Mariya Stankeva Hake, Fernando López Vicente, Luis Molina
In this paper we compare the determinants of loan dollarisation in two emerging market regions, namely Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe (CESEE) and Latin America, by means of a meta-analysis of 32 studies that provide around 1,200 estimated coefficients for six drivers of foreign currency lending. One common pattern we identify is that macroeconomic instability (as expressed by inflation volatility) and banks’ funding in foreign currency play a significant role in explaining loan dollarisation in both regions. By contrast, the interest rate differential appears to be a key determinant only in Latin America, while the positive impact of exchange rate volatility on dollarisation implies a more prominent role for supply factors in the CESEE region. While the robustness of the results has been verified, our meta-analysis shows that estimates reported in the literature tend to be influenced by study characteristics such as the methodology applied and the data used.
{"title":"Do the Drivers of Loan Dollarisation Differ between CESEE and Latin America? A Meta-Analysis","authors":"Mariya Stankeva Hake, Fernando López Vicente, Luis Molina","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2419385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2419385","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we compare the determinants of loan dollarisation in two emerging market regions, namely Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe (CESEE) and Latin America, by means of a meta-analysis of 32 studies that provide around 1,200 estimated coefficients for six drivers of foreign currency lending. One common pattern we identify is that macroeconomic instability (as expressed by inflation volatility) and banks’ funding in foreign currency play a significant role in explaining loan dollarisation in both regions. By contrast, the interest rate differential appears to be a key determinant only in Latin America, while the positive impact of exchange rate volatility on dollarisation implies a more prominent role for supply factors in the CESEE region. While the robustness of the results has been verified, our meta-analysis shows that estimates reported in the literature tend to be influenced by study characteristics such as the methodology applied and the data used.","PeriodicalId":107878,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Globalization (Sustainability) (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128886127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global (GPFG), the largest sovereign wealth fund in the world and thus arguably one of the most influential investors in the marketplace, is at the forefront of responsible investing. This article examines reform proposals that have been suggested by a government appointed body mandated to assess the GPFG's work on responsible investment and suggests additional reforms to enhance its effectiveness as a responsible investor.
{"title":"Investing in Sustainability: Reform Proposals for the Ethics Guidelines of the Norwegian Sovereign Wealth Fund","authors":"A. Halvorssen, Cody D. Eldredge","doi":"10.54648/eucl2014021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54648/eucl2014021","url":null,"abstract":"The Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global (GPFG), the largest sovereign wealth fund in the world and thus arguably one of the most influential investors in the marketplace, is at the forefront of responsible investing. This article examines reform proposals that have been suggested by a government appointed body mandated to assess the GPFG's work on responsible investment and suggests additional reforms to enhance its effectiveness as a responsible investor.","PeriodicalId":107878,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Globalization (Sustainability) (Topic)","volume":"254 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133612574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-03-17DOI: 10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim280020435
F. Dobbin
Greta Krippner submitted Capitalizing on Crisis to Harvard University Press at the end of the summer of 2008, before the Great Recession began. I read it as a member of the press board, and we all thought Krippner had a career ahead as a psychic.
{"title":"Review of Greta Krippner, Capitalizing on Crisis: The Political Origins of the Rise of Finance","authors":"F. Dobbin","doi":"10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim280020435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim280020435","url":null,"abstract":"Greta Krippner submitted Capitalizing on Crisis to Harvard University Press at the end of the summer of 2008, before the Great Recession began. I read it as a member of the press board, and we all thought Krippner had a career ahead as a psychic.","PeriodicalId":107878,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Globalization (Sustainability) (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129971865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ken’ichi Matsumoto, V. Voudouris, K. Andriosopoulos
The role of unconventional resources (e.g., oil sands and extra-heavy oil) is anticipated to increase in the global oil market. Although we are facing a scarcity of conventional (low cost) oil resources, unconventional oil resources might manage (for a period of time) to supply constraints in terms of meeting expected increases in oil demand. Here, we use the ACEGES (Agent-based Computational Economics of the Global Energy System) model to investigate the potential impact of unconventional oil resources on the future evolution of the oil market on a global scale. The key assumption of the model is that technological improvements will allow unconventional oil production to increase at a rate similar to the rate of production of the conventional oil resources. An important observation from the ACEGES-based simulations is the significant shift of the peak production of oil (both conventional and unconventional) if and only if technological progress will allow upstream extraction rates for unconventional resources, similar to the historic extraction rates of conventional oil. Given the estimated potential of total oil resources, the ACEGES-based scenario suggests that the unconventional oil production may shift the peak year of total oil by 60 years or more, assuming favourable upstream investment plans and a continuous increase in the demand for crude oil products at a reasonable price. However, increased total oil production might not meet the unconstrained (high) growth rates of oil demand.
{"title":"Unconventional Oil: Will It Satisfy Future Global Oil Demand?","authors":"Ken’ichi Matsumoto, V. Voudouris, K. Andriosopoulos","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2405666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2405666","url":null,"abstract":"The role of unconventional resources (e.g., oil sands and extra-heavy oil) is anticipated to increase in the global oil market. Although we are facing a scarcity of conventional (low cost) oil resources, unconventional oil resources might manage (for a period of time) to supply constraints in terms of meeting expected increases in oil demand. Here, we use the ACEGES (Agent-based Computational Economics of the Global Energy System) model to investigate the potential impact of unconventional oil resources on the future evolution of the oil market on a global scale. The key assumption of the model is that technological improvements will allow unconventional oil production to increase at a rate similar to the rate of production of the conventional oil resources. An important observation from the ACEGES-based simulations is the significant shift of the peak production of oil (both conventional and unconventional) if and only if technological progress will allow upstream extraction rates for unconventional resources, similar to the historic extraction rates of conventional oil. Given the estimated potential of total oil resources, the ACEGES-based scenario suggests that the unconventional oil production may shift the peak year of total oil by 60 years or more, assuming favourable upstream investment plans and a continuous increase in the demand for crude oil products at a reasonable price. However, increased total oil production might not meet the unconstrained (high) growth rates of oil demand.","PeriodicalId":107878,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Globalization (Sustainability) (Topic)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125101422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Governments are increasingly turning to the private sector to provide the capital, resources and/or know-how necessary for development and operation of infrastructure. In some cases, the involvement by the private sector will trigger coverage by an international investment treaty that overlies, and can override, the domestic law and contract that would otherwise be applicable to the project. This paper discusses the circumstances affecting when an investment treaty will apply and also highlights some of the ways that investment treaties can impact governance of infrastructure development and operation. While focusing on the relationship between investment treaties and investments in infrastructure, this paper is also relevant for the connections between investment treaties and other activities involving investor-state contracts (or quasi-contractual relationships) such as investments in the extractive industries.
{"title":"The Impact of Investment Treaties on Governance of Private Investment in Infrastructure","authors":"Lise Johnson","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2411575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2411575","url":null,"abstract":"Governments are increasingly turning to the private sector to provide the capital, resources and/or know-how necessary for development and operation of infrastructure. In some cases, the involvement by the private sector will trigger coverage by an international investment treaty that overlies, and can override, the domestic law and contract that would otherwise be applicable to the project. This paper discusses the circumstances affecting when an investment treaty will apply and also highlights some of the ways that investment treaties can impact governance of infrastructure development and operation. While focusing on the relationship between investment treaties and investments in infrastructure, this paper is also relevant for the connections between investment treaties and other activities involving investor-state contracts (or quasi-contractual relationships) such as investments in the extractive industries.","PeriodicalId":107878,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Globalization (Sustainability) (Topic)","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134547551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-03-01DOI: 10.5089/9781475579772.001
A. Berg, Enrico G. Berkes, Catherine A. Pattillo, A. Presbitero, Y. Yakhshilikov
The World Bank and the IMF have adopted a debt sustainability framework (DSF) to evaluate the risk of debt distress in Low Income Countries (LICs). At the core of the DSF are empirically-based thresholds for each of five different measures of the debt burden (the “debt threshold approach” DTA). The DSF contains a rule for aggregating the information contained in these five different variables which we label the “worst-case aggregator” (WCA) in view of the fact that the DSF considers a breach of any one of the thresholds sufficient to indicate a high risk of debt distress. However, neither the DTA nor the WCA has heretofore been subject to empirical testing. We find that: (1) the DTA loses information relative to a simple proposed alternative; (2) the WCA is too conservative (predicting crises too often) in terms of the loss function used in the DSF; and (3) the WCA is less accurate than some simple proposed alternative aggregators as a predictor of debt distress.
{"title":"Assessing Bias and Accuracy in the World Bank-IMF's Debt Sustainability Framework for Low-Income Countries","authors":"A. Berg, Enrico G. Berkes, Catherine A. Pattillo, A. Presbitero, Y. Yakhshilikov","doi":"10.5089/9781475579772.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5089/9781475579772.001","url":null,"abstract":"The World Bank and the IMF have adopted a debt sustainability framework (DSF) to evaluate the risk of debt distress in Low Income Countries (LICs). At the core of the DSF are empirically-based thresholds for each of five different measures of the debt burden (the “debt threshold approach” DTA). The DSF contains a rule for aggregating the information contained in these five different variables which we label the “worst-case aggregator” (WCA) in view of the fact that the DSF considers a breach of any one of the thresholds sufficient to indicate a high risk of debt distress. However, neither the DTA nor the WCA has heretofore been subject to empirical testing. We find that: (1) the DTA loses information relative to a simple proposed alternative; (2) the WCA is too conservative (predicting crises too often) in terms of the loss function used in the DSF; and (3) the WCA is less accurate than some simple proposed alternative aggregators as a predictor of debt distress.","PeriodicalId":107878,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Globalization (Sustainability) (Topic)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125119398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
More than six years have passed since the subprime mortgage crisis began in the US in the summer of 2007. In the following year, it spread to the entire world economy. Its consequences have not been fully overcome yet. Thus it’s not surprising that economists’ attention has been largely devoted to short-term, crisis-related issues like financial deleveraging and repairing the balance sheets of governments, corporations and households. For the macroeconomic policy debate, this means concentrating on demand management by using monetary and fiscal policy tools in order to return to a pre-crisis growth path. Rarely has the question been asked of whether or not this is a realistic goal, i.e., whether post-crisis growth can return to pre-crisis levels. An analysis of growth perspectives in the medium-to-long-term calls for using the neo-classical growth theory, according to which there are three factors at play: labor, capital and total factor productivity (TFP). In this brief we will try to figure out what their expected dynamics are and how much each of them can contribute to economic growth in the foreseeable future.
{"title":"When Will the Global Economy Return to Rapid Growth?","authors":"Marek A. Dąbrowski","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2388718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2388718","url":null,"abstract":"More than six years have passed since the subprime mortgage crisis began in the US in the summer of 2007. In the following year, it spread to the entire world economy. Its consequences have not been fully overcome yet. Thus it’s not surprising that economists’ attention has been largely devoted to short-term, crisis-related issues like financial deleveraging and repairing the balance sheets of governments, corporations and households. For the macroeconomic policy debate, this means concentrating on demand management by using monetary and fiscal policy tools in order to return to a pre-crisis growth path. Rarely has the question been asked of whether or not this is a realistic goal, i.e., whether post-crisis growth can return to pre-crisis levels. An analysis of growth perspectives in the medium-to-long-term calls for using the neo-classical growth theory, according to which there are three factors at play: labor, capital and total factor productivity (TFP). In this brief we will try to figure out what their expected dynamics are and how much each of them can contribute to economic growth in the foreseeable future.","PeriodicalId":107878,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Globalization (Sustainability) (Topic)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130841471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, India’s image at the popular level in Japan has changed considerably — from that of a poverty-stricken third world country to a modernizing nation with world class IT-enabled services and strength in many other commercial areas from biotechnology and medical science to financial services and pharmaceuticals. Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori’s visit to India in August 2000 was the beginning of a new era of India-Japan relations, which set the precedent for visits to India by his successors Mr. Junichiro Koizumi and Shinzo Abe. Since then, the two countries sought to strengthen bilateral ties through new initiatives and programmes ranging from economic and cultural linkages to defence and security. The year 2007 was celebrated as the Year of Friendship between India and Japan, which marked the 50th anniversary of the Cultural Agreement, concluded between them in 1957.
{"title":"India and Japan: Entering a New Era of Economic Relationship","authors":"A. Singh","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2383159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2383159","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, India’s image at the popular level in Japan has changed considerably — from that of a poverty-stricken third world country to a modernizing nation with world class IT-enabled services and strength in many other commercial areas from biotechnology and medical science to financial services and pharmaceuticals. Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori’s visit to India in August 2000 was the beginning of a new era of India-Japan relations, which set the precedent for visits to India by his successors Mr. Junichiro Koizumi and Shinzo Abe. Since then, the two countries sought to strengthen bilateral ties through new initiatives and programmes ranging from economic and cultural linkages to defence and security. The year 2007 was celebrated as the Year of Friendship between India and Japan, which marked the 50th anniversary of the Cultural Agreement, concluded between them in 1957.","PeriodicalId":107878,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Globalization (Sustainability) (Topic)","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130471765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Baker, N. Bloom, Brandice Canes-Wrone, S. Davis, Jonathan Rodden
There appears to be a strong upward drift in policy-related economic uncertainty after 1960. We consider two classes of explanations for this rise. The first stresses growth in government spending, taxes, and regulation. A second stresses increased political polarization and its implications for the policy-making process and policy choices. While the evidence is inconclusive, it suggests that both factors play a role in driving the secular increase in policy uncertainty over the last half century.
{"title":"Why Has U.S. Policy Uncertainty Risen Since 1960?","authors":"S. Baker, N. Bloom, Brandice Canes-Wrone, S. Davis, Jonathan Rodden","doi":"10.1257/AER.104.5.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/AER.104.5.56","url":null,"abstract":"There appears to be a strong upward drift in policy-related economic uncertainty after 1960. We consider two classes of explanations for this rise. The first stresses growth in government spending, taxes, and regulation. A second stresses increased political polarization and its implications for the policy-making process and policy choices. While the evidence is inconclusive, it suggests that both factors play a role in driving the secular increase in policy uncertainty over the last half century.","PeriodicalId":107878,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Globalization (Sustainability) (Topic)","volume":"464 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114358888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Globalization has produced a growing number of governance regimes beyond the reach of the domestic legal orders of states. These systems sometimes collide when their overlapping areas of competence lead to contradictory decisions or mutual obstruction. Is it possible to manage these collisions to produce order among colliding systems with no normative center, and if so, what may be the role of law for the solution of collision problems, and how does that role relate to non-legal regimes, what may be the role of non-legal approaches to a solution, and how do they relate to law, and what might concrete solutions look like? The purpose of this essay is to consider the issue of collision within one of its most interesting nexus points — in the elaboration of governance frameworks touching on the human rights impacts of economic activity by states, enterprises and individuals. That elaboration produces collisions between the state, international public and private organizations (enterprises and civil society actors), each with their distinct governance regimes. The thesis is that the development of governance regimes for the human rights impacts of economic activity suggests the way in which non-legal approaches play a crucial role in the creation of structures within which the collisions of polycentric governance, its necessary anarchic character, can be managed (but not ordered), and consequently the way in which law (and its principles of hierarchy and unitary systemicity) plays a less hegemonic role, that is, the way in which law has less to contribute toward the governance problem thus posed. The thesis is explored by considering the way in which the management of anarchy and the collision of governance regimes are being attempted through the operationalization of the United Nations Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights, and the three pillar framework from which it arose (state duty to protect, corporate responsibility to respect, and effective remedies for adverse effects of human rights), and its incorporation into the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. Part I considers the structures and premises of the emerging governance framework built into the Guiding Principles, and its points of collision with law based systems. Part II then considers the ramifications of collision, and the possibilities for systemic equilibrium. The emerging framework suggests a constitutional framework within which fracture and polycentric co-existence, of short duration, appear to be emerging as the stable state.
{"title":"Governance Polycentrism -- Hierarchy and Order Without Government in Business and Human Rights Regulation","authors":"L. Backer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2373734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2373734","url":null,"abstract":"Globalization has produced a growing number of governance regimes beyond the reach of the domestic legal orders of states. These systems sometimes collide when their overlapping areas of competence lead to contradictory decisions or mutual obstruction. Is it possible to manage these collisions to produce order among colliding systems with no normative center, and if so, what may be the role of law for the solution of collision problems, and how does that role relate to non-legal regimes, what may be the role of non-legal approaches to a solution, and how do they relate to law, and what might concrete solutions look like? The purpose of this essay is to consider the issue of collision within one of its most interesting nexus points — in the elaboration of governance frameworks touching on the human rights impacts of economic activity by states, enterprises and individuals. That elaboration produces collisions between the state, international public and private organizations (enterprises and civil society actors), each with their distinct governance regimes. The thesis is that the development of governance regimes for the human rights impacts of economic activity suggests the way in which non-legal approaches play a crucial role in the creation of structures within which the collisions of polycentric governance, its necessary anarchic character, can be managed (but not ordered), and consequently the way in which law (and its principles of hierarchy and unitary systemicity) plays a less hegemonic role, that is, the way in which law has less to contribute toward the governance problem thus posed. The thesis is explored by considering the way in which the management of anarchy and the collision of governance regimes are being attempted through the operationalization of the United Nations Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights, and the three pillar framework from which it arose (state duty to protect, corporate responsibility to respect, and effective remedies for adverse effects of human rights), and its incorporation into the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. Part I considers the structures and premises of the emerging governance framework built into the Guiding Principles, and its points of collision with law based systems. Part II then considers the ramifications of collision, and the possibilities for systemic equilibrium. The emerging framework suggests a constitutional framework within which fracture and polycentric co-existence, of short duration, appear to be emerging as the stable state.","PeriodicalId":107878,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Globalization (Sustainability) (Topic)","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123124070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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