Current pharmaceutical design最新文献

Background: In recent years, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have emerged as a valuable treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and heart failure. Despite these medications seeming to be safe in older people, the literature about SGLT2i and frailty is still limited. This study aims to evaluate whether SGLT2i use is associated with increased survival in older adults and if frailty can affect the findings.

Material and methods: We enrolled over 65 patients admitted to the Geriatrics Wards at the University Hospital 'P. Giaccone' in Palermo, Italy, between December 2022 and May 2023. After 12 months of follow-up, various outcomes were assessed, including mortality, hospitalization, glycemic dysregulation, urinary tract infections, and falls. The association between SGLT2i use and mortality was analyzed and reported as hazard ratios (HRs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results: A total of 80 patients were included in the study (mean age 79.5 ± 8.5 years; 50% were women). Patients using SGLT2i had a higher prevalence of T2D (p = 0.02) and cirrhosis (p = 0.001). After adjusting for potential confounders, SGLT2i use was significantly associated with a reduced mortality risk (HR = 0.53; 95% CI: 0.20-0.93; p = 0.02). When stratified by the presence of multidimensional frailty, SGLT2i use was significantly associated with a lower risk of mortality in frail patients (HR = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.06-0.88; p = 0.008), but not in robust ones.

Conclusion: In older frail patients, the use of SGLT2i is associated with reduced mortality after 12 months of follow-up. Further larger studies are needed to evaluate the role of these medications in older adults.

Molecular hydrogen (H2) is considered a biological antioxidant. Hydrogen-rich Water (HRW) is regular water that contains dissolved H2 and has become more widely used in recent years. This review summarizes the basic research and clinical applications of HRW consumption to support its use for daily health and clinical treatment. The biological effects of HRW include reducing oxidative stress, exerting antiinflammatory effects, regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, protecting mitochondrial function, and regulating apoptosis. Hypotheses about the mechanisms of H2 include the direct scavenging of toxic free radicals, the Fe-porphyrin biosensor hypothesis, the effect of H2 on biological enzymes, the lipoprotein regulation of H2, and H2 acting on the intestinal barrier. Clinically, HRW has been used for adjuvant treatment, disease prevention, and quality of life improvement. In the future, more in-depth studies and large-scale clinical trials are needed.

Hemophilia A (HA) is an inherited condition that is characterized by a lack of coagulation factor VIII (FVIII), which is needed for blood clotting. To produce recombinant factor VIII (rFVIII) for treatment, innovative methods are required. This study presents a thorough examination of the genetic engineering and biotechnological methods that are essential for the production of this complex process. Multiple host cells, such as animal, microbial, and human cell lines, are examined. Cultivating genetically modified cells enables the production of rFVIII, with further changes after protein synthesis, such as glycosylation, taking place in eukaryotic cells to guarantee correct folding. The extraction and purification of rFVIII require advanced methods, including affinity chromatography, to improve the purity of the protein. The purified protein undergoes rigorous quality control, which includes Sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDSPAGE) analysis, to assess its identity, purity, and functioning. The scalability of this approach allows for the synthesis of significant amounts of rFVIII for therapeutic purposes. Optimization strategies include modifying B-domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII, including introns in FVIII complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences to boost synthesis and storage, and making changes to chaperone-binding areas to optimize protein release. Furthermore, the search for a modified form of FVIII that has a longer duration of action in the body shows potential for enhancing the effectiveness of synthetic FVIII and progressing the treatment of hemophilia A. Future research should focus on improving the treatment of hemophilia A by developing a variant of FVIII that has increased stability and reduced immunogenicity.

Background: The metal oxide nanoparticles possess unique properties such as biological compatibility, superior reactivity, and capacity to develop reactive oxygen species, due to this they have drawn significant interest in cancer treatment. The various MONPs such as cerium oxide, Copper oxide, Iron oxide, Titanium dioxide, and Zinc oxide have been investigated for several types of cancers including brain, breast, cervical, colon, leukemia, liver, lung, melanoma, ovarian, and prostate cancers. However, traditional physiochemical synthetic methods for MONPs commonly include toxic materials, a major concern that raises questions regarding their biocompatibility and safety.

Objective: This study aims to investigate the role of plant phytoconstituents in the development of MONPs via green synthesis and explore the therapeutic effectiveness of MONPs in treating several types of cancer. Primarily, it examines the potential of plant phytoconstituents (phenolic compounds, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, etc.) in the development of MONPs as well as their improved ability to target numerous types of cancer.

Methods: A systemic search was conducted on recent literature, focusing on developing green MONPs by utilizing plants' phytoconstituents (plant extracts). The study of plant phytochemicals (present in different parts of a plant such as leaves, flowers, stems, peels, and roots) and their role in the synthesis of green metal oxide nanoparticles as well as their anticancer activity against several types of cancers was analyzed. Also focusing on their anticancer mechanism that involves ROS production, generates oxidative stress, and apoptosis leads to cancer inhibition.

Results: Phytochemicals-mediated metal oxide nanoparticle synthesis revealed many advantages such as improved biological compatibility and enhanced sensitivity towards cancer cells. Phytochemicals present in plant extracts act as natural capping, reducing, and stabilizing agents, enhancing nanoparticle synthesis which leads to synergistic anticancer activity. Additionally, the natural antioxidant and anticancer activity of various phytochemicals enhances the therapeutic potential of metal oxide nanoparticles, producing them more effective against ROS-generated apoptosis and showing negligible toxicity towards normal cells.

Conclusion: The utilization of plant phytochemicals in metal oxide nanoparticle production presents a safe, eco-friendly, sustainable, and effective approach to developing effective and safer cancer nanomedicines. Green synthesis not only increases anticancer activity but also decreases the biocompatibility problems associated with the physiochemical synthetic approach. Further research needs to concentrate on improving this synergy to create a targeted phytochemical-based metal oxide nanoparticle for cancer therapeutics.

Scutellarein, a flavone found in the perennial herb Scutellaria baicalensis, has a wide range of pharmacological actions, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective. Increasing evidence has emphasized the developing significance of scutellarein in several neurological illnesses, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, cerebral ischemia, and neuroblastoma. This review is centered on the molecular processes that underlie the neuroprotective properties of scutellarein in various neurological disorders, as indicated by recent pre-clinical research. Furthermore, it critically examines the potential challenges and advantages of scutellarein inclusion within the range of treatments for neurological disorders.

Amyloid beta (Aβ) dyshomeostasis is considered the main biological aberration in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathology. The interplay between Aβ formation and clearance is predominantly modulated by a disintegrin and a metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10, α-secretase) and β-site APP Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1), the two pivotal enzymes in both non-amyloidogenic/amyloidogenic and amyloidolytic pathways. Emerging evidence suggests that aberrations in ADAM10 and BACE1 expression, activity, and function in the brain of AD patients also manifest in peripheral fluids, suggesting their potential as blood-based biomarkers for AD diagnosis. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the literature by exploring the roles of ADAM10 and BACE1 in AD, spanning from their involvement as pathological AD drivers to their potential utility as promising biomarkers.

Introduction: Taohong Siwu decoction (THSWD), a traditional prescription for enhancing blood circulation and eliminating blood stasis, primarily comprises peach kernel, safflower, angelica, chuanxiong, and rehmannia. Modified Taohong Siwu decoction (MTHSWD), an advanced version of THSWD, incorporates additional ingredients such as epimedium, cinnamon, and salvia miltiorrhiza. This addition serves to augment its efficacy in warming yang and promoting blood circulation. MTHSWD has excellent heart protection in cardiac damage, which indicates a promising application prospect. However, the mechanisms are yet unclear.

Methods: In this study, network pharmacology and molecular docking studies demonstrated that the effects of MTHSWD may be significantly influenced by the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. In addition, to verify this mechanism, three groups were divided and randomly selected from among the 35 Sprague-Dawley rats: Myocardial infarction (MI) group, THSWD group, and MTHSWD group.

Results: MTHSWD greatly improved fractional shortening as well as ejection fraction and reduced the infarct size. MTHSWD attenuated cell apoptosis by activating the Akt pathway in infarcted areas. In vitro, the cytoprotective effects of MTHSWD on H9C2 cells were significantly attenuated when PI3K/Akt was inhibited.

Conclusion: Therefore, the study found that MTHSWD had a positive effect on heart function after myocardial infarction by activating the Akt pathway.

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is regarded as a crucial proinflammatory cytokine that controls the migration and entry of macrophages. It has been demonstrated that chemokine ligand 2 and its receptor, Chemokine receptor 2, are both implicated in several liver disorders. In a similar context, immunity mediators are overexpressed and stimulated by MCP-1. Additionally, MCP-1 alters the physiology of the hepatocytes, promoting immunologic and inflammatory responses beyond regular metabolism. Alcoholism and other factor including abnormal diet stimulate the liver's synthesis of MCP-1, which can result in inflammation in liver. Studies shows how MCP-1' linked to various liver disorders like Alcoholic liver disease, liver fibrosis, Non- alcoholic fatty liver disease, Hepatitis, Hepatic steatosis, hepatocellular cancer, primary biliary cirrhosis. MCP-1 not only predicts the onset, progression, and prognosis of the illness, but it is also directly related to the degree and stage of liver inflammation. In this review, we will explore the mechanism and connection between MCP-1's overexpression in liver disorders, further how it can be linked as a therapeutic biomarker in the above scenario.

Intrauterine adhesion (IUA) is a condition caused by damage to the basal uterine layer which can lead to partial or full occlusion of the uterine cavity. Although traditional treatment options have been useful in mild and moderate cases, they have been unsatisfactory in severe IUA cases. Therefore, it is essential to improve the treatment strategies of IUA. Recent studies have demonstrated that Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exert their therapeutic effects via the paracrine secretion of several substances including extracellular vesicles (EV) also called exosomes. MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) do not have the limitations of MSCs including immunogenicity and tumorigenicity. However, exosomes have limitations in terms of identification, isolation, purification, and origin. The clinical application of exosomes requires quality control and increased standardization in isolation and culture serum. This review summarizes therapeutic potentials of MSC-Exos and explores their potential clinical implications as diagnostic, therapeutic targets as well as prognostic markers in managing IUA.

Introduction: This study aims to isolate and characterize potential cytotoxic compounds from the roots of Bauhinia variegata Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae) and evaluate their activity against human cancer cell lines. Five compounds, namely β-sitosterol (1), piperine (2), piperolein B (3), retrofractamide A (4), and dehydropipernonaline (5), were isolated from B. variegata roots using various chromatographic procedures.

Methods: The root extracts were prepared using aqueous and organic solvents, including n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The isolated compounds were subjected to a sulforhodamine B cytotoxicity assay against DU-145 and PC-3 (prostate), HT-29 (colon), and MCF-7 (breast) human cancer cell lines. Among the isolates, compound 5 exhibited significant bioactivity against all tested cell lines. Compound 4 demonstrated in vitro activity, specifically against MCF-7 cancer cell lines.

Results: Importantly, these compounds were identified for the first time from B. variegata roots. In conclusion, this study highlights the enhanced spectrum of cytotoxic activity exhibited by the isolated compounds. These findings encourage further investigation to elucidate the mechanism of action of these compounds against the respective cell lines.

Conclusion: The identification and characterization of these bioactive compounds contribute to the understanding of the potential therapeutic applications of B. variegata in cancer treatment.