Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152049
Gene Krzywinski
Adding photovoltaic (PV) energy sources to a DC Microgrid can be complicated and costly. The PV-module's output does not match the high voltage DC (HVDC) bus to which it is attached so PV-modules must be connected in a series string fashion in order to reach the required level. This means all PV-modules .must be identical in electrical characteristics, must be connected in identical string lengths, be oriented in the same direction and are subject to complete string failure if PV-modules within the series strings fails. A high gain DC DC Boost Converter that can output a voltage that matches the HVDC bus allows each PV-module to be an independent contributor, regardless of its technology or electrical characteristics, and to be connected in parallel so that now each PV-module is an independent power generator. This paper describes the DC DC converter, the advantages of the parallel connectivity and some of the other benefits attainable with PV-module level electronics as PV is integrated into microgrids.
{"title":"Integrating storage and renewable energy sources into a DC Microgrid using high gain DC DC Boost Converters","authors":"Gene Krzywinski","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152049","url":null,"abstract":"Adding photovoltaic (PV) energy sources to a DC Microgrid can be complicated and costly. The PV-module's output does not match the high voltage DC (HVDC) bus to which it is attached so PV-modules must be connected in a series string fashion in order to reach the required level. This means all PV-modules .must be identical in electrical characteristics, must be connected in identical string lengths, be oriented in the same direction and are subject to complete string failure if PV-modules within the series strings fails. A high gain DC DC Boost Converter that can output a voltage that matches the HVDC bus allows each PV-module to be an independent contributor, regardless of its technology or electrical characteristics, and to be connected in parallel so that now each PV-module is an independent power generator. This paper describes the DC DC converter, the advantages of the parallel connectivity and some of the other benefits attainable with PV-module level electronics as PV is integrated into microgrids.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127960026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152005
V. Rajaraman, A. Jhunjhunwala, Prabhjot Kaur, U. Rajesh
Lighting, fans and electronic devices form a significant and growing portion of power-load at homes and need power back-up support in case there are frequent power-cuts. A Diesel generator is generally used today in multi-storied buildings to provide this backup. The DC system, proposed in this paper, provides a far more energy-efficient alternative using renewable power-source for backup. It creates a pull for a home to move towards far more energy efficient DC loads. The solution provides a GREEN option to the existing solution. This paper provides a fresh perspective on the problem of eliminating conversion losses for uninterrupted operation of DC appliances. A cost benefit analysis shows that this DC system can reduce costs to the consumer by eliminating the complex electronics embedded in the inversion process. A rough measurement of the conversion losses for commercially available inverters and battery chargers illustrates that gains of 30% to 45% are easily obtainable.
{"title":"Economic analysis of deployment of DC power and appliances along with solar in urban multi-storied buildings","authors":"V. Rajaraman, A. Jhunjhunwala, Prabhjot Kaur, U. Rajesh","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152005","url":null,"abstract":"Lighting, fans and electronic devices form a significant and growing portion of power-load at homes and need power back-up support in case there are frequent power-cuts. A Diesel generator is generally used today in multi-storied buildings to provide this backup. The DC system, proposed in this paper, provides a far more energy-efficient alternative using renewable power-source for backup. It creates a pull for a home to move towards far more energy efficient DC loads. The solution provides a GREEN option to the existing solution. This paper provides a fresh perspective on the problem of eliminating conversion losses for uninterrupted operation of DC appliances. A cost benefit analysis shows that this DC system can reduce costs to the consumer by eliminating the complex electronics embedded in the inversion process. A rough measurement of the conversion losses for commercially available inverters and battery chargers illustrates that gains of 30% to 45% are easily obtainable.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127877867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152026
Hiroaki Miyoshi, T. Takeda, K. Yukita, Y. Goto, K. Ichiyanagi
In this paper, authors report on that the peak cut/peak shift operation could reduce the fluctuation range of utility power. Authors have created a small micro grid and are engaged in studying its multifaceted characteristics. In this paper, it has developed the Peak cut / Peak shift operation using tie line power flow control in AC/DC micro grid.
{"title":"Operation method of AC/DC power system with DGs using power control","authors":"Hiroaki Miyoshi, T. Takeda, K. Yukita, Y. Goto, K. Ichiyanagi","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152026","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, authors report on that the peak cut/peak shift operation could reduce the fluctuation range of utility power. Authors have created a small micro grid and are engaged in studying its multifaceted characteristics. In this paper, it has developed the Peak cut / Peak shift operation using tie line power flow control in AC/DC micro grid.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128584990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152047
T. Mai, G. Van den Broeck, J. Driesen
High penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) with different dynamic responses cause interaction between components in a DC microgrid. This paper proposes a method called object-oriented modeling, which allows analyzing converter-interfaced DC microgrids in steady states and transients. The analysis mainly focuses on transient behavior of external electric values, as well as internal controller states.
{"title":"Transient analysis of low voltage DC grids with high penetration of DERs","authors":"T. Mai, G. Van den Broeck, J. Driesen","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152047","url":null,"abstract":"High penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) with different dynamic responses cause interaction between components in a DC microgrid. This paper proposes a method called object-oriented modeling, which allows analyzing converter-interfaced DC microgrids in steady states and transients. The analysis mainly focuses on transient behavior of external electric values, as well as internal controller states.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130560440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152015
Xingsi Zhong, Lu Yu, Richard R. Brooks, G. Venayagamoorthy
Microgrids are low voltage electric distribution grids with modular distributed energy sources and controllable loads. The DC microgrids avoid DC to AC and AC to DC conversion and minimize transmission and distribution losses. Dynamic energy management systems enhance utilization of renewable energy sources and ensure uninterrupted supply of power to critical loads. Like the traditional transmission and distribution grid, AC and DC microgrids are vulnerable to cyber attacks. Further research is required on the cyber security to leverage the promises and potentials of DC microgrids. This paper discusses security vulnerabilities and some solutions for DC microgrids.
{"title":"Cyber security in smart DC microgrid operations","authors":"Xingsi Zhong, Lu Yu, Richard R. Brooks, G. Venayagamoorthy","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152015","url":null,"abstract":"Microgrids are low voltage electric distribution grids with modular distributed energy sources and controllable loads. The DC microgrids avoid DC to AC and AC to DC conversion and minimize transmission and distribution losses. Dynamic energy management systems enhance utilization of renewable energy sources and ensure uninterrupted supply of power to critical loads. Like the traditional transmission and distribution grid, AC and DC microgrids are vulnerable to cyber attacks. Further research is required on the cyber security to leverage the promises and potentials of DC microgrids. This paper discusses security vulnerabilities and some solutions for DC microgrids.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116093854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152048
M. Salato, U. Ghisla
Among the many advantages newer 400V DC distribution systems have over traditional AC distribution systems are improvements in efficiency, power density, and power-flow management. In these new DC power systems, AC “power supplies” are replaced by DC “power components” which enable an assortment design enhancement choices. This paper presents several new power system architectures that have been optimized for this class of applications. Each architecture presented uses a “power component” approach to minimize the number of conversion stages, maximize the use of available system elements, and reduce capital and operating costs.
{"title":"Optimal power electronic architectures for DC distribution in datacenters","authors":"M. Salato, U. Ghisla","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152048","url":null,"abstract":"Among the many advantages newer 400V DC distribution systems have over traditional AC distribution systems are improvements in efficiency, power density, and power-flow management. In these new DC power systems, AC “power supplies” are replaced by DC “power components” which enable an assortment design enhancement choices. This paper presents several new power system architectures that have been optimized for this class of applications. Each architecture presented uses a “power component” approach to minimize the number of conversion stages, maximize the use of available system elements, and reduce capital and operating costs.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123900755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152007
S. Backhaus, G. Swift
For the Department of Energy, several national labs (Los Alamos, Lawrence Berkeley, Oakridge, Sandia, Argonne, and Pacific Northwest) collaborated on a scoping study1 to provide a preliminary examination of the benefits and drawbacks of potential DC microgrid applications relative to their AC counterparts. The performance of notional AC and DC microgrids are estimated and compared using several metrics: safety and protection, reliability, capital cost, energy efficiency, operating cost, engineering costs, environmental impact, power quality, and resilience. The initial comparison is done using several generic microgrid architectures (see Fig. 1) to reveal the importance of the different metrics. Then, these metrics were compared for several specific microgrid applications to draw out possible unique advantages of DC microgrids. In this manuscript, we focus on the comparison using the generic architectures in Fig.1. The draft report provides recommendations for potential future research and deployment activities. The draft report provides recommendations for potential future research and deployment activities.
{"title":"DOE DC microgrid scoping study - opportunities and challenges","authors":"S. Backhaus, G. Swift","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152007","url":null,"abstract":"For the Department of Energy, several national labs (Los Alamos, Lawrence Berkeley, Oakridge, Sandia, Argonne, and Pacific Northwest) collaborated on a scoping study1 to provide a preliminary examination of the benefits and drawbacks of potential DC microgrid applications relative to their AC counterparts. The performance of notional AC and DC microgrids are estimated and compared using several metrics: safety and protection, reliability, capital cost, energy efficiency, operating cost, engineering costs, environmental impact, power quality, and resilience. The initial comparison is done using several generic microgrid architectures (see Fig. 1) to reveal the importance of the different metrics. Then, these metrics were compared for several specific microgrid applications to draw out possible unique advantages of DC microgrids. In this manuscript, we focus on the comparison using the generic architectures in Fig.1. The draft report provides recommendations for potential future research and deployment activities. The draft report provides recommendations for potential future research and deployment activities.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"219 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115826107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152036
Yang Bingjian, Gao Yang, W. Xiaoguang, H. Zhiyuan, Chen Long-long, Shang Yunhai
The development of large scale DC microgrid and high voltage direct current (HVDC) power grid requires a reliable, fast and low-loss circuit breaker. In spite of the advantages of DC gird such as low loss and no reactive power, DC grid has major disadvantages concerning control and switch actions. A new hybrid breaker with forced commutation is proposed in this paper, which is able to interrupt the fault current in several milliseconds. Furthermore, zero-current open of mechanical switch is achieved in this topology, and the breaker could be maintained in conducting state even if the gate driver of the semiconductor devices suddenly experiences blackout. The breaker can be applied in both VSC-HVDC system and DC micro grid. The design principles of the proposed hybrid breaker are presented and verified by simulation results.
{"title":"A hybrid circuit breaker for DC-application","authors":"Yang Bingjian, Gao Yang, W. Xiaoguang, H. Zhiyuan, Chen Long-long, Shang Yunhai","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152036","url":null,"abstract":"The development of large scale DC microgrid and high voltage direct current (HVDC) power grid requires a reliable, fast and low-loss circuit breaker. In spite of the advantages of DC gird such as low loss and no reactive power, DC grid has major disadvantages concerning control and switch actions. A new hybrid breaker with forced commutation is proposed in this paper, which is able to interrupt the fault current in several milliseconds. Furthermore, zero-current open of mechanical switch is achieved in this topology, and the breaker could be maintained in conducting state even if the gate driver of the semiconductor devices suddenly experiences blackout. The breaker can be applied in both VSC-HVDC system and DC micro grid. The design principles of the proposed hybrid breaker are presented and verified by simulation results.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124143986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152008
Fang Chen, R. Burgos, D. Boroyevich, Wei Zhang
It is well-known that load sharing among paralleled sources in dc grid can be achieved by droop control. However, practical factors that influence the load sharing and voltage regulation are seldom discussed, like the sensor discrepancy and cable resistance. In this paper, the impact from cable resistance is analyzed and verified by experiment. To suppress the impact from practical factors, instead of using constant droop resistance, a nonlinear droop method is proposed. In the proposed method, the value of droop resistance is a function of output current. Its value increases when the converter's output current increases. The proposed method needs only the local output current information so the advantage of traditional droop control is preserved. Different second-order droop functions are evaluated and compared. The effectiveness of proposed droop method is verified by simulation and experiment. The experimental result proves the proposed nonlinear droop method has better load sharing at heavy load and tighter bus voltage regulation at light load. The necessary droop voltage range to fully utilize the capacity of paralleled sources is also reduced.
{"title":"A nonlinear droop method to improve voltage regulation and load sharing in DC systems","authors":"Fang Chen, R. Burgos, D. Boroyevich, Wei Zhang","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152008","url":null,"abstract":"It is well-known that load sharing among paralleled sources in dc grid can be achieved by droop control. However, practical factors that influence the load sharing and voltage regulation are seldom discussed, like the sensor discrepancy and cable resistance. In this paper, the impact from cable resistance is analyzed and verified by experiment. To suppress the impact from practical factors, instead of using constant droop resistance, a nonlinear droop method is proposed. In the proposed method, the value of droop resistance is a function of output current. Its value increases when the converter's output current increases. The proposed method needs only the local output current information so the advantage of traditional droop control is preserved. Different second-order droop functions are evaluated and compared. The effectiveness of proposed droop method is verified by simulation and experiment. The experimental result proves the proposed nonlinear droop method has better load sharing at heavy load and tighter bus voltage regulation at light load. The necessary droop voltage range to fully utilize the capacity of paralleled sources is also reduced.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128290779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152065
J. Fernando, N. Kularatna
Internal DC buses are used within many common electrical appliances. 12 V LED lamps are a group of common example where a DC bus is used to power the LED array and its driver. Inverter driven white-goods and air conditioners are other examples which encourages us to use a DC microgrid at home. In the case of a home DC bus, one can use localized SC based energy storage for individual appliances, in order to combat short term voltage fluctuations and/or blackouts due to renewable energy source fluctuations. This paper provides some practical insight into the advantages of using SC based localized energy storage with few selected practical examples.
{"title":"Supercapacitors for distributed energy storage in DC microgrids and loads","authors":"J. Fernando, N. Kularatna","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152065","url":null,"abstract":"Internal DC buses are used within many common electrical appliances. 12 V LED lamps are a group of common example where a DC bus is used to power the LED array and its driver. Inverter driven white-goods and air conditioners are other examples which encourages us to use a DC microgrid at home. In the case of a home DC bus, one can use localized SC based energy storage for individual appliances, in order to combat short term voltage fluctuations and/or blackouts due to renewable energy source fluctuations. This paper provides some practical insight into the advantages of using SC based localized energy storage with few selected practical examples.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130092624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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