Pub Date : 2025-11-30DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101792
Ran Ren, Haoyu Dong, Guanchao He, Gonglan Ye, Huilong Fei
Zinc-air batteries (ZABs) possess high theoretical energy density and are environmentally friendly. However, the practical applications of ZABs are restricted by their relatively low power density, which is largely dictated by the mass transport efficiency of the air electrode. The construction of self-supported electrodes brings about various structural advantages like large specific surface area, abundant active sites, and mechanical integrity, and it is regarded as a feasible strategy to overcome the mass transport limitation of ZABs. In this review, the recent strategies for enhancing the mass transport of self-supported air electrode are elaborated, ending with the remaining challenges along with future perspective.
{"title":"Self-supported air cathode with enhanced mass transport for high-power zinc-air batteries","authors":"Ran Ren, Haoyu Dong, Guanchao He, Gonglan Ye, Huilong Fei","doi":"10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101792","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101792","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zinc-air batteries (ZABs) possess high theoretical energy density and are environmentally friendly. However, the practical applications of ZABs are restricted by their relatively low power density, which is largely dictated by the mass transport efficiency of the air electrode. The construction of self-supported electrodes brings about various structural advantages like large specific surface area, abundant active sites, and mechanical integrity, and it is regarded as a feasible strategy to overcome the mass transport limitation of ZABs. In this review, the recent strategies for enhancing the mass transport of self-supported air electrode are elaborated, ending with the remaining challenges along with future perspective.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11028,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Electrochemistry","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101792"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101789
Zilong Wang , Yuhao Wang , Francesco Ciucci
The distribution of relaxation times (DRT) has become an indispensable technique for interpreting electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. This review traces the evolution of DRT from a powerful deconvolution tool for gaining mechanistic insights into a predictive engine for diagnostics and state estimation in fields such as batteries and fuel cells. The technique’s intuitive appeal is challenged by its mathematically ill-posed nature, creating a “credibility gap” where subjective choices can yield misleading artifacts. Recent methodological advances in Bayesian and entropy-based frameworks provide greater robustness and uncertainty quantification. The path forward requires establishing a comprehensive analytical ecosystem built on community standards, benchmark datasets, and transparent reporting. This current opinion urges the community to embrace rigor and transform DRT from a specialized, expert-level tool into a reliable and reproducible cornerstone of electrochemical analysis.
{"title":"Distribution of relaxation times: Foundations, methods, diagnostics, and prognosis for electrochemical systems","authors":"Zilong Wang , Yuhao Wang , Francesco Ciucci","doi":"10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101789","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101789","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The distribution of relaxation times (DRT) has become an indispensable technique for interpreting electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. This review traces the evolution of DRT from a powerful deconvolution tool for gaining mechanistic insights into a predictive engine for diagnostics and state estimation in fields such as batteries and fuel cells. The technique’s intuitive appeal is challenged by its mathematically ill-posed nature, creating a “credibility gap” where subjective choices can yield misleading artifacts. Recent methodological advances in Bayesian and entropy-based frameworks provide greater robustness and uncertainty quantification. The path forward requires establishing a comprehensive analytical ecosystem built on community standards, benchmark datasets, and transparent reporting. This current opinion urges the community to embrace rigor and transform DRT from a specialized, expert-level tool into a reliable and reproducible cornerstone of electrochemical analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11028,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Electrochemistry","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101789"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101786
Svein Sunde
Recent advances in the application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for analysis of the oxygen evolution reaction are discussed. Impedance is used routinely to rank catalysts, to determine the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA), and for mechanistic interpretation. A significant development is attempts at assessing the ECSA from the faradaic impedance rather than from the double-layer capacitance. Impedance is also used for assessment of Tafel slopes, but for future work better integration of microkinetic models with impedance is suggested, notably through the Tafel impedance .
{"title":"Use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in the analysis of the oxygen evolution reaction","authors":"Svein Sunde","doi":"10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101786","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101786","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent advances in the application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for analysis of the oxygen evolution reaction are discussed. Impedance is used routinely to rank catalysts, to determine the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA), and for mechanistic interpretation. A significant development is attempts at assessing the ECSA from the faradaic impedance rather than from the double-layer capacitance. Impedance is also used for assessment of Tafel slopes, but for future work better integration of microkinetic models with impedance is suggested, notably through the Tafel impedance <span><math><mrow><mover><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow><mi>Z</mi><mspace></mspace><mfenced><mrow><mi>j</mi><mi>ω</mi></mrow></mfenced></math></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11028,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Electrochemistry","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101786"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101787
Flamur Sopaj , Emmanuel Mousset
Electrochemical analysis of the wastewater pollutants during their degradation by electrochemical and photocatalytical techniques has been reviewed for the first time. Electroanalysis is convenient compared to chromatographic methods, due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness, though interferences could restrict its use. The electroanalytical methods used during the degradation processes were as follows: differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear scan voltammetry, and chronoamperometry. DPV and SWV were the most used techniques due to their higher sensitivity and selectivity. Electroanalysis has been more performed during photochemical than during electrochemical treatments. In addition, the combination was mostly performed in sequence, while only few cases investigated the hybrid coupling, in which in situ analyses took place. Advantages and drawbacks of the sequenced versus hybrid system have been discussed, while more intensive studies need to performed to improve the promising possibility of the in situ combination.
{"title":"Electroanalytical methods for monitoring pollutants during (photo)-(electro)-catalytic treatments of wastewater—A critical review on possible hybrid vs sequenced combinations","authors":"Flamur Sopaj , Emmanuel Mousset","doi":"10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101787","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101787","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrochemical analysis of the wastewater pollutants during their degradation by electrochemical and photocatalytical techniques has been reviewed for the first time. Electroanalysis is convenient compared to chromatographic methods, due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness, though interferences could restrict its use. The electroanalytical methods used during the degradation processes were as follows: differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear scan voltammetry, and chronoamperometry. DPV and SWV were the most used techniques due to their higher sensitivity and selectivity. Electroanalysis has been more performed during photochemical than during electrochemical treatments. In addition, the combination was mostly performed in sequence, while only few cases investigated the hybrid coupling, in which <em>in situ</em> analyses took place. Advantages and drawbacks of the sequenced versus hybrid system have been discussed, while more intensive studies need to performed to improve the promising possibility of the <em>in situ</em> combination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11028,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Electrochemistry","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101787"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-21DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101788
Mark E. Orazem , Burak Ulgut
While automation of data interpretation has been successful for optical spectroscopy and chromatography methods, automated interpretation of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data is confounded by the nonuniqueness of models used to interpret the data in terms of physical quantities. Where automation has been successful, the data are compared with known libraries of high-quality, well-characterized, and specific datasets. In this manuscript, use of automation for data interpretation is reviewed, and guidelines are proposed for those seeking to develop artificial intelligence algorithms for analysis of impedance data.
{"title":"Can interpretation of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data be automated? Where do artificial intelligence algorithms stand?","authors":"Mark E. Orazem , Burak Ulgut","doi":"10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101788","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101788","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While automation of data interpretation has been successful for optical spectroscopy and chromatography methods, automated interpretation of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data is confounded by the nonuniqueness of models used to interpret the data in terms of physical quantities. Where automation has been successful, the data are compared with known libraries of high-quality, well-characterized, and specific datasets. In this manuscript, use of automation for data interpretation is reviewed, and guidelines are proposed for those seeking to develop artificial intelligence algorithms for analysis of impedance data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11028,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Electrochemistry","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101788"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at low frequencies often suffers from scattering, a problem exacerbated in low-temperature water electrolysis. A literature-based mapping of gas-evolution electrode (GEE) spectra reveals distinct patterns: scattering occurs more frequently at high current densities, is more pronounced in alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) than in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE), and appears more common in potentiostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (PEIS) than in galvanostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (GEIS). These patterns are attributed to the increased non-stationarity in, and the functioning as a reference electrode by the bubble-evolution electrode (BEE). To reduce scattering, cell hardware with well-controlled compression is needed first to set a solid foundation. The signal-to-noise ratio of the spectra can be improved based on the nature of the noise and the cause of the scattering. A three-electrode configuration is recommended. Scattering that persists despite signal integration may indicate a resonance between the alternating current (AC) perturbation and bubble dynamics.
{"title":"Understanding and addressing impedance scattering in low-temperature electrolysis","authors":"Wenbo Shi, Wentian Cai, Yiming Zhang, Kei Ono, Jianbo Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101785","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101785","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at low frequencies often suffers from scattering, a problem exacerbated in low-temperature water electrolysis. A literature-based mapping of gas-evolution electrode (GEE) spectra reveals distinct patterns: scattering occurs more frequently at high current densities, is more pronounced in alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) than in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE), and appears more common in potentiostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (PEIS) than in galvanostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (GEIS). These patterns are attributed to the increased non-stationarity in, and the functioning as a reference electrode by the bubble-evolution electrode (BEE). To reduce scattering, cell hardware with well-controlled compression is needed first to set a solid foundation. The signal-to-noise ratio of the spectra can be improved based on the nature of the noise and the cause of the scattering. A three-electrode configuration is recommended. Scattering that persists despite signal integration may indicate a resonance between the alternating current (AC) perturbation and bubble dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11028,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Electrochemistry","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101785"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101782
Qian Lu , Xiaohong Zou , Ying Wang , Zongping Shao
Zinc-air batteries (ZABs) hold significant promise for next-generation energy storage due to their high theoretical energy density, inherent safety, and low cost. Nevertheless, commercialization is impeded by sluggish oxygen redox kinetics at air cathodes, which causes substantial charge–discharge polarization and low round-trip efficiency. While existing bifunctional catalysts struggle to balance activity and stability, Ru-based catalysts have emerged as a transformative solution by optimizing electronic structures to facilitate oxygen intermediate adsorption/desorption. This review examines recent advances in Ru-based catalysts, categorizing strategies into composites, compounds, and single-atom supported catalysts. We analyze the roles of compositing, doping, and support engineering in enhancing activity–stability synergy, extracting design principles for each category. Furthermore, we outline key research directions including ultralow Ru loading, multi-site synergy, and corrosion mitigation. By mapping cost-activity–stability relationships and identifying development pathways, this work provides a roadmap toward industrial ZAB deployment for Ru-based catalysts.
{"title":"Recent advance of Ru-based bifunctional electrocatalysts for Zn–air batteries","authors":"Qian Lu , Xiaohong Zou , Ying Wang , Zongping Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101782","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101782","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zinc-air batteries (ZABs) hold significant promise for next-generation energy storage due to their high theoretical energy density, inherent safety, and low cost. Nevertheless, commercialization is impeded by sluggish oxygen redox kinetics at air cathodes, which causes substantial charge–discharge polarization and low round-trip efficiency. While existing bifunctional catalysts struggle to balance activity and stability, Ru-based catalysts have emerged as a transformative solution by optimizing electronic structures to facilitate oxygen intermediate adsorption/desorption. This review examines recent advances in Ru-based catalysts, categorizing strategies into composites, compounds, and single-atom supported catalysts. We analyze the roles of compositing, doping, and support engineering in enhancing activity–stability synergy, extracting design principles for each category. Furthermore, we outline key research directions including ultralow Ru loading, multi-site synergy, and corrosion mitigation. By mapping cost-activity–stability relationships and identifying development pathways, this work provides a roadmap toward industrial ZAB deployment for Ru-based catalysts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11028,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Electrochemistry","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101782"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101783
Zubair Ahmed, Marek Mooste, Kaido Tammeveski
Secondary Zn-air battery (ZAB), also known as rechargeable ZAB, is one of the most viable alternatives for Li-ion batteries for light transportation, electric vehicles, and portable electronics. Therefore, its development potential is significant, but at present it is limited mainly by the need for platinum-group-metal (PGM)-based air electrode materials to catalyze the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). MN4 macrocyclic complexes, which have a central metal atom coordinated to surrounding nitrogen atoms, have emerged as one of the most promising alternatives to PGM-based catalysts for the ZAB air electrode, creating an intense and competitive research field. This review summarizes the most important MN4 macrocycle-derived air electrode catalyst developments in recent years for rechargeable ZABs, while also highlighting some critical issues.
{"title":"Transition metal MN4 macrocycle-derived bifunctional ORR/OER electrocatalysts for air electrodes in rechargeable zinc-air batteries","authors":"Zubair Ahmed, Marek Mooste, Kaido Tammeveski","doi":"10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101783","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101783","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Secondary Zn-air battery (ZAB), also known as rechargeable ZAB, is one of the most viable alternatives for Li-ion batteries for light transportation, electric vehicles, and portable electronics. Therefore, its development potential is significant, but at present it is limited mainly by the need for platinum-group-metal (PGM)-based air electrode materials to catalyze the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). MN<sub>4</sub> macrocyclic complexes, which have a central metal atom coordinated to surrounding nitrogen atoms, have emerged as one of the most promising alternatives to PGM-based catalysts for the ZAB air electrode, creating an intense and competitive research field. This review summarizes the most important MN<sub>4</sub> macrocycle-derived air electrode catalyst developments in recent years for rechargeable ZABs, while also highlighting some critical issues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11028,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Electrochemistry","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101783"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101784
Zhongxi Zhao , Yongfu Liu , Jianwen Yu , Jiangfeng Huang , Junshuo Lian , Yaoming Leng , Peng Tan
The application of rechargeable zinc-air batteries (RZABs) is hindered by sluggish oxygen reaction kinetics at air electrodes and poor reversibility of zinc electrodes. This work analyzes the fundamental issues limiting the practical implementation of RZABs and proposes a practical application-oriented performance evaluation framework. For air electrodes, in-situ gas monitoring techniques are critically needed to accurately distinguish the electrochemical reaction pathways during the charging process of transition metal catalysts and the competitive mechanisms between carbon corrosion and oxygen evolution reactions. With respect to zinc electrodes, conventional low depth of discharge (DOD) testing conditions mask irreversible capacity loss under practical high-DOD (>20 %) operation, necessitating the establishment of a “limited zinc-high DOD” system to reliably assess electrode performance. Furthermore, full-cell design requires optimization of key parameters. The standardized evaluation framework proposed herein not only provides critical guidance for the industrialization of RZABs but also can be extended to other metal-air battery systems.
{"title":"Critical metrics for practical application-oriented rechargeable zinc-air batteries","authors":"Zhongxi Zhao , Yongfu Liu , Jianwen Yu , Jiangfeng Huang , Junshuo Lian , Yaoming Leng , Peng Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101784","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101784","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of rechargeable zinc-air batteries (RZABs) is hindered by sluggish oxygen reaction kinetics at air electrodes and poor reversibility of zinc electrodes. This work analyzes the fundamental issues limiting the practical implementation of RZABs and proposes a practical application-oriented performance evaluation framework. For air electrodes, in-situ gas monitoring techniques are critically needed to accurately distinguish the electrochemical reaction pathways during the charging process of transition metal catalysts and the competitive mechanisms between carbon corrosion and oxygen evolution reactions. With respect to zinc electrodes, conventional low depth of discharge (DOD) testing conditions mask irreversible capacity loss under practical high-DOD (>20 %) operation, necessitating the establishment of a “limited zinc-high DOD” system to reliably assess electrode performance. Furthermore, full-cell design requires optimization of key parameters. The standardized evaluation framework proposed herein not only provides critical guidance for the industrialization of RZABs but also can be extended to other metal-air battery systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11028,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Electrochemistry","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101784"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145691886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-06DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101780
Abdudin Temam , Assumpta C. Nwanya , Nisrin Alnaim , Joshua Chidiebere Mba , Adil Alshoaibi , Chunyu Zhu , Paul M. Ejikeme , Fabian I. Ezema
Zinc-air batteries (ZABs) have been touted as promising energy storage device because of their high energy density, abundance, and inherent safety. However, their commercialization is significantly hampered by zinc dendrites during the charge-discharge processes. The dendrite formation causes short circuits, increases internal resistances, and reduces the durability of the battery. This review systematically explores surface engineering strategies for regulating zinc nucleation behaviour and suppressing the dendrite growth at the anode interface. Strategies involving protective coatings, electrolyte additives, and interfacial structure optimization are discussed comprehensively. The role of surface chemistry, material architecture, and ion transport kinetics in mitigating dendrite formation is critically evaluated. We also critically understand the concepts required to realize uniform zinc deposition and enhance cycling stability. This review presents a comprehensive insight into the challenges and recent progress in dendrite control, and strategic insights into developing high-performance zinc–air batteries.
{"title":"Surface engineering and dendrite control of zinc anodes for efficient zinc-air batteries","authors":"Abdudin Temam , Assumpta C. Nwanya , Nisrin Alnaim , Joshua Chidiebere Mba , Adil Alshoaibi , Chunyu Zhu , Paul M. Ejikeme , Fabian I. Ezema","doi":"10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zinc-air batteries (ZABs) have been touted as promising energy storage device because of their high energy density, abundance, and inherent safety. However, their commercialization is significantly hampered by zinc dendrites during the charge-discharge processes. The dendrite formation causes short circuits, increases internal resistances, and reduces the durability of the battery. This review systematically explores surface engineering strategies for regulating zinc nucleation behaviour and suppressing the dendrite growth at the anode interface. Strategies involving protective coatings, electrolyte additives, and interfacial structure optimization are discussed comprehensively. The role of surface chemistry, material architecture, and ion transport kinetics in mitigating dendrite formation is critically evaluated. We also critically understand the concepts required to realize uniform zinc deposition and enhance cycling stability. This review presents a comprehensive insight into the challenges and recent progress in dendrite control, and strategic insights into developing high-performance zinc–air batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11028,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Electrochemistry","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101780"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145594803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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