Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152038
B. Nordman, Kenneth J. Christensen
Many aspects of our electricity systems are rapidly changing, including the ability to locally generate power with renewable energy sources and integrate local storage. Key factors that led to our current grid architecture may no longer hold in the near future. A new approach to power distribution within buildings is Local Power Distribution (LPD). In LPD individual devices are organized into nanogrids (a single domain of power) with nanogrids networked to each other, to local generation, and to a building-wide microgrid. Nanogrids inherently incorporate DC power for efficiency. This new model for electricity distribution in buildings is implemented with a layered model of power - called Network Power Integration (NPI) - that isolates communication about power from communication for functional purposes.
{"title":"DC Local Power Distribution with microgrids and nanogrids","authors":"B. Nordman, Kenneth J. Christensen","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152038","url":null,"abstract":"Many aspects of our electricity systems are rapidly changing, including the ability to locally generate power with renewable energy sources and integrate local storage. Key factors that led to our current grid architecture may no longer hold in the near future. A new approach to power distribution within buildings is Local Power Distribution (LPD). In LPD individual devices are organized into nanogrids (a single domain of power) with nanogrids networked to each other, to local generation, and to a building-wide microgrid. Nanogrids inherently incorporate DC power for efficiency. This new model for electricity distribution in buildings is implemented with a layered model of power - called Network Power Integration (NPI) - that isolates communication about power from communication for functional purposes.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125679772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152002
Anupam Mukherjee, Ranganath Vallakati, Valentin Lachenaud, P. Ranganathan
This paper presents a density based clustering (DBSCAN) technique to visualize and analyze the smart-grid data. The technique will aid in detecting bad-data, various fault types, deviation on frequency, voltage or current values for better situational awareness. Synchrophasors (or a PMU) is a sensor placed on a transmission line that tracks voltage, current, phase and frequency of the line. To improve situational awareness of the smart grid monitoring in real-time, the utility must monitor the phasor data measurement delivered by the sensors. Time-stamped synchronized measurements offer tremendous benefit for pre and post-event analysis. The paper uses data from openPDC framework to aid system operators in carrying various predictive analytics, decisions.
{"title":"Using phasor data for visualization and data mining in smart-grid applications","authors":"Anupam Mukherjee, Ranganath Vallakati, Valentin Lachenaud, P. Ranganathan","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152002","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a density based clustering (DBSCAN) technique to visualize and analyze the smart-grid data. The technique will aid in detecting bad-data, various fault types, deviation on frequency, voltage or current values for better situational awareness. Synchrophasors (or a PMU) is a sensor placed on a transmission line that tracks voltage, current, phase and frequency of the line. To improve situational awareness of the smart grid monitoring in real-time, the utility must monitor the phasor data measurement delivered by the sensors. Time-stamped synchronized measurements offer tremendous benefit for pre and post-event analysis. The paper uses data from openPDC framework to aid system operators in carrying various predictive analytics, decisions.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127778130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152039
W. Setthapun, Suchat Srikaew, Jiratkwin Rakwichian, Nuttiya Tantranont, W. Rakwichian, Rajindra Singh
The Smart Community is a real living model community in the mountainous area that completely uses electricity from PV and distributes with DC microgrid in the range of 260 - 297 VDC. The Smart Community is located at the Chiang Mai World Green City of the Asian Development Institute for Community Economy and Technology (adiCET) in Mae Rim Campus of Chiang Mai Rajabhat University, Thailand. The community is comprised of 6 small houses, an office, a minimart, a coffee shop, a restaurant and an organic farm. All of the devices and appliances in the houses and farm are able to operate on DC microgrid, which include lighting, air conditioner, television, refrigerator, computer, water heater, and water pump. These appliances were modified to be able to use with DC as well as AC systems to increase the flexibility of power usage for the transition toward the DC based community. For the other buildings, both AC and DC grids are integrated in the office, minimart, coffee shop, and restaurant. For example during normal operation of the office, the air condition and lightings used the DC grids, but the copier machine and printers used the AC grid. The adiCET faculties, students, researchers and administrative staff used the Smart Community as the working and living place. Operation of the DC and AC usage as well as the issues occurred from the 4-years development were monitored and recorded.
{"title":"The integration and transition to a DC based community: A case study of the Smart Community in Chiang Mai World Green City","authors":"W. Setthapun, Suchat Srikaew, Jiratkwin Rakwichian, Nuttiya Tantranont, W. Rakwichian, Rajindra Singh","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152039","url":null,"abstract":"The Smart Community is a real living model community in the mountainous area that completely uses electricity from PV and distributes with DC microgrid in the range of 260 - 297 VDC. The Smart Community is located at the Chiang Mai World Green City of the Asian Development Institute for Community Economy and Technology (adiCET) in Mae Rim Campus of Chiang Mai Rajabhat University, Thailand. The community is comprised of 6 small houses, an office, a minimart, a coffee shop, a restaurant and an organic farm. All of the devices and appliances in the houses and farm are able to operate on DC microgrid, which include lighting, air conditioner, television, refrigerator, computer, water heater, and water pump. These appliances were modified to be able to use with DC as well as AC systems to increase the flexibility of power usage for the transition toward the DC based community. For the other buildings, both AC and DC grids are integrated in the office, minimart, coffee shop, and restaurant. For example during normal operation of the office, the air condition and lightings used the DC grids, but the copier machine and printers used the AC grid. The adiCET faculties, students, researchers and administrative staff used the Smart Community as the working and living place. Operation of the DC and AC usage as well as the issues occurred from the 4-years development were monitored and recorded.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127582915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152050
Aditya R. Gautam, Suresh Singh, D. Fulwani
The paper presents a robust sliding mode controller for a dc/dc, bidirectional converter interfacing storage unit to ensure dc bus voltage regulation in a stand-alone dc microgrid. The dc bus supplies a combination of a constant power load and conventional resistive load. In order to enhance the battery life, a state-of-charge based charging algorithm is also implemented. Depending on the measured dc bus voltage, the controller selects the appropriate operating mode of the converter. The effectiveness of the proposed controller has been validated through simulation results.
{"title":"DC bus voltage regulation in the presence of constant power load using sliding mode controlled dc-dc Bi-directional converter interfaced storage unit","authors":"Aditya R. Gautam, Suresh Singh, D. Fulwani","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152050","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents a robust sliding mode controller for a dc/dc, bidirectional converter interfacing storage unit to ensure dc bus voltage regulation in a stand-alone dc microgrid. The dc bus supplies a combination of a constant power load and conventional resistive load. In order to enhance the battery life, a state-of-charge based charging algorithm is also implemented. Depending on the measured dc bus voltage, the controller selects the appropriate operating mode of the converter. The effectiveness of the proposed controller has been validated through simulation results.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129035676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152054
L. Zubieta, P. Lehn
This paper presents a novel unidirectional DC/DC converter that can be used to transfer power from distributed resources such as Solar PV or Fuel Cells into a DC microgrid. The converter is based on the LLC topology but designed to operate in a specific region of the gain curve that provides several benefits to integration of renewable energy sources into a constant DC bus. The isolated converter shows very high efficiency, full range of zero current switching, and simple control. The novel topology also has the inherent attribute of balancing the voltage on a bipolar DC bus by automatically shifting the processed power to the pole with the lower voltage.
{"title":"A high efficiency unidirectional DC/DC converter for integrating distributed resources into DC microgrids","authors":"L. Zubieta, P. Lehn","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152054","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel unidirectional DC/DC converter that can be used to transfer power from distributed resources such as Solar PV or Fuel Cells into a DC microgrid. The converter is based on the LLC topology but designed to operate in a specific region of the gain curve that provides several benefits to integration of renewable energy sources into a constant DC bus. The isolated converter shows very high efficiency, full range of zero current switching, and simple control. The novel topology also has the inherent attribute of balancing the voltage on a bipolar DC bus by automatically shifting the processed power to the pole with the lower voltage.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116642960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152033
A. Brissette, J. Carr, Tao Cui, Jing Xu, L. Qi
The parallel growth of intelligent home automation and small-scale DC distribution has presented new opportunities to improve the functionality and performance of residential spaces. A “smart home” of the future will feature advancements in two essential layers of the house infrastructure: the power distribution layer and the information technology (IT) layer. This paper will discuss implementations of these two layers and present technologies that can conveniently and safely unite them, reducing expense and accelerating the adoption of smart home concepts.
{"title":"Analysis of emerging technology for DC-enabled smart homes","authors":"A. Brissette, J. Carr, Tao Cui, Jing Xu, L. Qi","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152033","url":null,"abstract":"The parallel growth of intelligent home automation and small-scale DC distribution has presented new opportunities to improve the functionality and performance of residential spaces. A “smart home” of the future will feature advancements in two essential layers of the house infrastructure: the power distribution layer and the information technology (IT) layer. This paper will discuss implementations of these two layers and present technologies that can conveniently and safely unite them, reducing expense and accelerating the adoption of smart home concepts.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115470120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152027
A. Mattsson, P. Nuutinen, P. Peltoniemi, T. Kaipia, J. Karppanen, V. Vaisanen, J. Partanen, P. Silventoinen
This paper analyses the life-cycle cost of a customer-end inverter that is used in a low voltage DC distribution system. Cost of the losses during the utilization period of the system and the investment cost of the main components is included in the study and the distribution between them is analyzed to determine the dominating cost factors. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to determine how variations in the cost of electricity, the cost of the hardware and the selected switching frequency affect the life-cycle cost.
{"title":"Life-cycle cost analysis for the customer-end inverter used in low voltage dc distribution","authors":"A. Mattsson, P. Nuutinen, P. Peltoniemi, T. Kaipia, J. Karppanen, V. Vaisanen, J. Partanen, P. Silventoinen","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152027","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses the life-cycle cost of a customer-end inverter that is used in a low voltage DC distribution system. Cost of the losses during the utilization period of the system and the investment cost of the main components is included in the study and the distribution between them is analyzed to determine the dominating cost factors. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to determine how variations in the cost of electricity, the cost of the hardware and the selected switching frequency affect the life-cycle cost.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126839644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152044
Z. Shen, Zhenyu Miao, A. M. Roshandeh
Short circuit protection remains one of the major technical barriers in DC microgrids. This paper reviews state of the art of DC solid state circuit breakers (SSCBs). A new concept of a self-powered SSCB using normally-on wideband gap (WBG) semiconductor devices as the main static switch is described in this paper. The new SSCB detects short circuit faults by sensing its terminal voltage rise, and draws power from the fault condition itself to turn and hold off the static switch. The new two-terminal SSCB can be directly placed in a circuit branch without requiring any external power supply or extra wiring. Challenges and future trends in protecting low voltage distribution microgrids against short circuit and other faults are discussed.
{"title":"Solid state circuit breakers for DC micrgrids: Current status and future trends","authors":"Z. Shen, Zhenyu Miao, A. M. Roshandeh","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152044","url":null,"abstract":"Short circuit protection remains one of the major technical barriers in DC microgrids. This paper reviews state of the art of DC solid state circuit breakers (SSCBs). A new concept of a self-powered SSCB using normally-on wideband gap (WBG) semiconductor devices as the main static switch is described in this paper. The new SSCB detects short circuit faults by sensing its terminal voltage rise, and draws power from the fault condition itself to turn and hold off the static switch. The new two-terminal SSCB can be directly placed in a circuit branch without requiring any external power supply or extra wiring. Challenges and future trends in protecting low voltage distribution microgrids against short circuit and other faults are discussed.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126183280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152000
L. Meng, T. Dragicevic, J. Vasquez, J. Guerrero, E. R. Sanseverino
This paper proposes a hierarchical control scheme which applies optimization method into DC microgrids in order to improve the system overall efficiency while considering the State-of-Charge (SoC) balancing at the same time. Primary droop controller, secondary voltage restoration controller and tertiary optimization tool formulate the complete hierarchical control system. Virtual resistances are taken as the decision variables for achieving the objective. Simulation results are presented to verify the proposed approach.
{"title":"Hierarchical control with virtual resistance optimization for efficiency enhancement and State-of-Charge balancing in DC microgrids","authors":"L. Meng, T. Dragicevic, J. Vasquez, J. Guerrero, E. R. Sanseverino","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152000","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a hierarchical control scheme which applies optimization method into DC microgrids in order to improve the system overall efficiency while considering the State-of-Charge (SoC) balancing at the same time. Primary droop controller, secondary voltage restoration controller and tertiary optimization tool formulate the complete hierarchical control system. Virtual resistances are taken as the decision variables for achieving the objective. Simulation results are presented to verify the proposed approach.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127137537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152013
S. Moayedi, A. Davoudi
A distributed control method is proposed to handle load sharing among dc microgrids. While microgrids manage the internal load sharing, a higher level controller is required to provide load sharing among microgrids within a cluster. Power transfer between microgrids enables maximum utilization of resources and suppresses stress and aging of the components, which improves the reliability and availability, reduces the maintenance costs, and expands the lifespan of the distribution network. The proposed control mechanism uses a cooperative approach to adjust voltage set point for each microgrid and, accordingly, navigate power flow among them. Loading mismatch among neighbor microgrids is used in an updating policy for voltage adjustment. In case of any mismatch, the controller tunes the voltage to mitigate the mismatch and, eventually, equalize the loading percentage of all neighbor microgrids. While the voltage adjustment policy plays among microgrids, at a lower level, each microgrid propagates the voltage set point across all of its sources. Load sharing performance is analytically studied for the proposed controller. Simulation studies are performed on a cluster of four microgrids, where an excellent performance is reported. Contingency studies are also performed to illustrate the resiliency of the proposed method against the loss of communication links, so long as the communication graph has a spanning tree.
{"title":"Cooperative power management in DC microgrid clusters","authors":"S. Moayedi, A. Davoudi","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152013","url":null,"abstract":"A distributed control method is proposed to handle load sharing among dc microgrids. While microgrids manage the internal load sharing, a higher level controller is required to provide load sharing among microgrids within a cluster. Power transfer between microgrids enables maximum utilization of resources and suppresses stress and aging of the components, which improves the reliability and availability, reduces the maintenance costs, and expands the lifespan of the distribution network. The proposed control mechanism uses a cooperative approach to adjust voltage set point for each microgrid and, accordingly, navigate power flow among them. Loading mismatch among neighbor microgrids is used in an updating policy for voltage adjustment. In case of any mismatch, the controller tunes the voltage to mitigate the mismatch and, eventually, equalize the loading percentage of all neighbor microgrids. While the voltage adjustment policy plays among microgrids, at a lower level, each microgrid propagates the voltage set point across all of its sources. Load sharing performance is analytically studied for the proposed controller. Simulation studies are performed on a cluster of four microgrids, where an excellent performance is reported. Contingency studies are also performed to illustrate the resiliency of the proposed method against the loss of communication links, so long as the communication graph has a spanning tree.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121634810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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