Current drug delivery最新文献

Introduction: In this study, an in situ gel-forming chitosan hydrogel was prepared with the use of glutamate salt of chitosan (Ch-Ga), β-glycerophosphate (Gp), and morphine (Mor). The paper is focused on in vitro physicochemical properties and in-vivo analgesic effects of the prepared chitosan hydrogel.

Method: The thermosensitive properties of prepared chitosan hydrogel were evaluated during the different temperatures and times. The physicochemical properties of chitosan hydrogel were investigated by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Also, its cell cytotoxicity effects were evaluated in murine NIH/3T3 normal cells. Subsequently, the distribution of chitosan hydrogel in the nasal cavity of rats and its analgesic responses were evaluated. The prepared chitosan hydrogel showed that it could be gelled at the temperature of 34 °C before leaving the nose in the shortest possible time of 30 s.

Result: The analgesic responses of the intranasal (IN) injection of chitosan hydrogel (IN-chitosan hydrogel, 10 mg Mor/kg) in a single unit dose in rat relative to the placebo and intranasal or intraperitoneal (IP) injection of free morphine solution (IN-Free Mor or IP-Free Mor, 10 mg Mor/kg) via the hot plate test, reveal that the IN-chitosan hydrogel could induce fast analgesic effects of morphine with maximum possible effect (MPE) of 93% after 5 min compare to the IN-Free Mor and IP-Free Mor with MPE of 80% after 15 min and 66% after 30 min, respectively. Also, prolonged analgesic effects with MPE of 78 % after 6 h of injection were only seen in the IN-chitosan hydrogel injected group. The obtained fluorescent images of rat's brain injected with IN-chitosan hydrogel containing doxorubicine (Dox) as a fluorescent agent showed that the mucosal adhesive and absorption enhancer properties of IN-chitosan hydrogel resulting in longer presence of them in the nasal cavity of rats followed by more absorption of Dox from the blood vessels of olfactory bulbs with a 74% color intensity compared to the IN-Free Mor and IN-Free Dox with 15%.

Conclusion: These data reveal that the IN-chitosan hydrogel could induce fast and prolonged analgesic effects of morphine compare to the IN/IP-Free Mor, which could be considered as an in situ gel-forming thermosensitive chitosan hydrogel for nasal delivery of wide ranges of therapeutic agents.

The stratum corneum continues to pose the biggest obstacle to transdermal drug delivery. Chemical penetrant, the first generation of transdermal drug delivery system, offers a lot of potential. In order to fully examine the permeation mechanism of 1,8-cineole, a natural monoterpene, this review summarizes the effects of permeation-enhancing medications on drugs that are lipophilic and hydrophilic as well as the toxicity of this substance on the skin and other tissues. For lower lipophilic drugs, 1,8-cineole appears to have a stronger osmotic-enhancing impact. An efficient and secure tactic would be to combine enhancers and dose forms. 1,8-cineole is anticipated to be further developed in the transdermal drug delivery system and even become a candidate drug for brain transport due to its permeability and low toxicity.

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that initially affects small joints and then spreads to the bigger joints. It also affects other organs of the body such as lungs, eyes, kidneys, heart, and skin. In RA, there is destruction of cartilage and joints, and ligaments and tendons become brittle. Damage to the joints leads to abnormalities and bone degradation, which may be quite painful for the patient.

Method: The nano-carriers such as liposomes, phytosomes, nanoparticles, microcapsules, and niosomes are developed to deliver the encapsulated phytoconstituents to targeted sites for the better management of RA.

Results: The phytoconstituents loaded nano-carriers have been used in order to increase bioavailability, stability and reduce the dose of an active compound. In one study, the curcumin-loaded phytosomes increase the bioavailability of curcumin and also provides relief from RA symptoms. The drug-loaded nano-carriers are the better option for the management of RA.

Conclusion: In conclusion, there are many anti-arthritic herbal and synthetic medicine available in the market that are currently used in the treatment of RA. However, chronic use of these medications may result in a variety of side effects. Because therapy for RA is frequently necessary for the rest of ones life. The use of natural products may be a better option for RA management. These phytoconstituents, however, have several disadvantages, including limited bioavailability, low stability, and the need for a greater dosage. These problems can be rectified by using nano-technology.

Magnetotactic bacteria (MTBs) and their organelles, magnetosomes, are intriguing options that might fulfill the criteria of using bacterial magnetosomes (BMs). The ferromagnetic crystals contained in BMs can condition the magnetotaxis of MTBs, which is common in water storage facilities. This review provides an overview of the feasibility of using MTBs and BMs as nanocarriers in cancer treatment. More evidence suggests that MTBs and BMs can be used as natural nanocarriers for conventional anticancer medicines, antibodies, vaccine DNA, and siRNA. In addition to improving the stability of chemotherapeutics, their usage as transporters opens the possibilities for the targeted delivery of single ligands or combinations of ligands to malignant tumors. Magnetosome magnetite crystals are different from chemically made magnetite nanoparticles (NPs) because they are strong single-magnetic domains that stay magnetized even at room temperature. They also have a narrow size range and a uniform crystal morphology. These chemical and physical properties are essential for their usage in biotechnology and nanomedicine. Bioremediation, cell separation, DNA or antigen regeneration, therapeutic agents, enzyme immobilization, magnetic hyperthermia, and contrast enhancement of magnetic resonance are just a few examples of the many uses for magnetite-producing MTB, magnetite magnetosomes, and magnetosome magnetite crystals. From 2004 to 2022, data mining of the Scopus and Web of Science databases showed that most research using magnetite from MTB was carried out for biological reasons, such as in magnetic hyperthermia and drug delivery.

The delivery of drugs to the brain is quite challenging in the treatment of the central nervous system (CNS) diseases due to the blood-brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. However, significant developments in nanomaterials employed by nanoparticle drug-delivery systems have substantial potential to cross or bypass these barriers leading to enhanced therapeutic efficacies. Advances in nanoplatform, nanosystems based on lipids, polymers and inorganic materials have been extensively studied and applied in treating Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. In this review, various types of brain drug delivery nanocarriers are classified, summarized, and their potential as drug delivery systems in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases is discussed. Finally, challenges facing the clinical translation of nanoparticles from bench to bedside are highlighted.

Introduction: In recent decades, drug delivery applications have extensively utilized hydrogel systems based on natural polymers. Among the numerous biopolymer-based hydrogel drug delivery systems reported, a novel pectin-like substance was extracted from fig leaves and copolymerized with chitosan.

Method: The hydrogel was reformed into microspheres using glutaraldehyde (chemical cross-linker) and sodium hexametaphosphate (physical cross-linker). The extracted polysaccharide and the prepared hydrogels were characterized by FTIR, GC/MS, SEC/MALS/DRI as well as XRD, SEM, BET, and thermal analysis. SEM images revealed the formation of porous microspheres with an average size of 50 μm in diameter. Degrees of swelling in pH7 at 35°C have shown the hydrogels reached two to three times their weights. This has been reflected in their ability to load drugs or any other chemicals. The loading formula shows that hydrogels have maximum loading efficiency more than one-third of the weight of hydrogel. The antimicrobial ciprofloxacin was used as a model for loading on prepared hydrogels. The loaded hydrogels were tested for their biological activities against staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria. The antimicrobial growth inhibition zone of the cultured (S. aureus) by ciprofloxacin-loaded hydrogel was followed, which shows controlled growth in inhibition zone sizes and for long time intervals. Results showed that the pectin-chitosan hydrogels exhibited significant antibacterial activity against gram - positive bacteria (S. aureus), with an inhibition zone of 45 mm for (CH-co-FLP)/GLU hydrogel.

Result: In vitro, the ciprofloxacin-loaded hydrogels were studied and the cumulative release of ciprofloxacin under suitable conditions was found in a controlled manner and kept release for a long time interval. Data exhibited that the cumulative release profile of ciprofloxacin from the hydrogel demonstrated sustained release over 48 hours, with a value of 6.9% released within the first 24 hours and 7.0 and 6.9% % released at the end of the study for the (CH-co-FLP)/GLU and (CH-co-FLP)/SMP hydrogels, respectively.

Conclusion: The novel pectin-chitosan hydrogels hold the potential to enhance the quality of life for numerous patients by minimizing the need for frequent intake of chronic medications.