Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152034
R. Ouaida, M. Berthou, D. Tournier, Jean-Francois Depalma
Fuses and Circuit Breakers play an important safety role in electrical distribution systems. New challenging applications, especially in DC applications, have brought conventional current limiting devices to their limits. Indeed, mechanical circuit breakers may be too slow to open for novel DC networks with large DC fault current. As well, fuses may be too slow to open for new DC networks with very low DC fault current. For AC applications, the natural zero crossing will help clear fault current. In DC applications, the no natural crossing is challenging fault clearing by conventional current limiting technologies. This paper presents the latest development in current limiting devices as well as new solutions using hybrid and/or full static current limiting devices. This will apply to PV generation, energy storage, DC grid.
{"title":"State of art of current and future technologies in current limiting devices","authors":"R. Ouaida, M. Berthou, D. Tournier, Jean-Francois Depalma","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152034","url":null,"abstract":"Fuses and Circuit Breakers play an important safety role in electrical distribution systems. New challenging applications, especially in DC applications, have brought conventional current limiting devices to their limits. Indeed, mechanical circuit breakers may be too slow to open for novel DC networks with large DC fault current. As well, fuses may be too slow to open for new DC networks with very low DC fault current. For AC applications, the natural zero crossing will help clear fault current. In DC applications, the no natural crossing is challenging fault clearing by conventional current limiting technologies. This paper presents the latest development in current limiting devices as well as new solutions using hybrid and/or full static current limiting devices. This will apply to PV generation, energy storage, DC grid.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"170 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128268514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152025
Tsegay Hailu, L. Mackay, L. Ramirez-Elizondo, J. Gu, J. Ferreira
This paper describes the behavior of voltage weak dc microgrids. These are dc microgrids with a relatively small system capacitance. The large amounts of stored energy in the passive component of a network has a considerable effect on the size of the fault currents, control and reliability. The use of a complex control approach to stabilize voltage weak microgrids is a possibility that requires further attention. In this paper, however, a simple way to stabilize such a system is proposed by limiting the rate of change of the power electronic interfaces. The small signal analysis of a three node system is analyzed to see the effect of system capacitance, inductance, resistance and PI and Droop values on the control of the system. The small signal analysis is implemented to estimate the rate of change of loads and the effect of step load changes on the system. In the modeling, a combination two types of loads, Constant power loads, and resistive loads, is used to see the effect of on the system stability. The source and converters are modeled as droop controlled current sources in parallel with capacitors.
{"title":"Voltage weak DC microgrid","authors":"Tsegay Hailu, L. Mackay, L. Ramirez-Elizondo, J. Gu, J. Ferreira","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152025","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the behavior of voltage weak dc microgrids. These are dc microgrids with a relatively small system capacitance. The large amounts of stored energy in the passive component of a network has a considerable effect on the size of the fault currents, control and reliability. The use of a complex control approach to stabilize voltage weak microgrids is a possibility that requires further attention. In this paper, however, a simple way to stabilize such a system is proposed by limiting the rate of change of the power electronic interfaces. The small signal analysis of a three node system is analyzed to see the effect of system capacitance, inductance, resistance and PI and Droop values on the control of the system. The small signal analysis is implemented to estimate the rate of change of loads and the effect of step load changes on the system. In the modeling, a combination two types of loads, Constant power loads, and resistive loads, is used to see the effect of on the system stability. The source and converters are modeled as droop controlled current sources in parallel with capacitors.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"419 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123146764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152031
D. Fregosi, Sharmila Ravula, Dusan Brhlik, John Saussele, S. Frank, E. Bonnema, J. Scheib, E. Wilson
Bosch has developed and demonstrated a novel direct current (DC) microgrid system that maximizes the efficiency of locally generated photovoltaic energy while offering high reliability, safety, redundancy, and reduced cost compared to equivalent alternating current (AC) systems. Several demonstration projects validating the system feasibility and expected efficiency gains have been completed and additional ones are in progress. This paper gives an overview of the Bosch DC microgrid system and presents key results from a large simulation study done to estimate the energy savings of the Bosch DC microgrid over conventional AC systems. The study examined the system performance in locations across the United States for several commercial building types and operating profiles. It found that the Bosch DC microgrid uses generated PV energy 6%-8% more efficiently than traditional AC systems.
{"title":"A comparative study of DC and AC microgrids in commercial buildings across different climates and operating profiles","authors":"D. Fregosi, Sharmila Ravula, Dusan Brhlik, John Saussele, S. Frank, E. Bonnema, J. Scheib, E. Wilson","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152031","url":null,"abstract":"Bosch has developed and demonstrated a novel direct current (DC) microgrid system that maximizes the efficiency of locally generated photovoltaic energy while offering high reliability, safety, redundancy, and reduced cost compared to equivalent alternating current (AC) systems. Several demonstration projects validating the system feasibility and expected efficiency gains have been completed and additional ones are in progress. This paper gives an overview of the Bosch DC microgrid system and presents key results from a large simulation study done to estimate the energy savings of the Bosch DC microgrid over conventional AC systems. The study examined the system performance in locations across the United States for several commercial building types and operating profiles. It found that the Bosch DC microgrid uses generated PV energy 6%-8% more efficiently than traditional AC systems.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121751287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152017
V. Nasirian, F. Lewis, A. Davoudi
Economic dispatch coordinates the generation across the distribution network while minimizing the overall generational cost. Optimal dispatch is a global optimization problem and, thus, conventionally carried out by a supervisory controller. However, reliability concerns challenge such architectural design as the failure in the central controller or any communication links would hinder the whole system functionality. Moreover, investigation of such optimization methods has been mainly limited to AC distribution systems; Optimal dispatch of DC distribution systems is largely under-investigated. Alternatively, this work deigns a distributed controller to achieve optimal dispatch of DC sources by properly sharing the load among DC sources and synchronizing individual incremental costs. This synchrony leads to optimal dispatch of dc sources and secures the system performance against controller or communication link failures.
{"title":"Distributed optimal dispatch for DC distribution networks","authors":"V. Nasirian, F. Lewis, A. Davoudi","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152017","url":null,"abstract":"Economic dispatch coordinates the generation across the distribution network while minimizing the overall generational cost. Optimal dispatch is a global optimization problem and, thus, conventionally carried out by a supervisory controller. However, reliability concerns challenge such architectural design as the failure in the central controller or any communication links would hinder the whole system functionality. Moreover, investigation of such optimization methods has been mainly limited to AC distribution systems; Optimal dispatch of DC distribution systems is largely under-investigated. Alternatively, this work deigns a distributed controller to achieve optimal dispatch of DC sources by properly sharing the load among DC sources and synchronizing individual incremental costs. This synchrony leads to optimal dispatch of dc sources and secures the system performance against controller or communication link failures.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125171809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152032
Mark A. Johnson, Paul D. Smith
DC Power Systems have been used in Telecom operations for decades because of their unsurpassed ability to provide un-interruptible power. The use of DC with battery backup minimizes the possibility of power failure and redundant elements maximize system reliability. When operating an off-grid site, all of the energy must be produced locally. As renewable sources are intermittent, energy storage must be employed. Energy storage options are abundant, but each has its own set of challenges and requirements. Whether operating temperature, depth of discharge limitations or simply size, all aspects must be considered. Locally generated power must be converted into usable power (48V or 24Vdc) without excessive conversion and storage losses.
{"title":"ECO priority source DC micro-grids in Telecom sites","authors":"Mark A. Johnson, Paul D. Smith","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152032","url":null,"abstract":"DC Power Systems have been used in Telecom operations for decades because of their unsurpassed ability to provide un-interruptible power. The use of DC with battery backup minimizes the possibility of power failure and redundant elements maximize system reliability. When operating an off-grid site, all of the energy must be produced locally. As renewable sources are intermittent, energy storage must be employed. Energy storage options are abundant, but each has its own set of challenges and requirements. Whether operating temperature, depth of discharge limitations or simply size, all aspects must be considered. Locally generated power must be converted into usable power (48V or 24Vdc) without excessive conversion and storage losses.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124175735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152023
Yuan Liu, Xiaoguang Wei, Chong Gao, Junzheng Cao
The rapid progress of large-scale clean energy accessing to the grid promotes the development of DC grid technologies. HVDC (high voltage direct current) circuit breaker as one of the key equipment of the DC grid has gradually attracted more and more attentions. Direct current is more difficult to be interrupted comparing to alternative current because of without natural zero-crossing, especially in the high voltage and large capacity system. This paper briefly reviews the research status of DC circuit breaker firstly. Then a novel topology of DC circuit breaker with coupling transformer is proposed. Its topology is presented and operating principle is analyzed. The equivalent model for different stages is established, and the key component parameters are designed. Operating characteristic of the HVDC circuit breaker is simulated relying ZhouShan 5-terminal flexible HVDC project. Simulation results have verified the correctness of theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the novel HVDC circuit breaker interrupting the fault current in the flexible HVDC transmission grid. This provides a basis for HVDC circuit breaker design.
{"title":"Topological analysis of HVDC circuit breaker with coupling transformer","authors":"Yuan Liu, Xiaoguang Wei, Chong Gao, Junzheng Cao","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152023","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid progress of large-scale clean energy accessing to the grid promotes the development of DC grid technologies. HVDC (high voltage direct current) circuit breaker as one of the key equipment of the DC grid has gradually attracted more and more attentions. Direct current is more difficult to be interrupted comparing to alternative current because of without natural zero-crossing, especially in the high voltage and large capacity system. This paper briefly reviews the research status of DC circuit breaker firstly. Then a novel topology of DC circuit breaker with coupling transformer is proposed. Its topology is presented and operating principle is analyzed. The equivalent model for different stages is established, and the key component parameters are designed. Operating characteristic of the HVDC circuit breaker is simulated relying ZhouShan 5-terminal flexible HVDC project. Simulation results have verified the correctness of theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the novel HVDC circuit breaker interrupting the fault current in the flexible HVDC transmission grid. This provides a basis for HVDC circuit breaker design.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128876114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152066
F. Baronti, R. Saletti, W. Zamboni
Rechargeable batteries, particularly Lithium-ion ones, are emerging as a solution for energy storage in DC microgrids. This paper reviews the issues faced in the characterization of the Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) of a Lithium-ion battery, starting from the problem of OCV measurement and ending with the modeling of OCV hysteresis. An accurate OCV modeling is necessary for a reliable estimation of the internal battery states, such as State-of-Charge and State-of-Health. These state variables are useful for a better control and a more efficient utilization of the energy storage system in the microgrid. We also compare with experiments two models that account for the hysteresis in Lithium-Iron-Phosphate batteries.
{"title":"Open Circuit Voltage of Lithium-ion batteries for energy storage in DC microgrids","authors":"F. Baronti, R. Saletti, W. Zamboni","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152066","url":null,"abstract":"Rechargeable batteries, particularly Lithium-ion ones, are emerging as a solution for energy storage in DC microgrids. This paper reviews the issues faced in the characterization of the Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) of a Lithium-ion battery, starting from the problem of OCV measurement and ending with the modeling of OCV hysteresis. An accurate OCV modeling is necessary for a reliable estimation of the internal battery states, such as State-of-Charge and State-of-Health. These state variables are useful for a better control and a more efficient utilization of the energy storage system in the microgrid. We also compare with experiments two models that account for the hysteresis in Lithium-Iron-Phosphate batteries.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127580690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152055
H. Alan Mantooth, Yusi Liu, C. Farnell, Fengli Zhang, Qinghua Li, J. Di
Many security technologies for microgrids have been proposed in the literature, which must be rigorously tested in a realistic power platform before being transitioned to the energy sector. To address this need, a 13.8-kV microgrid security test bed is introduced in this paper towards the objective of securing dc and hybrid microgrids. Different from existing test beds that are based on simulated power flows, our test bed is built on a real power facility. The design of the test bed, including both the physical system and the cyber system, is described. Power electronics technology plays a major role in this test bed as it does in the microgrid infrastructure, and is an integral part of the testing instrumentation and methods. Potential security problems, from both software and hardware attacks, as well as security solutions, are considered and able to be emulated and evaluated using the test bed.
{"title":"Securing DC and hybrid microgrids","authors":"H. Alan Mantooth, Yusi Liu, C. Farnell, Fengli Zhang, Qinghua Li, J. Di","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152055","url":null,"abstract":"Many security technologies for microgrids have been proposed in the literature, which must be rigorously tested in a realistic power platform before being transitioned to the energy sector. To address this need, a 13.8-kV microgrid security test bed is introduced in this paper towards the objective of securing dc and hybrid microgrids. Different from existing test beds that are based on simulated power flows, our test bed is built on a real power facility. The design of the test bed, including both the physical system and the cyber system, is described. Power electronics technology plays a major role in this test bed as it does in the microgrid infrastructure, and is an integral part of the testing instrumentation and methods. Potential security problems, from both software and hardware attacks, as well as security solutions, are considered and able to be emulated and evaluated using the test bed.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122437721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152001
A. Lana, A. Pinomaa, P. Nuutinen, T. Kaipia, J. Partanen
This paper introduces and describes a control and condition monitoring system of a low-voltage DC (LVDC) public electricity distribution network. To enable practical studies concerning the LVDC distribution system, a research site was built by Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT) and a Finnish distribution system operator Suur-Savon Sähkö Oy. To enable secure operation of the research site, a condition monitoring system was developed. It comprises system supervision and control for both normal operation and emergency situations. Moreover, network power quality monitoring functions are implemented to monitor the quality of supply and system reliability in general. In the paper, the condition monitoring, information, control, and diagnostic functions of the developed management system are described.
{"title":"Control and monitoring solution for the LVDC power distribution network research site","authors":"A. Lana, A. Pinomaa, P. Nuutinen, T. Kaipia, J. Partanen","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152001","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces and describes a control and condition monitoring system of a low-voltage DC (LVDC) public electricity distribution network. To enable practical studies concerning the LVDC distribution system, a research site was built by Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT) and a Finnish distribution system operator Suur-Savon Sähkö Oy. To enable secure operation of the research site, a condition monitoring system was developed. It comprises system supervision and control for both normal operation and emergency situations. Moreover, network power quality monitoring functions are implemented to monitor the quality of supply and system reliability in general. In the paper, the condition monitoring, information, control, and diagnostic functions of the developed management system are described.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125430597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152018
V. Musolino, P. Alet, Laure‐Emmanuelle Perret‐Aebi, C. Ballif, L. Piegari
Increasing penetration of PV sources in LV grids is introducing new challenges to the quality of voltage. Variability of solar radiation can cause power ramps of up to the nominal power of the plant in one second, which directly induces voltage fluctuations on distribution feeders. To mitigate this impact on power quality, we investigate the introduction of dc micro-grids interfaced to the ac grid through four-quadrant inverter. The introduced control strategy is able to manage the entire system without any communication layer and to ensure at the same time: i) ramp-rate control of the power exchanged with the ac grid; ii) voltage stability on both dc and ac grids; iii) maintaining the state of charge of storage devices connected to the dc grid. In the paper the effectiveness of the proposed strategy is shown with numerical simulations considering real profiles of solar irradiation and load power.
{"title":"Alleviating power quality issues when integrating PV into built areas: Design and control of DC microgrids","authors":"V. Musolino, P. Alet, Laure‐Emmanuelle Perret‐Aebi, C. Ballif, L. Piegari","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152018","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing penetration of PV sources in LV grids is introducing new challenges to the quality of voltage. Variability of solar radiation can cause power ramps of up to the nominal power of the plant in one second, which directly induces voltage fluctuations on distribution feeders. To mitigate this impact on power quality, we investigate the introduction of dc micro-grids interfaced to the ac grid through four-quadrant inverter. The introduced control strategy is able to manage the entire system without any communication layer and to ensure at the same time: i) ramp-rate control of the power exchanged with the ac grid; ii) voltage stability on both dc and ac grids; iii) maintaining the state of charge of storage devices connected to the dc grid. In the paper the effectiveness of the proposed strategy is shown with numerical simulations considering real profiles of solar irradiation and load power.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116936144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：