Current diabetes reviews最新文献

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and/or insulin resistance. If left uncontrolled, it can lead to a combination of cardiac and renal alterations known as cardiorenal syndrome. Additionally, oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to tissue damage, thereby reducing the life expectancy of individuals with diabetes.

Aim: The aim of this study was to identify early molecular markers associated with cardiorenal syndrome, oxidative stress, and inflammation, and to investigate their correlation with the duration of exposure to DM.

Methods: An experimental DM model was employed using Wistar rats. The rats were divided into four groups: diabetic rats at 7 days (DM7), diabetic rats at 30 days (DM30), control sham at 7 days (CS7), and control sham at 30 days (CS30). Blood and brain tissue from the brainstem region were collected at 7 and 30 days after confirming DM induction. Gene expression analysis of Bnp, Anp, Cat, Gpx, Sod, Tnf-α, and Il-6 was performed.

Results: The analysis revealed lower expression values of Cat in the brainstem tissue of the DM7 group compared to the NDS7 group. Moreover, diabetic animals exhibited statistically lower levels of Tnf-α in their peripheral blood compared to the control animals.

Conclusion: This study concluded that DM alters the oxidative balance in the brainstem after 7 days of DM induction, resulting in lower Cat expression levels. Although some genes did not show statistical differences after 30 days of DM induction, other genes exhibited no expression values, indicating possible gene silencing. The study identified an imbalance in the studied pathways and concluded that the organism undergoes a compensatory state in response to the initial metabolic alterations caused by DM.

Diabetic foot wounds and infections pose a significant and evolving challenge in diabetes care. Diabetic wound healing has become a major global concern for a very long time. Continuous research has been conducted to increase the healing process in diabetic ulcers to the rate of amputation. Wound healing is prolonged in diabetic patients due to various conditions, such as high glucose levels, neuropathy, poor blood circulation, and prolonged inflammation around the limbs, which causes the healing to be delayed compared to normal patients. Understanding the complexity of chronic foot wounds and the management and proper treatment would lead to a decrease in the risk of amputation. The medical team all over the world is constantly researching to lower the risk. This review paper offers a compelling journey through the multifaceted world of diabetic foot wounds and infections. It underscores the urgency of understanding classification, tackling multidrug resistance, and harnessing microbial insights to revolutionize the treatment and management of diabetic foot complications. Furthermore, it unveils state-of-the-art diagnostics, heralding a brighter future in the battle against this debilitating complication of diabetes.

Background: DPP-4 inhibitors, or gliptins, are new oral antidiabetic drugs for type 2 diabetes. They help to regulate insulin and glucagon. These drugs have the advantage of a lower risk of hypoglycemia compared to some other diabetes medications and are typically prescribed when metformin and sulphonylureas have become less effective.

Objective: This review analyses a range of analytical and bioanalytical methods for DPP-4 inhibitors, that use spectroscopic techniques, chromatographic, and hyphenated techniques for analysis. So far, no review comprising all DPP-4 inhibitors has been presented. The primary objective of this review is to present the analysts with various analytical and bioanalytical methods for the quantification and estimation of DPP-4 inhibitors in different matrices.

Methods: To improve understanding, a review was carried out by creating a database of pre-existing research from digital sources such as ScienceDirect, and PubMed. The methodology is shown in the flowchart of the literature selection process.

Conclusion: The comprehensive assessment of methods for analysing DPP-4 inhibitors can be a valuable resource for researchers and healthcare practitioners. Hitherto, no review encompassing all DPP-4 inhibitors has been presented. Therefore, gaps in the data available on a particular subject, need to be required to collect data on a particular construct. The review suggests that chromatographic techniques were majorly used for analysis wherein solvents like acetonitrile, methanol, and buffer solutions were used as mobile phases that can deteriorate HPLC columns and equipment. So, scientists could investigate new methods for the assessment of DPP-4 inhibitors using more eco-friendly solvents.

Diabetes is a chronic medical condition that causes high glycaemic levels, leading to damage to vital organs over time. It is a common disease worldwide, affecting around 422 million individuals living in middle- and low-income countries, which make up most of the population. Unfortunately, diabetes results in 1.5 million deaths annually. Diabetic patients are at a higher risk for developing cardiovascular conditions. Diabetic heart disease constitutes multiple genres, including diabetic cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, and heart failure. Hypoglycaemic agents aim to prevent these metabolic issues however some of these are cardiotoxic in nature. In contrast, other hypoglycaemic agents work beyond controlling glycaemic levels with their cardioprotective properties. Given that there is an alarming increase in diabetic heart disease cases universally, we have attempted to review the existing data on the topic and the effects of hypoglycaemic drugs on heart diseases.

Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU) is a major complication of diabetes that mostly affects the lower extremities, with a high incidence and recurrence rate in approximately 15% of patients with diabetes. The complexity of diabetic wounds poses a substantial challenge for clinical recovery, underscoring the need to investigate novel therapeutic approaches. Medicinal plants have been used to treat ulcers for centuries. Recently, there has been a growing focus on the development of topical preparations derived from medicinal plants that target macrophages as an adjuvant therapy for DFU. Macrophages have been identified as crucial factors in the DFU healing process. This review aims to introduce the latest evidence and insights into the role of medicinal plants in promoting DFU recovery by targeting macrophages. The molecular mechanisms underlying the preventive effects of medicinal plants on DFU primarily involve promoting M2 polarization of macrophages, inhibition of M1 polarization, and regulation of macrophage function. This review highlights the substantial potential of advancing the field of DFU management by medicinal plants and lays the groundwork for novel therapeutic interventions.

Chrysin, a flavone nutraceutical, possesses several beneficial pharmacological properties, which has gained much emphasis in recent years. The biological effects of chrysin are exerted due to impeding or activating multifarious cellular and molecular pathways. Our findings indicated that chrysin inhibited tumor progression in various cancer cell lines by repressing the formation of a sphere and upregulated protein expression of Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1), alleviating phosphorylated-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (p-STAT3) and transaction workflow innovation standards team1 (Twist1), sustaining phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and endorsing mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase1 (MEK1) overexpression, increasing the cytochrome c release, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) collapse, and caspase-3 activity, modulating p53/ B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2)/caspase-9 cascade, cyclooxygenase- 2 (COX-2), nuclear factor kappa B proposition 65 (NF-kB p65) expression and also decreasing the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Chrysin prevented cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, cisplatin, methotrexate, paracetamol, alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) and thioacetamide. Chrysin has protective properties against oxidative stress, inflammation, hepatotoxicity, liver fibrosis, steatosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Chrysin's most common hepatoprotective biochemical and molecular mechanisms involve the ability to control enzyme synthesis, scavenge free radicals, boost the antioxidant response, induce apoptosis, and modify the synthesis of proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines.Chrysin is a valuable nutraceutical with broad therapeutic feasibility, but to confirm its representative hepatoprotective potential, clinical studies are advised. It would also be interesting to use cutting-edge drug delivery techniques or include bio-enhancers.

Background: Patients with high-risk feet and diabetes are prone to develop diabetes-related foot ulcers (DFUs). To prevent DFUs and their costs and impacts on diabetes mellitus (DM) patients' productivity and quality of life, patients' foot self-care (FSC) practices are essential to screen for DFUs. Our study aimed to assess the self-efficacy and outcome expectations about FSC and evaluate the knowledge about DFUs among patients with DM in Jordan.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with DM patients who attended two diabetes clinical centers in Jordan in the period from October 2022 to April 2023 in which data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire developed to assess patients' understanding of DFUs, foot care outcomes expectations (FCOE), and self-efficacy about FSC.

Results: The final sample included data from 107 patients. Patient awareness of DFUs and FCOE was good, and the level of self-efficacy for FSC was moderate to high. Multiple linear regression revealed that age was negatively associated with lower self-efficacy for FSC (β = -0.22, p = 0.03) and both confidence (self-efficacy) in FSC and living arrangements (i.e., living with family) were positively associated with higher FCOE (β = 0.19, p = 0.04 and β = 0.39, p <0.001, respectively). Diagnosis of renal failure, diagnosis of retinopathy, elevated levels of glycated hemoglobin, and the settings in which the patient is receiving care for DM were positively associated with an understanding of DFUs. Both age and history of heart attacks and coronary artery disease were negatively associated with realizing DFUs (β = -0.26, p = 0.007, and β = -0.18, p = 0.045, respectively).

Conclusion: Patients with diabetes mellitus in Jordan have good FCOE, good awareness of DFUs, and a moderate degree of self-efficacy to execute FSC. Health education and self-efficacy programs should focus on older adults with a history of heart attacks to boost their understanding of DFUs and raise their sense of self-efficacy around FSC.

Diabetes, regarded as a prevalent metabolic disorder with multifactorial origins, contributes to a myriad of global complications. These cumulate an elevated susceptibility to kidney failure, nerve impairment, blindness, atherosclerosis, heart ailments, and even strokes. Recent investigations underscore the diverse roles of associated biomarkers in diabetes progression. Among these are biomarkers for diabetes mellitus such as DPP-4, PPAR-ϒ, SGLT-2, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase, which are linked to the onset of diabetes and its related problems. As a result of undesirable adverse consequences linked to extant synthetic antidiabetic medications, research attention is increasingly directed towards formulating natural antidiabetic drugs, aiming for enhanced efficacy and reduced complications. Cyanobacteria stand out as a pivotal repository of natural bioactive metabolites extensively harnessed for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical development. The potent bioactive compounds sourced from cyanobacteria hold substantial promise, kindling high expectations in scientific research and presenting vast prospects for drug discovery and advancement. Some of these bioactive compounds have demonstrated impressive effectiveness, displaying successful applications across various phases of clinical trials. This review strives to provide a more precise understanding of diabetes mellitus, encompassing its clinical manifestation, epidemiological data, complications, and prevailing treatment modalities. The objective of this review is to contribute researchers and readers an enhanced and accurate understanding of diabetes mellitus by covering its clinical manifestation, epidemiological evidence, difficulties, and prevailing therapeutics possibilities.

Background: Improving medication adherence plays a crucial role in preventing adverse complications of type 2 diabetes.

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the effect of a health education program on knowledge, medication adherence, and HbA1c in rural patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: This experimental study was conducted in Ilam County, Iran. Participants were selected via multistage cluster sampling and randomly assigned to either the intervention group (n=43) or the control group (n=42). The intervention group underwent a one-month educational program based on self-regulation theory, consisting of 12 sessions, while the control group received no educational intervention. Data were collected at baseline, three months, and six months using a diabetes knowledge test (DKT), the Iranian version of the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 (IVMMAS-8), and laboratory measurements of HbA1c. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16, employing chi-square tests, independent sample t-tests, repeated-measures ANOVA, and Bonferroni correction at a significance level of 0.05.

Results: After 3 and 6 months, the intervention group showed significant improvements in diabetes knowledge and medication adherence and a significant reduction in HbA1c levels compared to the control group (p<0.001). No significant changes were observed in the control group over time (p>0.05).

Conclusion: This study demonstrated that health education based on self-regulation theory can effectively increase knowledge, improve treatment adherence, and decrease HbA1c levels in rural patients with type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes is a chronic, irreversible, non-infectious metabolic syndrome associated with low insulin production by the pancreas or due to insulin resistance. The management landscape for diabetes is swiftly evolving due to ongoing advancements. Conventional treatment approaches have struggled to fully address the root causes of the disease while also carrying significant risks of adverse effects. Flavonoids are an extensive class of phytonutrients present in grains, vegetables, fruits, cocoa, tea, wine, and nuts. Many studies have reported that flavonoids have shown diversified pharmacological activity in recent years. Thus, this review will give you an overview of the significant anti-diabetic potential of promising flavonoids. Various search engines such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and WoS have been explored by using the keywords "apigenin," "luteolin," "naringenin," "hesperidin," "kaempferol," "quercetin," "myricetin" and "taxifolin" with "anti-diabetic." The anti-diabetic activity of flavonoids is attributed to various mechanisms, including α glucosidase, α-amylase inhibitory effects, GLUT4 expression, antioxidant, and apoptosis. However, their inadequate biopharmaceutical qualities make their effectiveness in clinical translation constrained. This review aims to highlight plant-derived flavonoids through in-vitro, in- -vivo, and clinical insights. Additionally, the review highlights the recent advancement in the drug delivery system in diabetes to overcome the limitation of flavonoids.