Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152028
Fei Xue, Yuling Zhao, Ruiyang Yu, Wensong Yu, A. Huang
This paper focuses on the design and control of a stationary energy storage system based on multiple modular high voltage battery modules. The system achieves bi-directional power flow directly from 400V dc grid to the 12V battery modules via a bi-directional dc-dc converter with high conversion ratio as an interface. One merit of such a system is its extensibility and scalability for higher power rating for future use by dispatching more battery modules together. A 2kWh energy storage system prototype which is made up by one grid-connected solid state transformer (SST) emulator and two bi-directional dc-dc converters are designed, fabricated and tested. Based on the modified droop control, a double-loop digital control system for the SST emulator and a single-loop digital control system for the dc-dc converter are implemented respectively. At last, experimental results are presented to verify the proposed distributed control strategy.
{"title":"Stationary energy storage system based on modular high voltage battery modules","authors":"Fei Xue, Yuling Zhao, Ruiyang Yu, Wensong Yu, A. Huang","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152028","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the design and control of a stationary energy storage system based on multiple modular high voltage battery modules. The system achieves bi-directional power flow directly from 400V dc grid to the 12V battery modules via a bi-directional dc-dc converter with high conversion ratio as an interface. One merit of such a system is its extensibility and scalability for higher power rating for future use by dispatching more battery modules together. A 2kWh energy storage system prototype which is made up by one grid-connected solid state transformer (SST) emulator and two bi-directional dc-dc converters are designed, fabricated and tested. Based on the modified droop control, a double-loop digital control system for the SST emulator and a single-loop digital control system for the dc-dc converter are implemented respectively. At last, experimental results are presented to verify the proposed distributed control strategy.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129057925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152064
N. Kularatna
Supercapacitors are approximately one million times bigger than the conventional electrolytic capacitors, and, they come with one order lower equivalent series resistances. Given this situation, supercapacitors can be combined with low dropout regulators to achieve high efficiency linear DC-DC converters, using a patented technique- Supercapacitor Assisted Low Dropout regulators (SCALDO). In SCALDO, the load sees the high quality DC output of a linear regulator, together with very high end to end efficiency (ETEE) comparable with high frequency switch mode regulators. In SCALDO regulators efficiency improvement factors are 2, 3 and 1.33 respectively for 12-5V, 5-1.5V and 5-3.3V respectively. Series supercapacitors act as a lossless series dropper and the recovered energy is recirculated back to the linear regulator at a very low frequency in the range of fractional hertz to few tens of hertz only, eliminating any possible RFI/EMI issues. By oversizing the supercapacitors, DC UPS capability can be inserted into the SCALDO converter and these converters can be effectively used in DC microgrid applications. Paper explores the technical advantages of this unique technique, which is not a variation of charge pump technique.
{"title":"Supercapacitor Assisted Low Dropout Regulators (SCALDO) for high efficiency DC-DC converters for DC microgrid applications","authors":"N. Kularatna","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152064","url":null,"abstract":"Supercapacitors are approximately one million times bigger than the conventional electrolytic capacitors, and, they come with one order lower equivalent series resistances. Given this situation, supercapacitors can be combined with low dropout regulators to achieve high efficiency linear DC-DC converters, using a patented technique- Supercapacitor Assisted Low Dropout regulators (SCALDO). In SCALDO, the load sees the high quality DC output of a linear regulator, together with very high end to end efficiency (ETEE) comparable with high frequency switch mode regulators. In SCALDO regulators efficiency improvement factors are 2, 3 and 1.33 respectively for 12-5V, 5-1.5V and 5-3.3V respectively. Series supercapacitors act as a lossless series dropper and the recovered energy is recirculated back to the linear regulator at a very low frequency in the range of fractional hertz to few tens of hertz only, eliminating any possible RFI/EMI issues. By oversizing the supercapacitors, DC UPS capability can be inserted into the SCALDO converter and these converters can be effectively used in DC microgrid applications. Paper explores the technical advantages of this unique technique, which is not a variation of charge pump technique.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130016836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152011
Fengyan Zhang, Yun Yang, Chengcheng Ji, Wen Wei, Ying Chen, C. Meng, Zhihui Jin, Guoqing Zhang
Due to the defects of the way of the traditional grid power supply, microgrid arises at the historic moment. At present, DC microgrid is an effective solution to integrate renewable energy sources which are DC power supply with DC loads. In allusion to the power unbalance intra-microgrid and the wide fluctuation of DC bus voltage due to unstable output of DC micro resources in DC microgrid, A DC microgrid structure consisting of photovoltaic generation system, hybrid energy storage systems and AC main grid, is researched in this paper. A novel power management strategy for this DC microgrid is proposed. The control strategy divides the DC bus voltage into seven ranges by six critical voltage values which are employed as the represents of power states, and according to the range which the bus voltage belongs to, the operation mode of the system can be automatically judged and switched freely. A hybrid energy storage system in this microgrid that contains two complementary type storage elements-battery and super-capacitor, can enhance the reliability and flexibility of the system based on their special supply logical. Experimental results show that above-mentioned control strategy is feasible through the MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation platform.
{"title":"Power management strategy research for DC microgrid with hybrid storage system","authors":"Fengyan Zhang, Yun Yang, Chengcheng Ji, Wen Wei, Ying Chen, C. Meng, Zhihui Jin, Guoqing Zhang","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152011","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the defects of the way of the traditional grid power supply, microgrid arises at the historic moment. At present, DC microgrid is an effective solution to integrate renewable energy sources which are DC power supply with DC loads. In allusion to the power unbalance intra-microgrid and the wide fluctuation of DC bus voltage due to unstable output of DC micro resources in DC microgrid, A DC microgrid structure consisting of photovoltaic generation system, hybrid energy storage systems and AC main grid, is researched in this paper. A novel power management strategy for this DC microgrid is proposed. The control strategy divides the DC bus voltage into seven ranges by six critical voltage values which are employed as the represents of power states, and according to the range which the bus voltage belongs to, the operation mode of the system can be automatically judged and switched freely. A hybrid energy storage system in this microgrid that contains two complementary type storage elements-battery and super-capacitor, can enhance the reliability and flexibility of the system based on their special supply logical. Experimental results show that above-mentioned control strategy is feasible through the MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation platform.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127871362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152029
Fei Xue, Ruiyang Yu, Wensong Yu, A. Huang
This paper presents a novel GaN transistor based bidirectional isolated DC-DC converter for stationary energy storage device (SESD) for 400V DC microgrid. The improvements achieved in the application includes: first, benefitting from the internal ultra-fast free-wheeling diode, the converter's operation range can be expended to light load conditions (switches operate in hard switching). The light load efficiency can be greatly increased. Second, because of its low switching loss and on state resistance, the heavy load efficiency is increased. Third, the snubber inductor which is indispensable in Si device based converter can now be omitted in the GaN version. The power stage design as well as a loss analysis of GaN is based on a steady state analysis and PSpice simulation. Experimental results are presented for a 500 W bidirectional dc-dc converter prototype.
{"title":"GaN transistor based Bi-directional DC-DC converter for stationary energy storage device for 400V DC microgrid","authors":"Fei Xue, Ruiyang Yu, Wensong Yu, A. Huang","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152029","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel GaN transistor based bidirectional isolated DC-DC converter for stationary energy storage device (SESD) for 400V DC microgrid. The improvements achieved in the application includes: first, benefitting from the internal ultra-fast free-wheeling diode, the converter's operation range can be expended to light load conditions (switches operate in hard switching). The light load efficiency can be greatly increased. Second, because of its low switching loss and on state resistance, the heavy load efficiency is increased. Third, the snubber inductor which is indispensable in Si device based converter can now be omitted in the GaN version. The power stage design as well as a loss analysis of GaN is based on a steady state analysis and PSpice simulation. Experimental results are presented for a 500 W bidirectional dc-dc converter prototype.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121705509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152057
N. Díaz, A. Luna, J. Vasquez, Josep M. Guerrero
This paper presents a centralized strategy for equalizing the state of charge of distributed energy storage systems in an islanded DC microgrid. The proposed strategy is based on a simple algorithm called equalization algorithm, which modifies the charge or discharge rate by weighting the virtual resistor of local droop control loops at each distributed energy storage system. The proposed strategy, can be used as an additional function of the microgrid energy management system where the state of charge of distributed ESS is equalized within a determined window of time. Finally, real-time simulation results of a low voltage DC microgrid are presented in order to verify the performance of the proposed approach.
{"title":"Energy management system with equalization algorithm for distributed energy storage systems in PV-active generator based low voltage DC microgrids","authors":"N. Díaz, A. Luna, J. Vasquez, Josep M. Guerrero","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152057","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a centralized strategy for equalizing the state of charge of distributed energy storage systems in an islanded DC microgrid. The proposed strategy is based on a simple algorithm called equalization algorithm, which modifies the charge or discharge rate by weighting the virtual resistor of local droop control loops at each distributed energy storage system. The proposed strategy, can be used as an additional function of the microgrid energy management system where the state of charge of distributed ESS is equalized within a determined window of time. Finally, real-time simulation results of a low voltage DC microgrid are presented in order to verify the performance of the proposed approach.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133987407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152042
K. Corzine
In order to eliminate power conversion steps, future micro grids with renewable energy sources are being visualized as dc power systems. System components such as sources (solar panels, fuels cells, etc.) loads, and power conversion have been identified and are readily available. However, when it comes to dc circuit breakers, many designs are still in the experimental phase. The main limitation is that interrupting a current which does not have a zero crossing will sustain an arc. This paper introduces a new type of dc circuit breaker. It uses a short conduction path between the breaker as well as mutual coupling to automatically and rapidly switch off in response to a fault. The proposed breaker also can have a crowbar switch on the output so that it can be used as a dc switch. Mathematical analysis, detailed simulation, and laboratory measurements of the new dc switch are included.
{"title":"Circuit breaker for DC micro grids","authors":"K. Corzine","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152042","url":null,"abstract":"In order to eliminate power conversion steps, future micro grids with renewable energy sources are being visualized as dc power systems. System components such as sources (solar panels, fuels cells, etc.) loads, and power conversion have been identified and are readily available. However, when it comes to dc circuit breakers, many designs are still in the experimental phase. The main limitation is that interrupting a current which does not have a zero crossing will sustain an arc. This paper introduces a new type of dc circuit breaker. It uses a short conduction path between the breaker as well as mutual coupling to automatically and rapidly switch off in response to a fault. The proposed breaker also can have a crowbar switch on the output so that it can be used as a dc switch. Mathematical analysis, detailed simulation, and laboratory measurements of the new dc switch are included.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132144089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152072
K. Yeager
DC Microgrid Performance Excellence in Electricity Renewal is a major stimulating result of the decade-long non-profit Galvin Electricity Initiative and its objective of demonstrating and promoting truly intelligent 21st Century “Perfect Power” electricity distribution systems. The resulting Performance Excellence in Electricity Renewal (PEER) program with DC Microgrid certification is now being formally administered by the Green Building Certification Institute (GBCI). The PEER program equips all electricity stakeholders with key performance capabilities, outcomes, metrics, and examples of DC Microgrid best practices. The PEER program at GBCI is also now providing a Webinar series to train PEER professionals and educate customers, stakeholders and policy makers to best universal advantage.
{"title":"DC Microgrid Performance Excellence in Electricity Renewal","authors":"K. Yeager","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152072","url":null,"abstract":"DC Microgrid Performance Excellence in Electricity Renewal is a major stimulating result of the decade-long non-profit Galvin Electricity Initiative and its objective of demonstrating and promoting truly intelligent 21st Century “Perfect Power” electricity distribution systems. The resulting Performance Excellence in Electricity Renewal (PEER) program with DC Microgrid certification is now being formally administered by the Green Building Certification Institute (GBCI). The PEER program equips all electricity stakeholders with key performance capabilities, outcomes, metrics, and examples of DC Microgrid best practices. The PEER program at GBCI is also now providing a Webinar series to train PEER professionals and educate customers, stakeholders and policy makers to best universal advantage.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130939794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152021
Thilini Wickramasinghe, N. Kularatna, D. Steyn-Ross
When DC loads are powered by a DC-microgrid (DCμG) based on a renewable source such as a PV system, energy storage becomes mandatory due to fluctuating nature of the source. Localized DC-energy storage within DC-DC converters could address this requirement. A variation of supercapacitor-assisted low-dropout regulators (SCALDO) could provide localized energy storage with low-noise and fast transient response. For a generalized SCALDO configuration, end-to-end efficiency is given by (1 + k)(Vreg/Vp) where k equals n or 1/n, and n is the number of supercapacitors required to step-down an input voltage of Vp, to an output regulated voltage of Vreg. For SCALDO-based converters, (1 + k) is the efficiency improvement factor of a Vp-to-Vreg standard linear regulator.
{"title":"Supercapacitor-based DC-DC converter technique for DC-microgrids with UPS capability","authors":"Thilini Wickramasinghe, N. Kularatna, D. Steyn-Ross","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152021","url":null,"abstract":"When DC loads are powered by a DC-microgrid (DCμG) based on a renewable source such as a PV system, energy storage becomes mandatory due to fluctuating nature of the source. Localized DC-energy storage within DC-DC converters could address this requirement. A variation of supercapacitor-assisted low-dropout regulators (SCALDO) could provide localized energy storage with low-noise and fast transient response. For a generalized SCALDO configuration, end-to-end efficiency is given by (1 + k)(Vreg/Vp) where k equals n or 1/n, and n is the number of supercapacitors required to step-down an input voltage of Vp, to an output regulated voltage of Vreg. For SCALDO-based converters, (1 + k) is the efficiency improvement factor of a Vp-to-Vreg standard linear regulator.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"61 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114036399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152045
L. Mackay, Tsegay Hailu, L. Ramirez-Elizondo, P. Bauer
Meshed dc distribution grids have advantages over radial connected ones. Challenges arise when this is done on the same voltage level and the full potential power might not be usable in certain configurations. This paper shows how the power flow in meshed dc grids can be increased by limiting the currents at congested lines. This can be done in a decentralized way with only local current measurements. Several realization possibilities for current limiting devices are introduced and discussed. Dynamic simulations are performed.
{"title":"Decentralized current limiting in meshed DC distribution grids","authors":"L. Mackay, Tsegay Hailu, L. Ramirez-Elizondo, P. Bauer","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152045","url":null,"abstract":"Meshed dc distribution grids have advantages over radial connected ones. Challenges arise when this is done on the same voltage level and the full potential power might not be usable in certain configurations. This paper shows how the power flow in meshed dc grids can be increased by limiting the currents at congested lines. This can be done in a decentralized way with only local current measurements. Several realization possibilities for current limiting devices are introduced and discussed. Dynamic simulations are performed.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122366217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152040
U. Boeke, M. Wendt
Direct current (DC) power grids are an interesting option for buildings to connect natural DC power sources such as photovoltaic power systems with DC loads like lighting, IT systems as well as speed-controlled electric motors of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems. The paper documents learnings, measurements and efficiency differences of a test bed installation with both a 230 V AC and a 380 V DC grid. Both subsystems supply LED luminaires with electricity from utility mains and AC respectively DC grid connected photovoltaic solar power systems. An efficiency advantage of 2 % has been measured with the 2 kW DC grid test bed. 5 % energy savings are described as potential.
{"title":"DC power grids for buildings","authors":"U. Boeke, M. Wendt","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152040","url":null,"abstract":"Direct current (DC) power grids are an interesting option for buildings to connect natural DC power sources such as photovoltaic power systems with DC loads like lighting, IT systems as well as speed-controlled electric motors of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems. The paper documents learnings, measurements and efficiency differences of a test bed installation with both a 230 V AC and a 380 V DC grid. Both subsystems supply LED luminaires with electricity from utility mains and AC respectively DC grid connected photovoltaic solar power systems. An efficiency advantage of 2 % has been measured with the 2 kW DC grid test bed. 5 % energy savings are described as potential.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126957572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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