In today's world of globalization, workers in the core also consume a significant part of their wages on manufactured goods produced in the Third World (China being a prime example of it). This article provides an analytic framework based on unequal interdependence to account for this possibility and present the relationships between the output of the manufacturing in the core, primary production in the periphery and manufacturing in the periphery. With such a source of demand in the core, this is independent of primary products, the rate of growth of the periphery become untethered to that of the core.
{"title":"Possibility of Global Development: The Chinese Case in the Light of Unequal Interdependence Theory","authors":"M. Alauddin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2437288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2437288","url":null,"abstract":"In today's world of globalization, workers in the core also consume a significant part of their wages on manufactured goods produced in the Third World (China being a prime example of it). This article provides an analytic framework based on unequal interdependence to account for this possibility and present the relationships between the output of the manufacturing in the core, primary production in the periphery and manufacturing in the periphery. With such a source of demand in the core, this is independent of primary products, the rate of growth of the periphery become untethered to that of the core.","PeriodicalId":107878,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Globalization (Sustainability) (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121211489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Is there a way to understand why some global environmental externalities are addressed effectively whereas others are not? The transaction costs of defining the property rights to mitigation benefits and costs is a useful framework for such analysis. This approach views international cooperation as a contractual process among country leaders to assign those property rights. Leaders cooperate when it serves domestic interests to do so. The demand for property rights comes from those who value and stand to gain from multilateral action. Property rights are supplied by international agreements that specify resource access and use, assign costs and benefits including outlining the size and duration of compensating transfer payments and determining who will pay and who will receive them. Four factors raise the transaction costs of assigning property rights: (i) scientific uncertainty regarding mitigation benefits and costs; (ii) varying preferences and perceptions across heterogeneous populations; (iii) asymmetric information; and (iv) the extent of compliance and new entry. These factors are used to examine the role of transaction costs in the establishment and allocation of property rights to provide globally-valued national parks, implement the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), execute the Montreal Protocol to control emissions that damage the stratospheric ozone layer, set limits on harvest of highly-migratory ocean fish stocks, and control greenhouse gas emissions (GHG).
{"title":"Addressing Global Environmental Externalities: Transaction Costs Considerations","authors":"G. Libecap","doi":"10.1257/JEL.52.2.424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/JEL.52.2.424","url":null,"abstract":"Is there a way to understand why some global environmental externalities are addressed effectively whereas others are not? The transaction costs of defining the property rights to mitigation benefits and costs is a useful framework for such analysis. This approach views international cooperation as a contractual process among country leaders to assign those property rights. Leaders cooperate when it serves domestic interests to do so. The demand for property rights comes from those who value and stand to gain from multilateral action. Property rights are supplied by international agreements that specify resource access and use, assign costs and benefits including outlining the size and duration of compensating transfer payments and determining who will pay and who will receive them. Four factors raise the transaction costs of assigning property rights: (i) scientific uncertainty regarding mitigation benefits and costs; (ii) varying preferences and perceptions across heterogeneous populations; (iii) asymmetric information; and (iv) the extent of compliance and new entry. These factors are used to examine the role of transaction costs in the establishment and allocation of property rights to provide globally-valued national parks, implement the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), execute the Montreal Protocol to control emissions that damage the stratospheric ozone layer, set limits on harvest of highly-migratory ocean fish stocks, and control greenhouse gas emissions (GHG).","PeriodicalId":107878,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Globalization (Sustainability) (Topic)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124001686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As cross-border movements of goods, capital, and labor are intensifying, it is likely that goods markets in East Asia will become increasingly integrated. This study investigates the current state of goods market integration in East Asia by measuring the extent of cross-border price differentials. Specifically, this study shows that compared with the European Union, East Asian markets are neither sufficiently integrated nor are they showing any price convergence over time.
{"title":"Cross-Border Price Differentials and Goods Market Integration in East Asia","authors":"W. Moon","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2286479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2286479","url":null,"abstract":"As cross-border movements of goods, capital, and labor are intensifying, it is likely that goods markets in East Asia will become increasingly integrated. This study investigates the current state of goods market integration in East Asia by measuring the extent of cross-border price differentials. Specifically, this study shows that compared with the European Union, East Asian markets are neither sufficiently integrated nor are they showing any price convergence over time.","PeriodicalId":107878,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Globalization (Sustainability) (Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130238803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bottom of the pyramid has been the most talked about topic in the last decade. While much has been said and written on the topic, corporate is yet to realize the true potential of this untapped market. This market segment needs to be treated differently. Offering low quality products at lower price might give access to the market but it cannot be sustainable strategy. For long term gains bottom of the pyramid needs to be nurtured like other market segments. The transformation of the bottom of the pyramid and the creation of a new and emerging market requires a total transformation of managerial practices in established MNCs. The traditional 4 P’s of the marketing, product, price, promotion and placement needs to be re-engineered exclusively for the bottom of the pyramid. This paper discusses the various moves taken by companies to harness the opportunity at the bottom of the pyramid.
{"title":"Redesigning Marketing Mix for the Bottom of the Pyramid","authors":"Sabeeha Fatma, Ashish Chandra","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2463131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2463131","url":null,"abstract":"Bottom of the pyramid has been the most talked about topic in the last decade. While much has been said and written on the topic, corporate is yet to realize the true potential of this untapped market. This market segment needs to be treated differently. Offering low quality products at lower price might give access to the market but it cannot be sustainable strategy. For long term gains bottom of the pyramid needs to be nurtured like other market segments. The transformation of the bottom of the pyramid and the creation of a new and emerging market requires a total transformation of managerial practices in established MNCs. The traditional 4 P’s of the marketing, product, price, promotion and placement needs to be re-engineered exclusively for the bottom of the pyramid. This paper discusses the various moves taken by companies to harness the opportunity at the bottom of the pyramid.","PeriodicalId":107878,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Globalization (Sustainability) (Topic)","volume":"224 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127188240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent times there has been a concerted attempt to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDIs) into Ghana. This is largely due to the need for development in the country, as a way of enhancing the standard of living of the people. Foreign Direct Investment (FDIs) is seen as a catalyst for this development.Most African countries including Ghana abound in natural resources. However, most of these resources are untapped due to inadequate capital and technical know-how to harness such resources. Ghana has had its fair share of Foreign Direct Investment (FDIs) in the recent years; mostly in the sectors of Mining, Banking, and Telecommunications; Road Construction, Broadcasting, Automobile and manufacturing Industries. Despite the apparent economic benefits to be accrued to both the nation and its citizens, there has been some criticism and public outcry against these foreign investments. Some are of the view that bringing foreign investors means entrusting the destiny of the nation into the hands of these foreigners. Others are of the opinion that these foreign investors have no genuine interest for the socio-cultural and economic development of the country; sometimes often downplay the very source of the identity – our cultural heritage. At least two issues make FDIs hotly debatable issues in Ghana as to whether FDIs really beneficial and leads to socio-economic development of the Ghanaian economy. Economic growth is not an end unto itself. Growing the economy is a vital task for every government, generations and generations yet unborn because of what economic growth brings; a better life for millions of Ghanaian people and hundreds of millions of people around the African continents.Foreign Direct Investment in Ghana faces major challenges that impede their smooth transition. This research paper discusses these issues as the basis of tackling major challenges faced by investors and its implication for policy makers if FDIs are to contribute for national development.
{"title":"Challenges of Foreign Direct Investment in Ghana, Examining Empirical Evidences in Vodafone Ghana","authors":"Dr. Samuel Amoako","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2262292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2262292","url":null,"abstract":"In recent times there has been a concerted attempt to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDIs) into Ghana. This is largely due to the need for development in the country, as a way of enhancing the standard of living of the people. Foreign Direct Investment (FDIs) is seen as a catalyst for this development.Most African countries including Ghana abound in natural resources. However, most of these resources are untapped due to inadequate capital and technical know-how to harness such resources. Ghana has had its fair share of Foreign Direct Investment (FDIs) in the recent years; mostly in the sectors of Mining, Banking, and Telecommunications; Road Construction, Broadcasting, Automobile and manufacturing Industries. Despite the apparent economic benefits to be accrued to both the nation and its citizens, there has been some criticism and public outcry against these foreign investments. Some are of the view that bringing foreign investors means entrusting the destiny of the nation into the hands of these foreigners. Others are of the opinion that these foreign investors have no genuine interest for the socio-cultural and economic development of the country; sometimes often downplay the very source of the identity – our cultural heritage. At least two issues make FDIs hotly debatable issues in Ghana as to whether FDIs really beneficial and leads to socio-economic development of the Ghanaian economy. Economic growth is not an end unto itself. Growing the economy is a vital task for every government, generations and generations yet unborn because of what economic growth brings; a better life for millions of Ghanaian people and hundreds of millions of people around the African continents.Foreign Direct Investment in Ghana faces major challenges that impede their smooth transition. This research paper discusses these issues as the basis of tackling major challenges faced by investors and its implication for policy makers if FDIs are to contribute for national development.","PeriodicalId":107878,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Globalization (Sustainability) (Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114744685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Subglobal climate policies induce changes in international competitiveness and favor a relocation of carbon-emitting activities to non-abating regions. In this paper, we evaluate the potential for CO2 abatement and the emissions `leakage' effect in the copper industry, a prominent energy-intensive trade-exposed sector. We formulate a plant-level spatial equilibrium model for copper commodities in which parameters describing the behavioral response of agents are calibrated to econometric estimates of price elasticities. We find producers and consumers to be price inelastic even in the long-run, making the copper industry unresponsive to climate policies. Monte Carlo simulations with our model based on statistical uncertainty on elasticity estimates suggest that around 30% of emissions reductions in industrialized countries would be compensated by an increase of emissions in non-abating countries.
{"title":"Subglobal Climate Agreements and Energy‐Intensive Activities: An Evaluation of Carbon Leakage in the Copper Industry","authors":"Bruno Lanz, T. Rutherford, J. Tilton","doi":"10.1111/twec.12051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12051","url":null,"abstract":"Subglobal climate policies induce changes in international competitiveness and favor a relocation of carbon-emitting activities to non-abating regions. In this paper, we evaluate the potential for CO2 abatement and the emissions `leakage' effect in the copper industry, a prominent energy-intensive trade-exposed sector. We formulate a plant-level spatial equilibrium model for copper commodities in which parameters describing the behavioral response of agents are calibrated to econometric estimates of price elasticities. We find producers and consumers to be price inelastic even in the long-run, making the copper industry unresponsive to climate policies. Monte Carlo simulations with our model based on statistical uncertainty on elasticity estimates suggest that around 30% of emissions reductions in industrialized countries would be compensated by an increase of emissions in non-abating countries.","PeriodicalId":107878,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Globalization (Sustainability) (Topic)","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116821424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter offers a reflection upon the location of the vulnerable subject of Fineman's vulnerability thesis. It offers a critical engagement with the 'double-exisions' of body and context which found the liberal legal order, focusing upon the implications of embodiment and context, locating the vulnerable subject within the conditions of advanced neoliberal globalisation, and reflecting upon the implications of unevenness and Radhakrishnan's notion of co-symptomaticity for the vulnerability thesis.
{"title":"Vulnerability, Advanced Global Capitalization and Co-Symptomatic Injustice: Locating the Vulnerable Subject","authors":"Anna Grear","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2211357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2211357","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter offers a reflection upon the location of the vulnerable subject of Fineman's vulnerability thesis. It offers a critical engagement with the 'double-exisions' of body and context which found the liberal legal order, focusing upon the implications of embodiment and context, locating the vulnerable subject within the conditions of advanced neoliberal globalisation, and reflecting upon the implications of unevenness and Radhakrishnan's notion of co-symptomaticity for the vulnerability thesis.","PeriodicalId":107878,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Globalization (Sustainability) (Topic)","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133207934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
China, ASEAN and the US remain the most significant players in the South China Sea. Relationships among the triangle set the tone for the situation in the South China Sea. In recent years, action-reaction cycle in the South China Sea has increased tension in the region, deteriorated relations between China and its neighboring countries, posed challenges for ASEAN in maintaining centrality in the regional security structure, and strengthened US determination to "rebalance" toward Asia. The South China Sea issue has become the bellwether for how China will rise peacefully and play by established rules, a test case for the US in sustaining its supremacy in the region and a challenger for ASEAN unity. This paper will explore the interests and policy of China, ASEAN and the US in the South China Sea, analyze the interrelationships within the triangle in recent years and envisage its implications for regional stability.
{"title":"China, ASEAN, US in the South China Sea: Rebalancing the Triangle","authors":"T. Thuy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2233309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2233309","url":null,"abstract":"China, ASEAN and the US remain the most significant players in the South China Sea. Relationships among the triangle set the tone for the situation in the South China Sea. In recent years, action-reaction cycle in the South China Sea has increased tension in the region, deteriorated relations between China and its neighboring countries, posed challenges for ASEAN in maintaining centrality in the regional security structure, and strengthened US determination to \"rebalance\" toward Asia. The South China Sea issue has become the bellwether for how China will rise peacefully and play by established rules, a test case for the US in sustaining its supremacy in the region and a challenger for ASEAN unity. This paper will explore the interests and policy of China, ASEAN and the US in the South China Sea, analyze the interrelationships within the triangle in recent years and envisage its implications for regional stability.","PeriodicalId":107878,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Globalization (Sustainability) (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129816327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, the long-lasting effects of the 2007-2008 global economic crises on the economy of the United States and Europe have been investigated and presented separately. In these economies, the permanence of this effect is given. Similar and different aspects are explained in terms of both economies. During the investigation in order to remove the impact of the crisis of the consequences of the economic policy is not the same for all countries approved. At the same time save the programs that are applied in European countries revealed that there was not a success. The comparative analysis of the U.S. economy has been carried out with the European economy. The same analysis can be concluded that such a crisis that began in America and Europe had more effect on Greece, Italy and Spain were the countries of the European countries due to the effects of the crisis.
{"title":"2007-2008 Qlobal Iqtisadi Böhranin Abş Və Avropa Iqtisadiyyatina Uzun Müddətli Təsirləri (Long-Term Effects of the 2007-2008 Global Economic Crises on the Economy of the United States and Europe)","authors":"E. Suleymanov, Anar Maharramli","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2180258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2180258","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the long-lasting effects of the 2007-2008 global economic crises on the economy of the United States and Europe have been investigated and presented separately. In these economies, the permanence of this effect is given. Similar and different aspects are explained in terms of both economies. During the investigation in order to remove the impact of the crisis of the consequences of the economic policy is not the same for all countries approved. At the same time save the programs that are applied in European countries revealed that there was not a success. The comparative analysis of the U.S. economy has been carried out with the European economy. The same analysis can be concluded that such a crisis that began in America and Europe had more effect on Greece, Italy and Spain were the countries of the European countries due to the effects of the crisis.","PeriodicalId":107878,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Globalization (Sustainability) (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132638839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-09-01DOI: 10.4337/9781781004272.00015
Chien-Huei Wu
In 2006, China published its first White Paper on African policy. This signaled China’s ambition to play a greater role in Africa, with influence based on its great volume of foreign aid to African countries and extensive trade and investment activities. The European Union (EU), traditionally a major actor through a variety of policy instruments, including preferential trade, economic partnership agreements and official development aid, has gradually realized that China is to be a competitor, if not a threat, in exercising influence in Africa. The competition for influence and conflicts of interest between the EU and China in Africa seem inevitable, not only over geopolitics, but also regarding human rights protection, environmental concerns and energy security issues. The worries of European politicians, academics and civil society center on China’s appetite for African resources, its human rights violations and environmental impacts. A widespread, albeit incomplete, perception is that as a result of fundamentally different values, there is a difference in approach between the EU and China: European conditionality versus Chinese non-interference. In this context, this chapter aims to compare the approaches of the EU and China toward African development policies, and to explore the feasibility of an EU–China–Africa trilateral relationship. It starts with a survey and critique of the existent regulatory frameworks and policy documents on African development policies, with an emphasis on trade preferences, economic partnership agreements and foreign aid, and looks to highlight the differences between the European and Chinese approaches. The chapter then examines the Commission communication entitled The EU, China and Africa: Towards Trilateral Dialogue and Cooperation, and explores the potential value and challenges of such a trilateral approach. A short conclusion summarizing the main findings and arguments of this chapter will be provided at the end.
{"title":"Beyond European Conditionality and Chinese Non-Interference: Articulating the EU-China-Africa Trilateral Relations","authors":"Chien-Huei Wu","doi":"10.4337/9781781004272.00015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781004272.00015","url":null,"abstract":"In 2006, China published its first White Paper on African policy. This signaled China’s ambition to play a greater role in Africa, with influence based on its great volume of foreign aid to African countries and extensive trade and investment activities. The European Union (EU), traditionally a major actor through a variety of policy instruments, including preferential trade, economic partnership agreements and official development aid, has gradually realized that China is to be a competitor, if not a threat, in exercising influence in Africa. The competition for influence and conflicts of interest between the EU and China in Africa seem inevitable, not only over geopolitics, but also regarding human rights protection, environmental concerns and energy security issues. The worries of European politicians, academics and civil society center on China’s appetite for African resources, its human rights violations and environmental impacts. A widespread, albeit incomplete, perception is that as a result of fundamentally different values, there is a difference in approach between the EU and China: European conditionality versus Chinese non-interference. In this context, this chapter aims to compare the approaches of the EU and China toward African development policies, and to explore the feasibility of an EU–China–Africa trilateral relationship. It starts with a survey and critique of the existent regulatory frameworks and policy documents on African development policies, with an emphasis on trade preferences, economic partnership agreements and foreign aid, and looks to highlight the differences between the European and Chinese approaches. The chapter then examines the Commission communication entitled The EU, China and Africa: Towards Trilateral Dialogue and Cooperation, and explores the potential value and challenges of such a trilateral approach. A short conclusion summarizing the main findings and arguments of this chapter will be provided at the end.","PeriodicalId":107878,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Globalization (Sustainability) (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128361866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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