL比(LT/AL)明显高于LIM模型(所有p)。结论:外源性atRA治疗的小鼠除了相对较厚的晶状体外,与LIM模型表现出相当的纵向眼生物特征改变。
{"title":"Exogenous All-<i>Trans</i> Retinoic Acid Induces Similar Longitudinal Changes in Ocular Biometry to Hyperopic Defocus in Mice.","authors":"Biyun Zhan, Yangyi Huang, Xuejun Wang, Weijung Ten, Yuliang Wang, Xingtao Zhou","doi":"10.1080/02713683.2025.2596953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2025.2596953","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aims to investigate the longitudinal changes in ocular biometry in mice treated with exogenous all-<i>trans</i> retinoic acid (atRA) and make comparisons with the lens-induced myopia (LIM) model.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Male C57BL/6J mice were administered 10 µl of atRA (1 milligram [mg]/milliliter [mL]) every other two days <i>via</i> peribulbar injection. The LIM group received monocular -30D lenses. Ocular biometrics were measured on Days 0, 3, 6, 10, and 15 using swept-source optical coherence tomography. Scleral thickness (ST) and retinal arc length (RAL) were measured on histological sections.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both exogenous atRA and negative lenses induced longer axial length (AL) from Day 3 and thinner retinal thickness (RT) from Day 6 (all <i>p</i> < 0.05). An increase in vitreous chamber depth (VCD) was noted from Day 3 in atRA-Treated (<i>p</i> = 0.001) eyes and from Day 6 in LIM-Treated eyes (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The interocular difference in lens thickness (LT) varied significantly over time (<i>p</i> = 0.004) in the atRA group. The LT to AL ratios (LT/AL) for atRA-Treated eyes were notably higher than those for the LIM eyes on Days 10 and 15 (all <i>p</i> < 0.05). The VCD to AL ratios (VCD/AL) were comparable between the two groups, with notable declines observed in the late stage (all <i>p</i> < 0.01). Additionally, both treatment groups showed similarly reduced ST and larger RAL than untreated eyes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Mice treated with exogenous atRA demonstrated comparable longitudinal ocular biometric alterations to the LIM model, except for the relatively thicker lenses.</p>","PeriodicalId":10782,"journal":{"name":"Current Eye Research","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145773940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2025.2601169
Yuanyue Cui, Yizhen Sang, Bo Hou, Jing Jin, Dandan Xie, Wei Wang
Purpose: Growing evidence implicates gut microbiota dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). This study aimed to investigate the associations between dietary index for gut microbiota (DI-GM), a novel metric reflecting gut microbiota composition and diversity, and DR risk, as well as to examine the mediating role of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers.
Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed 4,003 diabetic individuals (mean age 59 years, 51.21% men) from 1999-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. DI-GM was derived from self-reported 24-hour dietary recalls. Mediation analysis was used to investigate the role of inflammation (neutrophils, lymphocytes, and alkaline phosphatase) and oxidative stress (gamma-glutamyl transferase, uric acid, and total bilirubin) biomarkers in the effects of DI-GM on DR prevalence. Binary logistic regression analysis was adopted to explore the association of DI-GM and DR prevalence.
Results: The prevalence of DR was 19.64%. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) for the association between DI-GM and DR prevalence was 0.73 (0.68-0.79). Restricted cubic spline curves showed a non-linear inverse relationship between DI-GM and DR prevalence. Subgroup analysis indicated that the association between DI-GM and DR prevalence was more pronounced in participants with a body mass index > 25 kg/m2. Alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin mediated 10.27% and 9.45% of the effects of DI-GM scores on DR prevalence.
Conclusions: Adherence to microbiota-friendly diet was associated with a lower DR prevalence, especially among individuals with overweight or obesity. Alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin may be associated with the gut microbiota-retina interactions in DR.
{"title":"Associations of Microbiota-Friendly Diet with Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy in NHANES: Mediating Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation.","authors":"Yuanyue Cui, Yizhen Sang, Bo Hou, Jing Jin, Dandan Xie, Wei Wang","doi":"10.1080/02713683.2025.2601169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2025.2601169","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Growing evidence implicates gut microbiota dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). This study aimed to investigate the associations between dietary index for gut microbiota (DI-GM), a novel metric reflecting gut microbiota composition and diversity, and DR risk, as well as to examine the mediating role of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study analyzed 4,003 diabetic individuals (mean age 59 years, 51.21% men) from 1999-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. DI-GM was derived from self-reported 24-hour dietary recalls. Mediation analysis was used to investigate the role of inflammation (neutrophils, lymphocytes, and alkaline phosphatase) and oxidative stress (gamma-glutamyl transferase, uric acid, and total bilirubin) biomarkers in the effects of DI-GM on DR prevalence. Binary logistic regression analysis was adopted to explore the association of DI-GM and DR prevalence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of DR was 19.64%. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) for the association between DI-GM and DR prevalence was 0.73 (0.68-0.79). Restricted cubic spline curves showed a non-linear inverse relationship between DI-GM and DR prevalence. Subgroup analysis indicated that the association between DI-GM and DR prevalence was more pronounced in participants with a body mass index > 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin mediated 10.27% and 9.45% of the effects of DI-GM scores on DR prevalence.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Adherence to microbiota-friendly diet was associated with a lower DR prevalence, especially among individuals with overweight or obesity. Alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin may be associated with the gut microbiota-retina interactions in DR.</p>","PeriodicalId":10782,"journal":{"name":"Current Eye Research","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145773895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-14DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2025.2601175
Xiaoran Zhang, Kailei Wang, Xiao Wang, Rui Hao
Purpose: To investigate the variations in retinal thickness and choroidal thickness at different distances from the optic disk in the guinea pigs.
Methods: Twenty 3-week-old pigmented guinea pigs were randomly divided into a normal control group and a lens-induced myopia group. The normal control group received no intervention, while the lens-induced myopia group wore a -10D lens on the right eye to induce myopia and a 0D lens on the left eye as control. Refraction, axial length, corneal curvature radius, vitreous chamber depth, retinal thickness, and choroidal thickness were measured at baseline, 2 and 4 weeks. Centered on the optic disk, concentric circles with radii of 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500 μm were drawn using Image J software (Bethesda, MD) to partition the retina and choroid.
Results: After 4 weeks, lens-induced myopia-eyes showed lower refraction (lens-induced myopia vs. normal control, -1.38 ± 0.91D vs. 2.64 ± 0.76D, p < 0.0001), retinal thickness (lens-induced myopia vs. normal control, 149.14 ± 4.64 μm vs. 159.63 ± 4.64 μm, p < 0.0001) and choroidal thickness (39.07 ± 3.30 μm vs. 45.80 ± 5.32 μm, p < 0.01), and increased axial length (lens-induced myopia vs. normal control, 8.34 ± 0.20 mm vs. 8.01 ± 0.16 mm, p < 0.0001) and vitreous chamber depth (lens-induced myopia vs. normal control, 3.87 ± 0.11 mm vs. 3.50 ± 0.11 mm, p < 0.0001) compared with the normal control group and Fellow-eye. At week 4, retinal thickness at all positions of the lens-induced myopia-eye differed from normal control and Fellow-eye, while choroidal thickness differed only at 1500 μm and 2000 µm. Thinning of retinal thickness and choroidal thickness are both at distances of 1500 μm and 2000 μm. Mean retinal thickness and choroidal thickness correlated positively with refraction, but the changes in retinal thickness and choroidal thickness at each position are not correlated with the changes in RE.
Conclusion: The structural changes in the retina and choroid during myopia progression are region-specific rather than uniform across the posterior pole.
目的:观察离视盘不同距离时豚鼠视网膜和脉络膜厚度的变化。方法:将23周龄的有色豚鼠随机分为正常对照组和晶状体性近视组。正常对照组不进行干预,晶状体性近视组右眼佩戴-10D晶状体诱导近视,左眼佩戴0D晶状体作为对照。在基线、2周和4周时测量屈光度、眼轴长度、角膜曲率半径、玻璃体腔深度、视网膜厚度和脉络膜厚度。以视盘为中心,用Image J软件(Bethesda, MD)绘制半径分别为1000、1500、2000、2500 μm的同心圆,划分视网膜和脉络膜。结果:4周后,晶状体性近视眼屈光度较低(晶状体性近视与正常对照,-1.38±0.91D vs. 2.64±0.76D, p p p p p p)。结论:近视进展过程中视网膜和脉络膜的结构变化具有区域特异性,而不是均匀分布于后极。
{"title":"Regional Changes in Retinal and Choroidal Thickness in Lens-Induced Myopic Guinea Pigs.","authors":"Xiaoran Zhang, Kailei Wang, Xiao Wang, Rui Hao","doi":"10.1080/02713683.2025.2601175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2025.2601175","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the variations in retinal thickness and choroidal thickness at different distances from the optic disk in the guinea pigs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty 3-week-old pigmented guinea pigs were randomly divided into a normal control group and a lens-induced myopia group. The normal control group received no intervention, while the lens-induced myopia group wore a -10D lens on the right eye to induce myopia and a 0D lens on the left eye as control. Refraction, axial length, corneal curvature radius, vitreous chamber depth, retinal thickness, and choroidal thickness were measured at baseline, 2 and 4 weeks. Centered on the optic disk, concentric circles with radii of 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500 μm were drawn using Image J software (Bethesda, MD) to partition the retina and choroid.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After 4 weeks, lens-induced myopia-eyes showed lower refraction (lens-induced myopia vs. normal control, -1.38 ± 0.91D vs. 2.64 ± 0.76D, <i>p</i> < 0.0001), retinal thickness (lens-induced myopia vs. normal control, 149.14 ± 4.64 μm vs. 159.63 ± 4.64 μm, <i>p</i> < 0.0001) and choroidal thickness (39.07 ± 3.30 μm vs. 45.80 ± 5.32 μm, <i>p</i> < 0.01), and increased axial length (lens-induced myopia vs. normal control, 8.34 ± 0.20 mm vs. 8.01 ± 0.16 mm, <i>p</i> < 0.0001) and vitreous chamber depth (lens-induced myopia vs. normal control, 3.87 ± 0.11 mm vs. 3.50 ± 0.11 mm, <i>p</i> < 0.0001) compared with the normal control group and Fellow-eye. At week 4, retinal thickness at all positions of the lens-induced myopia-eye differed from normal control and Fellow-eye, while choroidal thickness differed only at 1500 μm and 2000 µm. Thinning of retinal thickness and choroidal thickness are both at distances of 1500 μm and 2000 μm. Mean retinal thickness and choroidal thickness correlated positively with refraction, but the changes in retinal thickness and choroidal thickness at each position are not correlated with the changes in RE.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The structural changes in the retina and choroid during myopia progression are region-specific rather than uniform across the posterior pole.</p>","PeriodicalId":10782,"journal":{"name":"Current Eye Research","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145755115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-14DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2025.2602903
Lu Shi, Sanhua Xu, Yanhua Cheng, Chen Wu, Xinbang Mao, Jun Huang
Purpose: Uveitis is a irreversible blinding eye disease with unknown mechanism. The imbalance of Treg/Th17 caused by the interaction of genetics and environment is the core mechanism of the occurrence and development of uveitis. We aimed to confirm that intestinal immune imbalance aggravates uveitis.
Methods: The experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) model was established by immunizing mice with IRBP1-20. Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of CD4 + T lymphocytes, dendritic cells and memory CD4 + T cells in the intestinal lamina propria on days 7 and 14 of induction. Fitc-dextran test was used to detect intestinal permeability, and RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of occludin and ZO-1 in intestinal epithelial cells. The ROS level in intestinal epithelial cells was detected by ROS probe, and the expression levels of NLRP3 inflammasome, caspase-1 and IL-1β in intestinal epithelial cells were detected by WB. In addition, antioxidant was administered via intraperitoneal injection to induce protection against EAU, clinical scores were used to assess disease progression. Flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of Th17 and Treg cells in the mesenteric draining lymph nodes.
Results: In the early stages of EAU, CD4+ T cells, dendritic cells, and memory CD4+ T cells were observed in the intestinal lamina propria. Additionally, dysfunction of the intestinal epithelial barrier was characterized by increased FITC-dextran permeability and decreased occludin and ZO-1 expression, highlighting its role in the pathogenesis of EAU. Notably, we also detected elevated levels of ROS, NLRP3 inflammasome, caspase-1, and IL-1β in the intestinal epithelium of EAU mice. Antioxidant treatment in EAU mice demonstrated a protective effect by inhibiting the expression of ROS, NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β in intestinal epithelial cells.
Conclusions: Activation of the intestinal ROS-NLRP3 axis leads to a disruption in the balance between Teff cells and Treg cells, contributing to the pathogenesis of uveitis.
{"title":"ROS-NLRP3 Axis in Intestinal Epithelial Cells is Involved in the Development of Autoimmune Uveitis.","authors":"Lu Shi, Sanhua Xu, Yanhua Cheng, Chen Wu, Xinbang Mao, Jun Huang","doi":"10.1080/02713683.2025.2602903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2025.2602903","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Uveitis is a irreversible blinding eye disease with unknown mechanism. The imbalance of Treg/Th17 caused by the interaction of genetics and environment is the core mechanism of the occurrence and development of uveitis. We aimed to confirm that intestinal immune imbalance aggravates uveitis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) model was established by immunizing mice with IRBP1-20. Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of CD4 + T lymphocytes, dendritic cells and memory CD4 + T cells in the intestinal lamina propria on days 7 and 14 of induction. Fitc-dextran test was used to detect intestinal permeability, and RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of occludin and ZO-1 in intestinal epithelial cells. The ROS level in intestinal epithelial cells was detected by ROS probe, and the expression levels of NLRP3 inflammasome, caspase-1 and IL-1β in intestinal epithelial cells were detected by WB. In addition, antioxidant was administered <i>via</i> intraperitoneal injection to induce protection against EAU, clinical scores were used to assess disease progression. Flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of Th17 and Treg cells in the mesenteric draining lymph nodes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the early stages of EAU, CD4+ T cells, dendritic cells, and memory CD4+ T cells were observed in the intestinal lamina propria. Additionally, dysfunction of the intestinal epithelial barrier was characterized by increased FITC-dextran permeability and decreased occludin and ZO-1 expression, highlighting its role in the pathogenesis of EAU. Notably, we also detected elevated levels of ROS, NLRP3 inflammasome, caspase-1, and IL-1β in the intestinal epithelium of EAU mice. Antioxidant treatment in EAU mice demonstrated a protective effect by inhibiting the expression of ROS, NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β in intestinal epithelial cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Activation of the intestinal ROS-NLRP3 axis leads to a disruption in the balance between Teff cells and Treg cells, contributing to the pathogenesis of uveitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":10782,"journal":{"name":"Current Eye Research","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145755278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-14DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2025.2601181
Yunhai Dai, Andrew Hoover, Lei Wan, Justin H Townsend, Yehoshua Zohar, Hong Jiang, Jianhua Wang
Purpose: To determine whether conjunctival and retinal microcirculatory improvements induced by Ocufolin® supplementation are independently regulated in mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (MDR).
Methods: Eighteen MDR patients (18 eyes) received Ocufolin® for six months. Conjunctival flow rate (Q) and vessel density (CVD) were measured using a functional slit‑lamp biomicroscope. Retinal blood flow (RBF) and vessel densities in the superficial (SVP), deep (DVP), and total retinal vascular network (RVN) were obtained using retinal function imaging and OCT angiography. Measurements were taken at baseline, 4 months, and 6 months. Mean values from both eyes were averaged and correlations between conjunctival and retinal parameters were analyzed.
Results: Q increased significantly from 91.71 ± 34.53 pl/s at baseline to 119.81 ± 40.75 pl/s at 4 months and 138.70 ± 75.37 pl/s at 6 months (p < 0.05). RBF also rose from 2.27 ± 0.71 nl/s to 2.78 ± 1.00 nl/s and 3.20 ± 0.89 nl/s (p < 0.05). Vessel densities (CVD, SVP, DVP, RVN) did not change significantly (p > 0.05). RBF and Q were correlated at baseline, but not at the fourth or sixth month. No other significant correlations were found between conjunctival (Q or CVD) and retinal (RBF or vessel density) metrics at any time point (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: As the first study to assess post‑supplementation correlations between conjunctival and retinal microcirculation in MDR, the study's findings show that Ocufolin® improved blood flow in both tissues. These results support using conjunctival and retinal measurements as complementary biomarkers in MDR evaluation.
目的:探讨在轻度非增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变(MDR)中,补充Ocufolin®诱导的结膜和视网膜微循环改善是否独立调节。方法:18例MDR患者(18只眼)接受Ocufolin®治疗6个月。使用功能性裂隙灯生物显微镜测量结膜流速(Q)和血管密度(CVD)。采用视网膜功能显像和OCT血管造影获得视网膜血流量(RBF)和浅表(SVP)、深部(DVP)及视网膜总血管网(RVN)血管密度。在基线、4个月和6个月时进行测量。取双眼平均值,并分析结膜和视网膜参数之间的相关性。结果:Q值从基线时的91.71±34.53 pl/s显著增加到4个月时的119.81±40.75 pl/s和6个月时的138.70±75.37 pl/s (p p p > 0.05)。RBF与Q在基线时相关,但在第4、6个月时不相关。在任何时间点结膜(Q或CVD)和视网膜(RBF或血管密度)指标之间未发现其他显著相关性(p < 0.05)。结论:作为第一个评估MDR患者结膜和视网膜微循环补充后相关性的研究,研究结果表明Ocufolin®改善了这两个组织的血流。这些结果支持使用结膜和视网膜测量作为MDR评估的补充生物标志物。
{"title":"Independent Conjunctival and Retinal Microcirculatory Improvements Following Ocufolin<sup>®</sup> Supplementation in Mild Diabetic Retinopathy.","authors":"Yunhai Dai, Andrew Hoover, Lei Wan, Justin H Townsend, Yehoshua Zohar, Hong Jiang, Jianhua Wang","doi":"10.1080/02713683.2025.2601181","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02713683.2025.2601181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine whether conjunctival and retinal microcirculatory improvements induced by Ocufolin<sup>®</sup> supplementation are independently regulated in mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (MDR).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighteen MDR patients (18 eyes) received Ocufolin<sup>®</sup> for six months. Conjunctival flow rate (Q) and vessel density (CVD) were measured using a functional slit‑lamp biomicroscope. Retinal blood flow (RBF) and vessel densities in the superficial (SVP), deep (DVP), and total retinal vascular network (RVN) were obtained using retinal function imaging and OCT angiography. Measurements were taken at baseline, 4 months, and 6 months. Mean values from both eyes were averaged and correlations between conjunctival and retinal parameters were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Q increased significantly from 91.71 ± 34.53 pl/s at baseline to 119.81 ± 40.75 pl/s at 4 months and 138.70 ± 75.37 pl/s at 6 months (<i>p</i> < 0.05). RBF also rose from 2.27 ± 0.71 nl/s to 2.78 ± 1.00 nl/s and 3.20 ± 0.89 nl/s (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Vessel densities (CVD, SVP, DVP, RVN) did not change significantly (<i>p</i> > 0.05). RBF and Q were correlated at baseline, but not at the fourth or sixth month. No other significant correlations were found between conjunctival (Q or CVD) and retinal (RBF or vessel density) metrics at any time point (<i>p</i> > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>As the first study to assess post‑supplementation correlations between conjunctival and retinal microcirculation in MDR, the study's findings show that Ocufolin<sup>®</sup> improved blood flow in both tissues. These results support using conjunctival and retinal measurements as complementary biomarkers in MDR evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":10782,"journal":{"name":"Current Eye Research","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12882741/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145755165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}