Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-03DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101807
Cynthia C. Eluagu , Bernard W. Biney , Stuart F. Cogan , Kevin J. Otto , Mark E. Orazem
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been extensively employed in the field of neural stimulation over the past 25 years. This review summarizes the early applications, major contributions, rudimentary use, and recent advances of EIS in neural applications. EIS is widely used in both research and clinical neurostimulation to monitor changes in electrode impedance due to foreign body response and glial encapsulation. The key parameters for in vitro and in vivo measurements are discussed along with the guidelines for data interpretation.
{"title":"Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for characterizing neural electrodes","authors":"Cynthia C. Eluagu , Bernard W. Biney , Stuart F. Cogan , Kevin J. Otto , Mark E. Orazem","doi":"10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101807","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101807","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been extensively employed in the field of neural stimulation over the past 25 years. This review summarizes the early applications, major contributions, rudimentary use, and recent advances of EIS in neural applications. EIS is widely used in both research and clinical neurostimulation to monitor changes in electrode impedance due to foreign body response and glial encapsulation. The key parameters for in vitro and in vivo measurements are discussed along with the guidelines for data interpretation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11028,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Electrochemistry","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 101807"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2026.101813
Lorelai Schoch , Ryan Preska , Deependra K. Ban , Kiana Aran
Electrochemical biosensors have significantly advanced diagnostics, particularly point-of-care glucose monitoring, due to their speed, affordability, and portability. Despite these successes, expanding their application to detect DNA, RNA, and microRNA remains challenging, primarily due to limited sensitivity and insufficient specificity for nucleotide modifications. In this regard, CRISPR-Cas systems have revolutionized molecular diagnostics by offering precise and programmable recognition of nucleic acids (i.e., DNA/RNA). In this review, we specifically explore how integrating CRISPR-Cas systems with electrochemical biosensors can advance biomolecule detection capabilities. First, we outline the fundamental components of electrochemical sensing, followed by a discussion of the key challenges in detecting biomolecules within complex biological environments. Thereafter, we describe the core components and molecular mechanisms of the CRISPR-Cas system and explore how these have been leveraged in electrochemical platforms for detecting disease-specific nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), as well as their emerging potential in protein detection. Next, we highlight approaches to enhance CRISPR-based electrochemical sensing through signal amplification, sensitivity improvement methods, and microfluidic integration. Moreover, we also discuss the growing role of artificial intelligence in improving data interpretation and enhancing CRISPR-based electrochemical sensor diagnostic performance. Finally, we address the broader challenges of implementing CRISPR-Cas-based electrochemical sensor diagnostics and conclude by outlining future perspectives for the development of affordable, scalable, and precise electrochemical diagnostic platforms enabled by CRISPR-Cas technologies.
{"title":"CRISPR-integrated electrochemical biosensors for precision molecular diagnostics","authors":"Lorelai Schoch , Ryan Preska , Deependra K. Ban , Kiana Aran","doi":"10.1016/j.coelec.2026.101813","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coelec.2026.101813","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrochemical biosensors have significantly advanced diagnostics, particularly point-of-care glucose monitoring, due to their speed, affordability, and portability. Despite these successes, expanding their application to detect DNA, RNA, and microRNA remains challenging, primarily due to limited sensitivity and insufficient specificity for nucleotide modifications. In this regard, CRISPR-Cas systems have revolutionized molecular diagnostics by offering precise and programmable recognition of nucleic acids (i.e., DNA/RNA). In this review, we specifically explore how integrating CRISPR-Cas systems with electrochemical biosensors can advance biomolecule detection capabilities. First, we outline the fundamental components of electrochemical sensing, followed by a discussion of the key challenges in detecting biomolecules within complex biological environments. Thereafter, we describe the core components and molecular mechanisms of the CRISPR-Cas system and explore how these have been leveraged in electrochemical platforms for detecting disease-specific nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), as well as their emerging potential in protein detection. Next, we highlight approaches to enhance CRISPR-based electrochemical sensing through signal amplification, sensitivity improvement methods, and microfluidic integration. Moreover, we also discuss the growing role of artificial intelligence in improving data interpretation and enhancing CRISPR-based electrochemical sensor diagnostic performance. Finally, we address the broader challenges of implementing CRISPR-Cas-based electrochemical sensor diagnostics and conclude by outlining future perspectives for the development of affordable, scalable, and precise electrochemical diagnostic platforms enabled by CRISPR-Cas technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11028,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Electrochemistry","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 101813"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2026.101811
Paulo Roberto Bueno
Reorganization energy, the energy required to rearrange the system environment during electron transfer, should capture both classical and quantum effects in electrochemically gated molecular structures. This is due to the operation of an isoscopic regime, which can be defined as a situation in which the electrolyte adjusts the classical environmental potential to exactly counterbalance the quantum state charging energy (so E = −Ee). Traditionally, reorganization energy was defined using classical models. However, recent work demonstrates that quantum concepts provide further insight. For example, quantum capacitance—the ability of a system to store charge in a quantum state—and quantum resistance—resistance arising when electrons behave as waves—help explain reaction rates. The universal value of the quantum resistance, Rq ≈ 12.9 kΩ, serves as the definitive quantitative evidence of coherent transport. In this context, classical views emerge as a special case of a more general quantum description. Correspondingly, quantum-rate theory, a model that incorporates quantum mechanics into rate calculations, extends earlier frameworks to both electron transfer and quantum transport at room temperature. By broadening the definition of reorganization energy to encompass both classical (Ee) and quantum (E) states, the overlap between these regimes and the role of quantum coherence—the maintenance of a constant phase relationship between quantum states—in electron transfer and nanoscale electronics becomes clearer. Recognizing this as an isoscopic regime has major implications: it can inform the construction of coherent nanoscale devices and enhance chemical reactions, including catalysis. Adopting this integrated perspective can enable researchers to pursue quantum coherence control in experiments and to design advanced quantum-electrochemical devices.
{"title":"What is the implication of electrons behaving as waves in electrochemically gated molecular structures?","authors":"Paulo Roberto Bueno","doi":"10.1016/j.coelec.2026.101811","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coelec.2026.101811","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reorganization energy, the energy required to rearrange the system environment during electron transfer, should capture both classical and quantum effects in electrochemically gated molecular structures. This is due to the operation of an isoscopic regime, which can be defined as a situation in which the electrolyte adjusts the classical environmental potential to exactly counterbalance the quantum state charging energy (so <em>E</em> = −<em>E</em><sub><em>e</em></sub>). Traditionally, reorganization energy was defined using classical models. However, recent work demonstrates that quantum concepts provide further insight. For example, quantum capacitance—the ability of a system to store charge in a quantum state—and quantum resistance—resistance arising when electrons behave as waves—help explain reaction rates. The universal value of the quantum resistance, <em>R</em><sub><em>q</em></sub> ≈ 12.9 kΩ, serves as the definitive quantitative evidence of coherent transport. In this context, classical views emerge as a special case of a more general quantum description. Correspondingly, quantum-rate theory, a model that incorporates quantum mechanics into rate calculations, extends earlier frameworks to both electron transfer and quantum transport at room temperature. By broadening the definition of reorganization energy to encompass both classical (<em>E</em><sub><em>e</em></sub>) and quantum (<em>E</em>) states, the overlap between these regimes and the role of quantum coherence—the maintenance of a constant phase relationship between quantum states—in electron transfer and nanoscale electronics becomes clearer. Recognizing this as an isoscopic regime has major implications: it can inform the construction of coherent nanoscale devices and enhance chemical reactions, including catalysis. Adopting this integrated perspective can enable researchers to pursue quantum coherence control in experiments and to design advanced quantum-electrochemical devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11028,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Electrochemistry","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 101811"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2026.101814
Subir K. Pati , Sambedan Jena , N. Swathi , Prabeer Barpanda
The practical application of zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) is constrained by persistent anode instabilities arising from nonuniform Zn nucleation, dendritic growth, corrosion, and parasitic hydrogen evolution. To mitigate these issues, polymer coatings have recently emerged as an effective interfacial engineering approach owing to their tuneable chemistry, mechanical adaptability, and ability to regulate ion transport at the metal-electrolyte boundary. This review summarizes recent advances in polymer-based stabilization strategies for Zn metal anodes, with emphasis on polymers containing coordinating functional groups, polymer-carbon hybrid interphases, and hydrophilic or adhesion-enhanced coatings. We discuss how tailored chemical functionalities-such as carbonyl, pyridyl, amine, and sulfonic groups-govern Zn2+ adsorption strength, surface charge distribution, desolvation behaviour, and preferred crystallographic growth, enabling controlled Zn deposition. Across these platforms, polymeric interphases demonstrate marked improvements in Coulombic efficiency, overpotential, corrosion resistance, and long-term cycling stability, even at high current densities. The review concludes with key design principles and emerging opportunities for next-generation polymer interfaces aimed at realizing highly reversible, dendrite-free Zn metal anodes for durable aqueous energy storage systems.
{"title":"Next-generation polymer interphases for durable zinc anodes: From dendrite suppression to corrosion control","authors":"Subir K. Pati , Sambedan Jena , N. Swathi , Prabeer Barpanda","doi":"10.1016/j.coelec.2026.101814","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coelec.2026.101814","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The practical application of zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) is constrained by persistent anode instabilities arising from nonuniform Zn nucleation, dendritic growth, corrosion, and parasitic hydrogen evolution. To mitigate these issues, polymer coatings have recently emerged as an effective interfacial engineering approach owing to their tuneable chemistry, mechanical adaptability, and ability to regulate ion transport at the metal-electrolyte boundary. This review summarizes recent advances in polymer-based stabilization strategies for Zn metal anodes, with emphasis on polymers containing coordinating functional groups, polymer-carbon hybrid interphases, and hydrophilic or adhesion-enhanced coatings. We discuss how tailored chemical functionalities-such as carbonyl, pyridyl, amine, and sulfonic groups-govern Zn<sup>2+</sup> adsorption strength, surface charge distribution, desolvation behaviour, and preferred crystallographic growth, enabling controlled Zn deposition. Across these platforms, polymeric interphases demonstrate marked improvements in Coulombic efficiency, overpotential, corrosion resistance, and long-term cycling stability, even at high current densities. The review concludes with key design principles and emerging opportunities for next-generation polymer interfaces aimed at realizing highly reversible, dendrite-free Zn metal anodes for durable aqueous energy storage systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11028,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Electrochemistry","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 101814"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-12DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2026.101812
Shweta J. Malode , Abdullah N. Alodhayb , Nagaraj P. Shetti
Electrochemical biosensing has emerged as a fundament technology for health monitoring, providing high sensitivity, a quick response, and miniaturization potential, applicable for point-of-care and wearable platforms. The development of nanomaterials design, signal amplification, and device integration over the last decade has made it possible for such sensors to carry out such monitoring and monitor health at any given time. This review highlights the advancements in electrode fabrication and miniaturization, nanostructured materials, microfluidic systems, biorecognition elements, aptamer-based sensing with nanostructures, and signal amplification using functionalized materials. The aspects of biomarker recognition, electrode modification, in vivo or on-body signal amplification, and the challenges and future outlook of scalable, reliable, and sustainable biosensing platforms are being discussed.
{"title":"Innovations in electrochemical biosensing for health monitoring","authors":"Shweta J. Malode , Abdullah N. Alodhayb , Nagaraj P. Shetti","doi":"10.1016/j.coelec.2026.101812","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coelec.2026.101812","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrochemical biosensing has emerged as a fundament technology for health monitoring, providing high sensitivity, a quick response, and miniaturization potential, applicable for point-of-care and wearable platforms. The development of nanomaterials design, signal amplification, and device integration over the last decade has made it possible for such sensors to carry out such monitoring and monitor health at any given time. This review highlights the advancements in electrode fabrication and miniaturization, nanostructured materials, microfluidic systems, biorecognition elements, aptamer-based sensing with nanostructures, and signal amplification using functionalized materials. The aspects of biomarker recognition, electrode modification, in vivo or on-body signal amplification, and the challenges and future outlook of scalable, reliable, and sustainable biosensing platforms are being discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11028,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Electrochemistry","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 101812"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2026.101815
Pei-Hua Li , Meng Yang , Wen-Qing Liu , Xing-Jiu Huang
Electrochemical techniques have emerged as promising approaches for on-site detection and long-term monitoring of metal ions in environmental and biological samples, owing to their rapid response, high sensitivity, and portability. Many efforts have focused on employing various nanomaterials as electrode modifiers to enhance their sensing performance and exploring the detection mechanism. However, most studies remain limited to comparing pre- and post-reaction states of electrode interfaces, paying insufficient attention to the dynamic interfacial processes and real-time structural evolution at solid–solid and solid–liquid interfaces during electroanalysis. A deeper understanding and exploration of solid–solid and solid–liquid interface reaction characteristics, influenced by various factors, including electric fields, environmental conditions, surface state of electrodes, adsorbate species, electrolyte component, and pH value, is essential for purposefully designing highly efficient sensing interfaces. This review highlights recent advances in probing solid–solid and solid–liquid interfacial characteristics and reaction dynamics via in-situ techniques, dynamics simulations, DFT calculations, and machine learning.
{"title":"Probing electrochemical solid–solid and solid–liquid interface reaction characteristics based on in-situ technologies and theoretical simulations","authors":"Pei-Hua Li , Meng Yang , Wen-Qing Liu , Xing-Jiu Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.coelec.2026.101815","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coelec.2026.101815","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrochemical techniques have emerged as promising approaches for on-site detection and long-term monitoring of metal ions in environmental and biological samples, owing to their rapid response, high sensitivity, and portability. Many efforts have focused on employing various nanomaterials as electrode modifiers to enhance their sensing performance and exploring the detection mechanism. However, most studies remain limited to comparing pre- and post-reaction states of electrode interfaces, paying insufficient attention to the dynamic interfacial processes and <em>real-time</em> structural evolution at solid–solid and solid–liquid interfaces during electroanalysis. A deeper understanding and exploration of solid–solid and solid–liquid interface reaction characteristics, influenced by various factors, including electric fields, environmental conditions, surface state of electrodes, adsorbate species, electrolyte component, and pH value, is essential for purposefully designing highly efficient sensing interfaces. This review highlights recent advances in probing solid–solid and solid–liquid interfacial characteristics and reaction dynamics <em>via in-situ</em> techniques, dynamics simulations, DFT calculations, and machine learning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11028,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Electrochemistry","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 101815"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101809
Fei Guo , Xin Song , Kun Qian , Ting Zhu , Qiying Pei
Electrochemical tumor ablation, encompassing electrochemical therapy (EchT), irreversible electroporation (IRE), and electroporation and electrolysis (E2), has emerged as a transformative minimally invasive therapy. EchT applies sustained direct current to generate pH gradients (acidic anodes/alkaline cathodes), inducing coagulative necrosis; its procedural simplicity and cost-effectiveness are balanced against tissue dehydration and electrode instability. IRE uses high-voltage pulses to disrupt cell membranes while preserving extracellular matrix integrity, though precise electrode alignment is critical. Emerging protocols like E2 synergize mechanisms of both EchT and IRE to enhance ablation efficacy. Technological advancements, such as bioionic gel electrodes, liquid metal probes, and ultrasound-guided microprobes, improve precision and scalability. Multidisciplinary integration with immunotherapy, reactive oxygen species modulation, and artificial intelligence optimization further boosts outcomes. However, mechanistic ambiguities in electrolytic/electroporation interactions, heterogeneous clinical protocols, and insufficient safety data for novel devices remain critical barriers. Future research needs to prioritize molecular elucidation, multicenter trial validation, and personalized dosing algorithms to advance translational readiness.
{"title":"Electrochemical tumor ablation: Applications and future prospects","authors":"Fei Guo , Xin Song , Kun Qian , Ting Zhu , Qiying Pei","doi":"10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101809","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101809","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrochemical tumor ablation, encompassing electrochemical therapy (EchT), irreversible electroporation (IRE), and electroporation and electrolysis (E2), has emerged as a transformative minimally invasive therapy. EchT applies sustained direct current to generate pH gradients (acidic anodes/alkaline cathodes), inducing coagulative necrosis; its procedural simplicity and cost-effectiveness are balanced against tissue dehydration and electrode instability. IRE uses high-voltage pulses to disrupt cell membranes while preserving extracellular matrix integrity, though precise electrode alignment is critical. Emerging protocols like E2 synergize mechanisms of both EchT and IRE to enhance ablation efficacy. Technological advancements, such as bioionic gel electrodes, liquid metal probes, and ultrasound-guided microprobes, improve precision and scalability. Multidisciplinary integration with immunotherapy, reactive oxygen species modulation, and artificial intelligence optimization further boosts outcomes. However, mechanistic ambiguities in electrolytic/electroporation interactions, heterogeneous clinical protocols, and insufficient safety data for novel devices remain critical barriers. Future research needs to prioritize molecular elucidation, multicenter trial validation, and personalized dosing algorithms to advance translational readiness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11028,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Electrochemistry","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 101809"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146045252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2026.101818
Beatrise Berzina , Subodha Joris Edirisinghe , Robbyn K. Anand
Chemistry at the nanoliter and sub-nanoliter scale is driving advances in biotechnology, analytical chemistry, synthetic chemistry, and clinical diagnostics. These tiny volumes enable the study of individual entities, precise chemical measurements, high–throughput reaction screening, and lab-on-a-chip technologies for rapid disease detection. However, many of these applications are limited by the lack of experimental techniques for real-time control over the composition of these small volumes, including the concentration and distribution of chemical species within them. Ion concentration polarization (ICP) is an electrokinetic technique that enables enrichment, depletion, and separation of charged species in small volumes. In this review, we provide a brief introduction to ICP. We then discuss the implications of ICP in confined volumes, factors that dictate extent of enrichment, mechanisms of separation, and fluidic stability. Lastly, we describe the most recent applications of ICP in confined volumes and give a brief overview of the future directions in this field.
{"title":"Ion concentration polarization in small volumes","authors":"Beatrise Berzina , Subodha Joris Edirisinghe , Robbyn K. Anand","doi":"10.1016/j.coelec.2026.101818","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coelec.2026.101818","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chemistry at the nanoliter and sub-nanoliter scale is driving advances in biotechnology, analytical chemistry, synthetic chemistry, and clinical diagnostics. These tiny volumes enable the study of individual entities, precise chemical measurements, high–throughput reaction screening, and lab-on-a-chip technologies for rapid disease detection. However, many of these applications are limited by the lack of experimental techniques for real-time control over the composition of these small volumes, including the concentration and distribution of chemical species within them. Ion concentration polarization (ICP) is an electrokinetic technique that enables enrichment, depletion, and separation of charged species in small volumes. In this review, we provide a brief introduction to ICP. We then discuss the implications of ICP in confined volumes, factors that dictate extent of enrichment, mechanisms of separation, and fluidic stability. Lastly, we describe the most recent applications of ICP in confined volumes and give a brief overview of the future directions in this field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11028,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Electrochemistry","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 101818"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-13DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2026.101810
Xiaolin Liao , Minghui Quan , Xiang Peng , Abebe Reda Woldu , Liangsheng Hu
Electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2RR) to sustainable fuels and chemicals represents a pivotal strategy for carbon neutrality, yet conventional static methods suffer from limited selectivity, instability, and energy inefficiency. This review examines pulsed CO2RR (p-CO2RR) as a transformative approach that transcends these limitations by dynamically modulating catalyst microenvironments through temporal control of applied potentials. We first establish the fundamental pulse parameters, potential amplitude, frequency, duty cycle, and period that govern interfacial processes and product distributions. Subsequently, we analyze recent advances in p-CO2RR across transition metal catalysts (Cu, Ni, Sn, Fe), highlighting breakthroughs in C1 (CO, formate, CH4) and C2+ (ethylene, ethanol, branched hydrocarbons) production. By decoupling reaction steps temporally, pulsed strategies enhance Faradaic efficiency, suppress competing hydrogen evolution, and extend catalyst stability. The review concludes with forward-looking perspectives on asymmetric pulse optimization, machine-learning-guided parameter discovery, and scalable reactor designs to accelerate the industrial adoption of dynamic electrocatalysis.
{"title":"Pulse electrolysis: Temporal innovation for steering CO2RR pathways beyond catalyst design","authors":"Xiaolin Liao , Minghui Quan , Xiang Peng , Abebe Reda Woldu , Liangsheng Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.coelec.2026.101810","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coelec.2026.101810","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrochemical CO<sub>2</sub> reduction (CO<sub>2</sub>RR) to sustainable fuels and chemicals represents a pivotal strategy for carbon neutrality, yet conventional static methods suffer from limited selectivity, instability, and energy inefficiency. This review examines pulsed CO<sub>2</sub>RR (p-CO<sub>2</sub>RR) as a transformative approach that transcends these limitations by dynamically modulating catalyst microenvironments through temporal control of applied potentials. We first establish the fundamental pulse parameters, potential amplitude, frequency, duty cycle, and period that govern interfacial processes and product distributions. Subsequently, we analyze recent advances in p-CO<sub>2</sub>RR across transition metal catalysts (Cu, Ni, Sn, Fe), highlighting breakthroughs in C<sub>1</sub> (CO, formate, CH<sub>4</sub>) and C<sub>2+</sub> (ethylene, ethanol, branched hydrocarbons) production. By decoupling reaction steps temporally, pulsed strategies enhance Faradaic efficiency, suppress competing hydrogen evolution, and extend catalyst stability. The review concludes with forward-looking perspectives on asymmetric pulse optimization, machine-learning-guided parameter discovery, and scalable reactor designs to accelerate the industrial adoption of dynamic electrocatalysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11028,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Electrochemistry","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 101810"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2026.101816
Darshana Chatterjee, Ida Tiwari
The global surge in benzodiazepine misuse, ranging from counterfeit medications to drug-facilitated crimes, has created an urgent need for rapid, on-site detection systems. Conventional analytical tools like Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Liquid Chromatography -Mass Spectrometry, though robust, are limited by cost, complexity, and lack of portability creating a critical need for rapid, on-site detection systems. This mini-review explores how carbon-based electrochemical sensors are revolutionizing the transition from lab-bound diagnostics to real-time, field-deployable platforms. Recent advancements in carbon nanostructures including graphene derivates, carbon nanotubes, and carbon quantum dots have significantly enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and device miniaturization with flexible electrode substrates. Integrated with voltammetric and impedance-based techniques, these materials underpin innovations in wearable sensors, laser-scribed platforms, and smartphone diagnostics. The review highlights a paradigm shift toward decentralized toxicological analysis through artificial intelligence–driven analytics, adaptable hardware, and user-friendly mobile interfaces. This review not only maps recent innovations but also critically examines existing barriers to scalability, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration, regulatory foresight, and translational research. It effectively highlights that the convergence of carbon nanotechnology with digital sensing represents a transformative leap toward accessible, intelligent platforms for real-world benzodiazepine detection. Serving as a consolidated reference, this work captures the most significant innovations and progress made in the last two years offering researchers a comprehensive and up-to-date perspective on the evolving landscape of electrochemical sensing of globally abused benzodiazepines.
{"title":"Next-generation electrochemical sensors for globally abused benzodiazepines: Carbon nanostructures paving the way for on-field applications","authors":"Darshana Chatterjee, Ida Tiwari","doi":"10.1016/j.coelec.2026.101816","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coelec.2026.101816","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global surge in benzodiazepine misuse, ranging from counterfeit medications to drug-facilitated crimes, has created an urgent need for rapid, on-site detection systems. Conventional analytical tools like Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Liquid Chromatography -Mass Spectrometry, though robust, are limited by cost, complexity, and lack of portability creating a critical need for rapid, on-site detection systems. This mini-review explores how carbon-based electrochemical sensors are revolutionizing the transition from lab-bound diagnostics to real-time, field-deployable platforms. Recent advancements in carbon nanostructures including graphene derivates, carbon nanotubes, and carbon quantum dots have significantly enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and device miniaturization with flexible electrode substrates. Integrated with voltammetric and impedance-based techniques, these materials underpin innovations in wearable sensors, laser-scribed platforms, and smartphone diagnostics. The review highlights a paradigm shift toward decentralized toxicological analysis through artificial intelligence–driven analytics, adaptable hardware, and user-friendly mobile interfaces. This review not only maps recent innovations but also critically examines existing barriers to scalability, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration, regulatory foresight, and translational research. It effectively highlights that the convergence of carbon nanotechnology with digital sensing represents a transformative leap toward accessible, intelligent platforms for real-world benzodiazepine detection. Serving as a consolidated reference, this work captures the most significant innovations and progress made in the last two years offering researchers a comprehensive and up-to-date perspective on the evolving landscape of electrochemical sensing of globally abused benzodiazepines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11028,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Electrochemistry","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 101816"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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