Pub Date : 2005-11-01DOI: 10.1177/1466802505057716
Coretta Phillips
This article considers the role and influence of black and Asian professional associations in the criminal justice services, five years on from the pivotal Lawrence Inquiry (1999) and its assertion that ‘institutional racism’ was endemic in the British police service. Drawing on interviews with Chairpersons of seven professional associations, and a small case study of the Association of Black Probation Officers, the article explores their internal supportive function in assisting members who have experienced various forms of occupational racism. A tentative proposal is made for black and Asian professional associations to develop their external focus to utilize members’ life skills and cultural knowledge to challenge the institutional dynamics of racism within the criminal justice services, and to engage more directly with local black and Asian communities. Such work can be conceptually framed by conceiving of ethnicity as a resource.
{"title":"Facing inwards and outwards? Institutional racism, race equality and the role of Black and Asian professional associations","authors":"Coretta Phillips","doi":"10.1177/1466802505057716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1466802505057716","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers the role and influence of black and Asian professional associations in the criminal justice services, five years on from the pivotal Lawrence Inquiry (1999) and its assertion that ‘institutional racism’ was endemic in the British police service. Drawing on interviews with Chairpersons of seven professional associations, and a small case study of the Association of Black Probation Officers, the article explores their internal supportive function in assisting members who have experienced various forms of occupational racism. A tentative proposal is made for black and Asian professional associations to develop their external focus to utilize members’ life skills and cultural knowledge to challenge the institutional dynamics of racism within the criminal justice services, and to engage more directly with local black and Asian communities. Such work can be conceptually framed by conceiving of ethnicity as a resource.","PeriodicalId":10793,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice","volume":"24 1","pages":"357 - 377"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74798851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-08-01DOI: 10.1177/1466802505055831
Julian V. Roberts, M. Hough
This article presents findings from a survey that systematically explores public opinion, youth crime and justice in England and Wales. Particular emphasis was placed upon public reaction to restorative sentencing. The survey uncovered a number of misperceptions about youth crime. Few respondents rated youth courts as doing a good job, and most thought that sentences imposed on young offenders are too lenient. A considerable gap existed between the sentences that respondents wanted to see imposed on young offenders and the sentences that they assumed would be imposed. Generally speaking, expected sentences were less harsh than favoured punishments. When respondents were asked to impose sentence in case scenarios, there was significantly less support for custody as a sanction when the young offender had made some restorative steps such as writing a letter of apology and promising to make compensation to the victim. When asked about alternatives to imprisonment, significant proportions of respondents found alternatives to be satisfactory substitutes for imprisonment, a result consistent with research in other jurisdictions.
{"title":"Sentencing young offenders","authors":"Julian V. Roberts, M. Hough","doi":"10.1177/1466802505055831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1466802505055831","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents findings from a survey that systematically explores public opinion, youth crime and justice in England and Wales. Particular emphasis was placed upon public reaction to restorative sentencing. The survey uncovered a number of misperceptions about youth crime. Few respondents rated youth courts as doing a good job, and most thought that sentences imposed on young offenders are too lenient. A considerable gap existed between the sentences that respondents wanted to see imposed on young offenders and the sentences that they assumed would be imposed. Generally speaking, expected sentences were less harsh than favoured punishments. When respondents were asked to impose sentence in case scenarios, there was significantly less support for custody as a sanction when the young offender had made some restorative steps such as writing a letter of apology and promising to make compensation to the victim. When asked about alternatives to imprisonment, significant proportions of respondents found alternatives to be satisfactory substitutes for imprisonment, a result consistent with research in other jurisdictions.","PeriodicalId":10793,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice","volume":"502 1","pages":"211 - 232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80118127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-08-01DOI: 10.1177/1466802505055842
D. Downes
In early February, a new IKEA superstore—an ultra-rational cathedral of consumption—opened at midnight in Edmonton, North London, offering widely advertised heavy discounts on sofas and assorted furniture. The event attracted several thousand people, who burst past security guards to scrimmage for bargains. The store was forced to close after 30 minutes, some people were reportedly hospitalized and IKEA pronounced itself dismayed by the consumer frenzy it had generated. This erudite and ambitious book explores why contemporary criminology cannot cope with the task of explaining and understanding such phenomena. The first chapters revisit the history of cities over the past two centuries as the crucible of modernity. Their extraordinary growth trapped millions in poverty and slum housing while around them a new individualism was taking shape via the arcades and department stores that heralded the era of mass consumption. Social and artistic observers from Mayhew and Dickens to the Chicago School and Georg Simmel sought to capture what this swirl of change was doing to human consciousness. The complex emotions that they conveyed were, however, increasingly ignored by planners and architects who sought to impose rational order on diverse and often conflicting populations. The mass housing estates of the inter-war and immediate post-war years paid some regard to Garden City ideals but still left millions poorly housed. The combination of high-rise and low-income developments in the second wave of mass housing polarized the ‘haves’ and ‘have nots’ into zones of social inclusion and exclusion. Le Corbusier and often corrupt system building were not the answer. This leads into the central theme of the book, that
{"title":"Book Review: City Limits: Crime, Consumer Culture and the Urban Experience","authors":"D. Downes","doi":"10.1177/1466802505055842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1466802505055842","url":null,"abstract":"In early February, a new IKEA superstore—an ultra-rational cathedral of consumption—opened at midnight in Edmonton, North London, offering widely advertised heavy discounts on sofas and assorted furniture. The event attracted several thousand people, who burst past security guards to scrimmage for bargains. The store was forced to close after 30 minutes, some people were reportedly hospitalized and IKEA pronounced itself dismayed by the consumer frenzy it had generated. This erudite and ambitious book explores why contemporary criminology cannot cope with the task of explaining and understanding such phenomena. The first chapters revisit the history of cities over the past two centuries as the crucible of modernity. Their extraordinary growth trapped millions in poverty and slum housing while around them a new individualism was taking shape via the arcades and department stores that heralded the era of mass consumption. Social and artistic observers from Mayhew and Dickens to the Chicago School and Georg Simmel sought to capture what this swirl of change was doing to human consciousness. The complex emotions that they conveyed were, however, increasingly ignored by planners and architects who sought to impose rational order on diverse and often conflicting populations. The mass housing estates of the inter-war and immediate post-war years paid some regard to Garden City ideals but still left millions poorly housed. The combination of high-rise and low-income developments in the second wave of mass housing polarized the ‘haves’ and ‘have nots’ into zones of social inclusion and exclusion. Le Corbusier and often corrupt system building were not the answer. This leads into the central theme of the book, that","PeriodicalId":10793,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice","volume":"15 1","pages":"319 - 321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81561889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-08-01DOI: 10.1177/146680250500500306
M. Mccahill
anger and hatred captured in Paul Rock’s (1998) study of secondary victims of homicide. And much of the ‘hyper-banalization’ of control deplored by Hayward is due to the reluctance of victims to pay the price for offenders achieving ontological security, and control of their own destinies, at their expense. Situational crime prevention is viewed as counter-productive, rightly so in many ways: but it is difficult to explain falling crime rates without some weight being placed on that factor. There is also a tendency to belittle what has been achieved by so-called orthodox criminology. For example, Ken Pease’s work on repeat victimization by burglary has arguably spared many thousands of householders a great deal of pain, fear and insecurity. Moreover, if the trends distinguished as causal hold such sway over people’s lives—and little evidence is assembled to that effect—crime rates should have been rising, not falling, in general over the past 10 years. Overall, however, and despite these criticisms, this book—and its companion volume (Ferrell et al., 2004)—is a revitalization of much that has been unduly sidelined in criminology. It is also a recovery and in some ways an advance in the inter-disciplinary scope of the sociology of deviance.
保罗·洛克(Paul Rock, 1998)对凶杀案的次要受害者的研究中捕捉到了愤怒和仇恨。海沃德所谴责的控制的“过度平庸化”，很大程度上是由于受害者不愿意为罪犯付出代价，让他们获得本体论的安全，并以牺牲自己为代价来控制自己的命运。情境性犯罪预防被认为是适得其反的，在很多方面都是正确的:但是如果不重视这一因素，就很难解释犯罪率下降的原因。还有一种倾向是贬低所谓的正统犯罪学所取得的成就。例如，肯·皮斯(Ken Pease)关于入室盗窃的重复受害的研究可以说使成千上万的家庭免于痛苦、恐惧和不安全感。此外，如果被认为是因果关系的趋势对人们的生活有如此大的影响——几乎没有证据表明这种影响——那么在过去的10年里，犯罪率应该是上升的，而不是下降的。然而，总的来说，尽管有这些批评，这本书和它的同伴卷(Ferrell et al.， 2004)是犯罪学中被过度边缘化的许多东西的复兴。它也是一种恢复，在某种程度上是越轨社会学跨学科范围的进步。
{"title":"Book Review: Reclaiming the Streets: Surveillance, Social Control and the City","authors":"M. Mccahill","doi":"10.1177/146680250500500306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146680250500500306","url":null,"abstract":"anger and hatred captured in Paul Rock’s (1998) study of secondary victims of homicide. And much of the ‘hyper-banalization’ of control deplored by Hayward is due to the reluctance of victims to pay the price for offenders achieving ontological security, and control of their own destinies, at their expense. Situational crime prevention is viewed as counter-productive, rightly so in many ways: but it is difficult to explain falling crime rates without some weight being placed on that factor. There is also a tendency to belittle what has been achieved by so-called orthodox criminology. For example, Ken Pease’s work on repeat victimization by burglary has arguably spared many thousands of householders a great deal of pain, fear and insecurity. Moreover, if the trends distinguished as causal hold such sway over people’s lives—and little evidence is assembled to that effect—crime rates should have been rising, not falling, in general over the past 10 years. Overall, however, and despite these criticisms, this book—and its companion volume (Ferrell et al., 2004)—is a revitalization of much that has been unduly sidelined in criminology. It is also a recovery and in some ways an advance in the inter-disciplinary scope of the sociology of deviance.","PeriodicalId":10793,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice","volume":"28 1","pages":"321 - 323"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89468552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-08-01DOI: 10.1177/146680250500500308
J. Sheptycki
{"title":"Book Review: The Handbook of Transnational Crime and Justice","authors":"J. Sheptycki","doi":"10.1177/146680250500500308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146680250500500308","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10793,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice","volume":"391 1","pages":"325 - 327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76668950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-08-01DOI: 10.1177/146680250500500307
F. Pakes
{"title":"Book Review: Internationalized Criminal Courts: Sierra Leone, East Timor, Kosovo and Cambodia","authors":"F. Pakes","doi":"10.1177/146680250500500307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146680250500500307","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10793,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice","volume":"65 1","pages":"323 - 325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91237517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-08-01DOI: 10.1177/1466802505055836
G. Mair
The importance of an evidence-based approach to policy and practice has been a defining characteristic of the Labour administrations since 1997. This article uses the example of electronic monitoring of offenders in England and Wales to assess how far its introduction and development could be said to be evidence-based. While the idea of evidence-based policy or practice may appear appealing, the complex nature of the policy process and the question of what constitutes evidence, render it problematic. The research into electronic monitoring—all of it carried out or commissioned by government—carries consistent messages, but these do not seem to have been heeded by government. As far as the electronic monitoring of offenders is concerned, evidence-based remains at the level of a rhetorical claim.
{"title":"Electronic monitoring in England and Wales","authors":"G. Mair","doi":"10.1177/1466802505055836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1466802505055836","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of an evidence-based approach to policy and practice has been a defining characteristic of the Labour administrations since 1997. This article uses the example of electronic monitoring of offenders in England and Wales to assess how far its introduction and development could be said to be evidence-based. While the idea of evidence-based policy or practice may appear appealing, the complex nature of the policy process and the question of what constitutes evidence, render it problematic. The research into electronic monitoring—all of it carried out or commissioned by government—carries consistent messages, but these do not seem to have been heeded by government. As far as the electronic monitoring of offenders is concerned, evidence-based remains at the level of a rhetorical claim.","PeriodicalId":10793,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice","volume":"145 1","pages":"257 - 277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91051806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-08-01DOI: 10.1177/1466802505055833
Franck Vindevogel
This article identifies Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) as new actors of urban policing and analyzes the relatively unknown contribution of their security divisions to public safety. Over the past two decades, property owners and corporate leaders in hundreds of business districts across the United States have banded together to change people’s negative perceptions about downtown. Contrary to all appearances, BIDs have not established a private crimefighting force, but instead have strived to eliminate all signs of physical and behavioral disorders to prevent crime and reassure the public. In doing so, the private sector has implemented the principles of the broken windows theory even before they influenced American policing. This innovative and non-confrontational approach that BIDs have opted for explains why police departments and debt-ridden municipalities have tolerated and sometimes even encouraged the intrusion of private security into public space.
{"title":"Private security and urban crime mitigation","authors":"Franck Vindevogel","doi":"10.1177/1466802505055833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1466802505055833","url":null,"abstract":"This article identifies Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) as new actors of urban policing and analyzes the relatively unknown contribution of their security divisions to public safety. Over the past two decades, property owners and corporate leaders in hundreds of business districts across the United States have banded together to change people’s negative perceptions about downtown. Contrary to all appearances, BIDs have not established a private crimefighting force, but instead have strived to eliminate all signs of physical and behavioral disorders to prevent crime and reassure the public. In doing so, the private sector has implemented the principles of the broken windows theory even before they influenced American policing. This innovative and non-confrontational approach that BIDs have opted for explains why police departments and debt-ridden municipalities have tolerated and sometimes even encouraged the intrusion of private security into public space.","PeriodicalId":10793,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice","volume":"13 34 1","pages":"233 - 255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80558285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-08-01DOI: 10.1177/1466802505055837
R. Young, C. Hoyle, K. Cooper, R. Hill
In many jurisdictions it is increasingly recognized that police complaints systems should contain a mixture of formal and less formal procedures, as well as allow for a variety of outcomes including remedial and punitive ones. Recent changes to the system for handling complaints against the police in England and Wales envisage an expanded role for local (informal) resolution, with a new range of options including restorative justice conferences. Yet little is known about whether complainants would welcome the option of a restorative justice conference or whether restorative processes would constitute an improvement on conventional practices. This article presents the results of a Nuffield Foundation funded study of these issues carried out in 2002-3 in two police force areas. The findings suggest that restorative processes can achieve moderately better results than conventional processes. While widespread implementation of this new approach is likely to prove problematic for many police services, a flexible approach to introducing changes, drawing on the experience of restorative practitioners in related areas, is likely to benefit complainants without creating dissatisfaction among police officers.
{"title":"Informal resolution of complaints against the police","authors":"R. Young, C. Hoyle, K. Cooper, R. Hill","doi":"10.1177/1466802505055837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1466802505055837","url":null,"abstract":"In many jurisdictions it is increasingly recognized that police complaints systems should contain a mixture of formal and less formal procedures, as well as allow for a variety of outcomes including remedial and punitive ones. Recent changes to the system for handling complaints against the police in England and Wales envisage an expanded role for local (informal) resolution, with a new range of options including restorative justice conferences. Yet little is known about whether complainants would welcome the option of a restorative justice conference or whether restorative processes would constitute an improvement on conventional practices. This article presents the results of a Nuffield Foundation funded study of these issues carried out in 2002-3 in two police force areas. The findings suggest that restorative processes can achieve moderately better results than conventional processes. While widespread implementation of this new approach is likely to prove problematic for many police services, a flexible approach to introducing changes, drawing on the experience of restorative practitioners in related areas, is likely to benefit complainants without creating dissatisfaction among police officers.","PeriodicalId":10793,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice","volume":"101 1","pages":"279 - 317"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74728428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-05-01DOI: 10.1177/1466802505053495
F. Pakes
This article examines criminal justice policy in the Netherlands from 1994 until 2002. These so-called purple years, in reference to the labour-liberal coalition government in office were characterized by falling crime rates and a hugely expanding criminal justice state at the expense of traditional Dutch reductionist penal policy. The emergence of a Dutch-style crime complex requires scrutiny in light of Downes’s emphasis on Dutch post-war tolerance towards lawbreakers. I conclude that tolerance no longer is a driving force in penal matters but it continues to inform the governance of areas of ambiguous morality such as euthanasia and prostitution. The beneficiaries of the new tolerance are no longer offenders but rather those making certain life choices or preferring certain lifestyles. This article looks at causes and effects of these changes in the nature of criminal justice governance in the Netherlands.
{"title":"Penalization and retreat","authors":"F. Pakes","doi":"10.1177/1466802505053495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1466802505053495","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines criminal justice policy in the Netherlands from 1994 until 2002. These so-called purple years, in reference to the labour-liberal coalition government in office were characterized by falling crime rates and a hugely expanding criminal justice state at the expense of traditional Dutch reductionist penal policy. The emergence of a Dutch-style crime complex requires scrutiny in light of Downes’s emphasis on Dutch post-war tolerance towards lawbreakers. I conclude that tolerance no longer is a driving force in penal matters but it continues to inform the governance of areas of ambiguous morality such as euthanasia and prostitution. The beneficiaries of the new tolerance are no longer offenders but rather those making certain life choices or preferring certain lifestyles. This article looks at causes and effects of these changes in the nature of criminal justice governance in the Netherlands.","PeriodicalId":10793,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice","volume":"2014 1","pages":"145 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86675655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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