Congshan Rui, Chun-mei Zeng, Tian-tian Hu, Suo-dong Ma
A head-mounted display (HMD) requires a large field of view (FOV) and a large exit pupil diameter while maintaining a compact structure. In this paper, we show a head-mounted display design comprising two freeform mirrors covering a 28° full field-of-view with an eye relief of 15mm. The simplified partial differential equation (PDE) method is applied in the design of a two-mirror HMD system. Then the data points on the unknown freeform mirrors are calculated using the rays from multiple fields and are used to construct the freeform mirrors in the HMD system, which is taken as a starting point. This simplified partial differential equation method makes calculations easier. The anamorphic surface and the XY polynomial freeform surface are used in the two freeform mirrors for improving the image quality, respectively. The optimization strategy is also described in detail. The final HMD system operates at F/3.75 with 8mm exit pupil diameter achieving good imaging performance.
{"title":"Design of a head-mounted display with freeform mirrors","authors":"Congshan Rui, Chun-mei Zeng, Tian-tian Hu, Suo-dong Ma","doi":"10.1117/12.2531787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2531787","url":null,"abstract":"A head-mounted display (HMD) requires a large field of view (FOV) and a large exit pupil diameter while maintaining a compact structure. In this paper, we show a head-mounted display design comprising two freeform mirrors covering a 28° full field-of-view with an eye relief of 15mm. The simplified partial differential equation (PDE) method is applied in the design of a two-mirror HMD system. Then the data points on the unknown freeform mirrors are calculated using the rays from multiple fields and are used to construct the freeform mirrors in the HMD system, which is taken as a starting point. This simplified partial differential equation method makes calculations easier. The anamorphic surface and the XY polynomial freeform surface are used in the two freeform mirrors for improving the image quality, respectively. The optimization strategy is also described in detail. The final HMD system operates at F/3.75 with 8mm exit pupil diameter achieving good imaging performance.","PeriodicalId":10843,"journal":{"name":"Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering XX","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89153266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Espinosa, C. Vega, Jorge Alvarez, P. Leon, J. Vila
In this paper, we present the main results for the theoretical, numerical and experimental analysis of a new method to measure the roughness of metal surfaces. The requirements for a waveguide optical resonator, which is the main optical node of the device implementing this method, have been developed. A comparative analysis of two different designs of an optical node is performed. The energy spectra of the roughness of various surfaces were measured. As a result of the research, the main advantages of the method under consideration and practical recommendations are provided to improve the design of the device that implements this method.
{"title":"Determination of rough microstructures on the surface of metals using the light scattering method in waveguides","authors":"N. Espinosa, C. Vega, Jorge Alvarez, P. Leon, J. Vila","doi":"10.1117/12.2526123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2526123","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present the main results for the theoretical, numerical and experimental analysis of a new method to measure the roughness of metal surfaces. The requirements for a waveguide optical resonator, which is the main optical node of the device implementing this method, have been developed. A comparative analysis of two different designs of an optical node is performed. The energy spectra of the roughness of various surfaces were measured. As a result of the research, the main advantages of the method under consideration and practical recommendations are provided to improve the design of the device that implements this method.","PeriodicalId":10843,"journal":{"name":"Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering XX","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88619183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Alvarado-Cruz, M. Delgadillo-Herrera, C. Toxqui-Quitl, A. Padilla-Vivanco, R. Castro-Ortega, M. Arreola-Esquivel
Nowadays, breast lesions are a common health problem among women. Breast thermograms are images recorded by digital-optical systems with high resolution that use infrared technology in order to show vascular and temperature changes. In the present work, we study benign and malignant breast lesions shape by means of fractal analysis. The Fractal Dimension (FD) is calculated with the Box Counting method and the Hurst exponent is obtained using the Wavelet coefficients and the Detrending Moving Average algorithm. These algorithms was applied to synthetic images and breast thermograms. The Fractal Dimension value is used for patient classification with or without breast injury. The proposed methodology was applied to the Database For Mastology Research (DMR) in order to classify thermographic images. The FD of ROIs for breast thermograms was calculated. Results shows that the FD BCM values ranges from [0.45,0.81] in 4 healthy cases and from [0.92,1.33] in 4 unhealthy cases.
{"title":"Fractal analysis for classification of breast lesions","authors":"L. Alvarado-Cruz, M. Delgadillo-Herrera, C. Toxqui-Quitl, A. Padilla-Vivanco, R. Castro-Ortega, M. Arreola-Esquivel","doi":"10.1117/12.2531201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2531201","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, breast lesions are a common health problem among women. Breast thermograms are images recorded by digital-optical systems with high resolution that use infrared technology in order to show vascular and temperature changes. In the present work, we study benign and malignant breast lesions shape by means of fractal analysis. The Fractal Dimension (FD) is calculated with the Box Counting method and the Hurst exponent is obtained using the Wavelet coefficients and the Detrending Moving Average algorithm. These algorithms was applied to synthetic images and breast thermograms. The Fractal Dimension value is used for patient classification with or without breast injury. The proposed methodology was applied to the Database For Mastology Research (DMR) in order to classify thermographic images. The FD of ROIs for breast thermograms was calculated. Results shows that the FD BCM values ranges from [0.45,0.81] in 4 healthy cases and from [0.92,1.33] in 4 unhealthy cases.","PeriodicalId":10843,"journal":{"name":"Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering XX","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82815352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Monteiro, R. F. D. O. Costa, Luiz Melk de Carvalho
This work proposes a lens topology based on the addition of combined high-order aberrations to its posterior surface to achieve an extended depth of focus. The added terms are vertical and horizontal coma and spherical aberration, described by Zernike polynomials. We compare the herein proposed IOL with three classes of IOLs available on the market: monofocal, multifocal and extended depth of focus (EDoF). The proposed lens showed better results off the image plane, confirming the increase in the depth of focus when compared with the monofocal IOL. This is clearly observed with the extended Through-Focus-MTF maps that allow the evaluation of several spatial frequencies at different image planes. The fabricated prototype has similar performance to the Tecnis Symfony, a commercial lens with extended depth of focus. And when the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) is compared to multifocal lenses, a niche where lenses with extended depth of focus can be possible substitutes, the performance of the herein proposed lens was higher in every case considered.
{"title":"Deployment of combined higher order aberrations to extend the depth of focus of lenses","authors":"D. Monteiro, R. F. D. O. Costa, Luiz Melk de Carvalho","doi":"10.1117/12.2530144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2530144","url":null,"abstract":"This work proposes a lens topology based on the addition of combined high-order aberrations to its posterior surface to achieve an extended depth of focus. The added terms are vertical and horizontal coma and spherical aberration, described by Zernike polynomials. We compare the herein proposed IOL with three classes of IOLs available on the market: monofocal, multifocal and extended depth of focus (EDoF). The proposed lens showed better results off the image plane, confirming the increase in the depth of focus when compared with the monofocal IOL. This is clearly observed with the extended Through-Focus-MTF maps that allow the evaluation of several spatial frequencies at different image planes. The fabricated prototype has similar performance to the Tecnis Symfony, a commercial lens with extended depth of focus. And when the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) is compared to multifocal lenses, a niche where lenses with extended depth of focus can be possible substitutes, the performance of the herein proposed lens was higher in every case considered.","PeriodicalId":10843,"journal":{"name":"Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering XX","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73888613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicole Barritt, Mohana Kuppuswamy Parthasarathy, Ibrahim Faruq, J. Zelek, V. Lakshminarayanan
Fundus cameras are the current clinical standard for capturing retinal images, which are used to diagnose a variety of sight-threatening conditions. Traditional fundus cameras are not easily transported, making them unsuitable for field use. In addition, traditional fundus cameras are expensive. Due to this, a variety of technologies have been developed such as the D-EYE Digital Ophthalmoscope (D-EYE Srl, Padova, Italy) which is compatible with various cellphone cameras. This paper reports on the comparison of the image quality of the Nidek RS-330 OCT Retina Scan Duo (Nidek, Tokyo, Japan) and the D-EYE paired with an iPhone 6 (Apple, Cupertino, USA). Twenty-one participants were enrolled in the study of whom 14 underwent nonmydriatic and mydriatic imaging with the D-EYE and the Nidek. Seven participants underwent nonmydriatic imaging with the D-EYE and the Nidek. The images were co-registered and cropped so that the region of interest was equal in both the D-EYE and Nidek images, as the D-EYE had a smaller field of view. Using the Nidek image as the reference, objective full-reference image quality analysis was performed. Metrics such as structural similarity index and peak signal noise ratio were obtained. It was found that the image quality of the D-EYE is limited by the attached iPhone camera, and is lower when compared to the Nidek. Quantification of the differences between the D-EYE and Nidek allows for targeted development of smartphone camera attachments that can help to bridge the current gap in image quality.
{"title":"Fundus camera versus smartphone camera attachment: image quality analysis","authors":"Nicole Barritt, Mohana Kuppuswamy Parthasarathy, Ibrahim Faruq, J. Zelek, V. Lakshminarayanan","doi":"10.1117/12.2528965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2528965","url":null,"abstract":"Fundus cameras are the current clinical standard for capturing retinal images, which are used to diagnose a variety of sight-threatening conditions. Traditional fundus cameras are not easily transported, making them unsuitable for field use. In addition, traditional fundus cameras are expensive. Due to this, a variety of technologies have been developed such as the D-EYE Digital Ophthalmoscope (D-EYE Srl, Padova, Italy) which is compatible with various cellphone cameras. This paper reports on the comparison of the image quality of the Nidek RS-330 OCT Retina Scan Duo (Nidek, Tokyo, Japan) and the D-EYE paired with an iPhone 6 (Apple, Cupertino, USA). Twenty-one participants were enrolled in the study of whom 14 underwent nonmydriatic and mydriatic imaging with the D-EYE and the Nidek. Seven participants underwent nonmydriatic imaging with the D-EYE and the Nidek. The images were co-registered and cropped so that the region of interest was equal in both the D-EYE and Nidek images, as the D-EYE had a smaller field of view. Using the Nidek image as the reference, objective full-reference image quality analysis was performed. Metrics such as structural similarity index and peak signal noise ratio were obtained. It was found that the image quality of the D-EYE is limited by the attached iPhone camera, and is lower when compared to the Nidek. Quantification of the differences between the D-EYE and Nidek allows for targeted development of smartphone camera attachments that can help to bridge the current gap in image quality.","PeriodicalId":10843,"journal":{"name":"Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering XX","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89986541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Application of GPUs in optical design software","authors":"B. Mischuck, E. Page, A. Croce","doi":"10.1117/12.2526861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2526861","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10843,"journal":{"name":"Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering XX","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76504329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, a primary lens of concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) system is designed by using freeform optics. The designed lens is constructed based on a basic idea of a combination of Fresnel lens and freeform optics, in which the lens is divided into an array of sub-lenses, which are designed using the conservation of optical path length and the edge ray theorem to get uniform irradiance distribution over the receiver. In this design, every sub-lens is designed to guide the direct sunlight over the receiver with uniform irradiance so that the whole of the primary lens will converge uniformly the direct sunlight over the receiver. The structure of the lens is designed firstly by using Matlab program for every sub-lens. The Matlab data of the designed lens structure is then used to build the three-dimensional (3D) lens in LightTools™ software. The ray tracing technique in LightTools™ software is used to find out the optimum structure of the freeform lens. Furthermore, the simulation is performed to estimate the efficiency of the lens as a concentrator of a CPV system by using the light source with the sunlight spectrum. The designed lens can achieve high geometrical concentration ratio and uniform irradiance distribution over the receiver. The simulation results show that the lens can easily reach a high concentration ratio (494 times) with uniform irradiance distribution and good optical efficiency (86%).
{"title":"Freeform optics design of primary lens for uniform irradiance distribution of a concentrator photovoltaic system","authors":"T. Pham, N. Duy, N. Vu, Seoyong Shin","doi":"10.1117/12.2531251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2531251","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a primary lens of concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) system is designed by using freeform optics. The designed lens is constructed based on a basic idea of a combination of Fresnel lens and freeform optics, in which the lens is divided into an array of sub-lenses, which are designed using the conservation of optical path length and the edge ray theorem to get uniform irradiance distribution over the receiver. In this design, every sub-lens is designed to guide the direct sunlight over the receiver with uniform irradiance so that the whole of the primary lens will converge uniformly the direct sunlight over the receiver. The structure of the lens is designed firstly by using Matlab program for every sub-lens. The Matlab data of the designed lens structure is then used to build the three-dimensional (3D) lens in LightTools™ software. The ray tracing technique in LightTools™ software is used to find out the optimum structure of the freeform lens. Furthermore, the simulation is performed to estimate the efficiency of the lens as a concentrator of a CPV system by using the light source with the sunlight spectrum. The designed lens can achieve high geometrical concentration ratio and uniform irradiance distribution over the receiver. The simulation results show that the lens can easily reach a high concentration ratio (494 times) with uniform irradiance distribution and good optical efficiency (86%).","PeriodicalId":10843,"journal":{"name":"Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering XX","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88946587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Delgadillo-Herrera, M. Arreola-Esquivel, C. Toxqui-Quitl, A. Padilla-Vivanco
Urban growth, deforestation, water resources and thawing of the poles due to globe worming are topics of interest in the research community. Normalize difference indices are utilized in remote sensing to analyzed and classify surface cover types. In this paper research, a multispectral satellite data from Landsat 5 TM is preprocessing, in order to addresses and evaluates accuracy of Normalized difference Built-up Index (NDBI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEI) and Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) at different time scenes. A quantitative statistical pixel percentages of build-up, vegetation cover, snow/ice and water body is given in this study for different periods of time.
{"title":"Normalized difference indices in Landsat 5 TM satellite data","authors":"M. Delgadillo-Herrera, M. Arreola-Esquivel, C. Toxqui-Quitl, A. Padilla-Vivanco","doi":"10.1117/12.2532322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2532322","url":null,"abstract":"Urban growth, deforestation, water resources and thawing of the poles due to globe worming are topics of interest in the research community. Normalize difference indices are utilized in remote sensing to analyzed and classify surface cover types. In this paper research, a multispectral satellite data from Landsat 5 TM is preprocessing, in order to addresses and evaluates accuracy of Normalized difference Built-up Index (NDBI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEI) and Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) at different time scenes. A quantitative statistical pixel percentages of build-up, vegetation cover, snow/ice and water body is given in this study for different periods of time.","PeriodicalId":10843,"journal":{"name":"Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering XX","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88808437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chengpo Chen, J. Karp, Tim Toepfer, O. Boomhower, J. Kretchmer, S. Goswami, Sachin Dekate, L. Tsakalakos
A silicon Fresnel lens was designed and fabricated using a greyscale lithography technique to shape optical emissions from an edge-emitting semiconductor diode laser. The laser beam was collimated in the fast axis and allowed a ±3° divergence in the slow axis along with bias angle accomplished through lens decentering. The lens had an aperture of 6.8 mm × 2.2 mm and 1 mm in total thickness. The lens was first designed as a contiguous surface using conventional raytracing methods, and then converted to a Fresnel sag model with an etch depth of 6.25 micrometers. The sag model along with the manufacturing tolerances were fed back through numerical tools to refine the design and modify the lens shape and laser position. Optical profilometry of fabricated lens element found deviations from design and nonuniformity across the entire aperture, with over-etching in the center and under-etching toward the edge of the lens. Characterization of the fabricated lenses showed less than 5% deviation in etch depth. Collimation performance was measured to be less than 2 milliradians, which was in close agreement with design models. Greyscale fabrication of the lens element enabled complex curvatures to be combined and provided a compact solution for direct, single optic coupling of diode laser to free-space projection.
采用灰阶光刻技术，设计并制造了一种硅菲涅耳透镜，用于边发射半导体二极管激光器的光发射。激光束在快轴上准直，在慢轴上允许±3°发散，并通过透镜离心实现偏置角。透镜孔径为6.8 mm × 2.2 mm，总厚度为1mm。首先采用传统的光线追踪方法将透镜设计为连续表面，然后将其转换为蚀刻深度为6.25微米的菲涅耳凹陷模型。通过数值工具反馈凹坑模型和加工公差，改进设计，修改透镜形状和激光位置。制造透镜元件的光学轮廓测量发现偏离设计和整个孔径的不均匀性，在中心有过蚀刻，在透镜边缘有欠蚀刻。制备的透镜的刻蚀深度偏差小于5%。测量的准直性能小于2毫弧度，与设计模型基本一致。透镜元件的灰度制造使复杂的曲率能够组合，并为二极管激光到自由空间投影的直接单光学耦合提供了紧凑的解决方案。
{"title":"Silicon Fresnel lens fabricated using greyscale lithography","authors":"Chengpo Chen, J. Karp, Tim Toepfer, O. Boomhower, J. Kretchmer, S. Goswami, Sachin Dekate, L. Tsakalakos","doi":"10.1117/12.2530649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2530649","url":null,"abstract":"A silicon Fresnel lens was designed and fabricated using a greyscale lithography technique to shape optical emissions from an edge-emitting semiconductor diode laser. The laser beam was collimated in the fast axis and allowed a ±3° divergence in the slow axis along with bias angle accomplished through lens decentering. The lens had an aperture of 6.8 mm × 2.2 mm and 1 mm in total thickness. The lens was first designed as a contiguous surface using conventional raytracing methods, and then converted to a Fresnel sag model with an etch depth of 6.25 micrometers. The sag model along with the manufacturing tolerances were fed back through numerical tools to refine the design and modify the lens shape and laser position. Optical profilometry of fabricated lens element found deviations from design and nonuniformity across the entire aperture, with over-etching in the center and under-etching toward the edge of the lens. Characterization of the fabricated lenses showed less than 5% deviation in etch depth. Collimation performance was measured to be less than 2 milliradians, which was in close agreement with design models. Greyscale fabrication of the lens element enabled complex curvatures to be combined and provided a compact solution for direct, single optic coupling of diode laser to free-space projection.","PeriodicalId":10843,"journal":{"name":"Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering XX","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84939991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present the general formula to generated aspheric collimator lens free of spherical aberration and astigmatism. The presented formula describes the second surface of the aspheric singlet such as it correct the spherical aberration generated and astigmatism by the first surface of the singlet.
{"title":"General formula for aspheric collimator lens design free of spherical aberration","authors":"Rafael G. González-Acuña, J. Gutiérrez-Vega","doi":"10.1117/12.2527341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2527341","url":null,"abstract":"We present the general formula to generated aspheric collimator lens free of spherical aberration and astigmatism. The presented formula describes the second surface of the aspheric singlet such as it correct the spherical aberration generated and astigmatism by the first surface of the singlet.","PeriodicalId":10843,"journal":{"name":"Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering XX","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90928256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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