Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152067
Bernd Wunder, L. Ott, Julian Kaiser, Yunchao Han, Fabian Fersterra, M. Mârz
Overview, comparison and evaluation of common DC micro grid design considerations. The focus of this paper is to explore the main differences and advantages/disadvantages of various topologies and control strategies for DC micro grids. The requirements of various application areas can strongly influence the individual system design. Control strategies, single- or two-phase designs, earthing concepts, system voltages and power levels are discussed as well.
{"title":"Overview of different topologies and control strategies for DC micro grids","authors":"Bernd Wunder, L. Ott, Julian Kaiser, Yunchao Han, Fabian Fersterra, M. Mârz","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152067","url":null,"abstract":"Overview, comparison and evaluation of common DC micro grid design considerations. The focus of this paper is to explore the main differences and advantages/disadvantages of various topologies and control strategies for DC micro grids. The requirements of various application areas can strongly influence the individual system design. Control strategies, single- or two-phase designs, earthing concepts, system voltages and power levels are discussed as well.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117238387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152014
L. Zubieta
This paper presents a power management concept for DC microgrids where the DC bus voltage is used as the mean of communications between the microgrid components. It is proposed that the energy storage system always controls the DC bus voltage independently of the microgrid mode of operation and sets its value based on power and energy management rules to activate responses from the other components. The proposed concept will eliminate time critical control mode changes resulting from grid disturbances or energy management conditions. Furthermore, the concept enables the use of individual and flexible generation and consumption patterns for each component in the microgrid that can be set to minimize the operating cost of the installation.
{"title":"Power management and optimization concept for DC microgrids","authors":"L. Zubieta","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152014","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a power management concept for DC microgrids where the DC bus voltage is used as the mean of communications between the microgrid components. It is proposed that the energy storage system always controls the DC bus voltage independently of the microgrid mode of operation and sets its value based on power and energy management rules to activate responses from the other components. The proposed concept will eliminate time critical control mode changes resulting from grid disturbances or energy management conditions. Furthermore, the concept enables the use of individual and flexible generation and consumption patterns for each component in the microgrid that can be set to minimize the operating cost of the installation.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125007505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152035
C. Strobl
Compared to conventional AC grids, DC microgrids demand different switchgear and safety concepts. Electric arcs across mechanical contacts of circuit breakers during switching operations and also arc faults within the installation are more stable in the case of continuous current. Model based methods are important tools not only for selecting the appropriate method of converter control, but also for analyzing the boundary conditions for faults and to develop reliable arc fault detection devices.
{"title":"Arc fault detection in DC microgrids","authors":"C. Strobl","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152035","url":null,"abstract":"Compared to conventional AC grids, DC microgrids demand different switchgear and safety concepts. Electric arcs across mechanical contacts of circuit breakers during switching operations and also arc faults within the installation are more stable in the case of continuous current. Model based methods are important tools not only for selecting the appropriate method of converter control, but also for analyzing the boundary conditions for faults and to develop reliable arc fault detection devices.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126033601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152061
Ke Jin-kun, W. Xiaoguang, Yang Bingjian, Gao Yang, H. Zhiyuan
A reliable, fast and low conduction losses DC breaker plays an significant role in the development of the DC grid. This paper presents the control strategy of the hybrid DC breaker based on series combination of full bridge Sub-modules (FBSM). The topology and operation principle of the full-bridge based hybrid DC breaker is illustrated. Compared with the topology that utilize directly IGBTs in series connection, the voltage balance is easier to achieve for connecting FBSM in series. For a DC line fault close to the DC switchyard, the fault current could rise to a large value in a short time. In order to get a quick response to the DC grid fault, the rapid fault detection method and the pre-transferring strategy are introduced. A low voltage physical dynamic model has been built to verify the operation and control strategy.
{"title":"Control strategy of the full-bridge based hybrid DC breaker","authors":"Ke Jin-kun, W. Xiaoguang, Yang Bingjian, Gao Yang, H. Zhiyuan","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152061","url":null,"abstract":"A reliable, fast and low conduction losses DC breaker plays an significant role in the development of the DC grid. This paper presents the control strategy of the hybrid DC breaker based on series combination of full bridge Sub-modules (FBSM). The topology and operation principle of the full-bridge based hybrid DC breaker is illustrated. Compared with the topology that utilize directly IGBTs in series connection, the voltage balance is easier to achieve for connecting FBSM in series. For a DC line fault close to the DC switchyard, the fault current could rise to a large value in a short time. In order to get a quick response to the DC grid fault, the rapid fault detection method and the pre-transferring strategy are introduced. A low voltage physical dynamic model has been built to verify the operation and control strategy.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123028559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152058
M. Abdelhamid, Rajendra Singh, I. Haque
The challenge of meeting the corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards of 2025 is leading to major developments in the transportation sector, not the least of which is the utilization of clean energy sources. Solar energy as a main source of on-board fuel has not been extensively investigated. This paper reports on the usage of solar energy for transportation and investigates the extended driving range, the economic value, and the energy return of investment (EROI) of adding on-board photovoltaic (PV) technologies to plug-in electric vehicles (EV). The study develops a comprehensive PV system model and optimizes the solar energy to DC electrical power output ratio for on-driving mode. In times of no-use, the proposed system transforms into a flexible energy generation system that can be fed into the grid and used to power DC electrical devices in homes and offices. The results show that by adding on-board PVs to cover less than 50% of the projected horizontal surface area of a typical passenger EV, up to 50% of the total daily miles traveled by a person in the U.S. could be driven by solar energy. For the lifetime driving cost, even with low electricity price (0.13 $/kWh), adding on-board PV shows a positive impact if the system is operating in high solar energy environment (e.g. Arizona). If the electricity price is high ((0.35 $/kWh), there is positive economic impact even in low solar energy environments (e.g. Massachusetts). The energy payback time (EPBT) is found in a range 3.5-4.8 years, depending on where the system operates and energy return of investment (EROI) is between 6.2 to 8.6 times.
{"title":"Role of PV generated DC power in transport sector: Case study of plug-in EV","authors":"M. Abdelhamid, Rajendra Singh, I. Haque","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152058","url":null,"abstract":"The challenge of meeting the corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards of 2025 is leading to major developments in the transportation sector, not the least of which is the utilization of clean energy sources. Solar energy as a main source of on-board fuel has not been extensively investigated. This paper reports on the usage of solar energy for transportation and investigates the extended driving range, the economic value, and the energy return of investment (EROI) of adding on-board photovoltaic (PV) technologies to plug-in electric vehicles (EV). The study develops a comprehensive PV system model and optimizes the solar energy to DC electrical power output ratio for on-driving mode. In times of no-use, the proposed system transforms into a flexible energy generation system that can be fed into the grid and used to power DC electrical devices in homes and offices. The results show that by adding on-board PVs to cover less than 50% of the projected horizontal surface area of a typical passenger EV, up to 50% of the total daily miles traveled by a person in the U.S. could be driven by solar energy. For the lifetime driving cost, even with low electricity price (0.13 $/kWh), adding on-board PV shows a positive impact if the system is operating in high solar energy environment (e.g. Arizona). If the electricity price is high ((0.35 $/kWh), there is positive economic impact even in low solar energy environments (e.g. Massachusetts). The energy payback time (EPBT) is found in a range 3.5-4.8 years, depending on where the system operates and energy return of investment (EROI) is between 6.2 to 8.6 times.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127695883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152019
B. Nordman, Kenneth J. Christensen
Alternating Current (AC) is the most common form of power available within buildings. This has historical reasons rooted in large-scale utility generation and distribution of power. With the rapid emergence of local renewables (notably solar) in buildings, the availability of Direct Current (DC) power is becoming more prevalent. In this position paper, we argue that managed power distribution of DC is possible with the addition of communications about power. We claim that with communications DC power distribution becomes much more efficient and effective than with no communication, and provides other benefits. The Local Power Distribution (LPD) model is described where commodity interfaces enable a “plug and play” approach to operating DC power sources, batteries, and loads within a building. We seek a future where communications coupled with DC power distribution, storage, and use can create buildings that are more efficient and easier to operate.
{"title":"The need for communications to enable DC power to be successful","authors":"B. Nordman, Kenneth J. Christensen","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152019","url":null,"abstract":"Alternating Current (AC) is the most common form of power available within buildings. This has historical reasons rooted in large-scale utility generation and distribution of power. With the rapid emergence of local renewables (notably solar) in buildings, the availability of Direct Current (DC) power is becoming more prevalent. In this position paper, we argue that managed power distribution of DC is possible with the addition of communications about power. We claim that with communications DC power distribution becomes much more efficient and effective than with no communication, and provides other benefits. The Local Power Distribution (LPD) model is described where commodity interfaces enable a “plug and play” approach to operating DC power sources, batteries, and loads within a building. We seek a future where communications coupled with DC power distribution, storage, and use can create buildings that are more efficient and easier to operate.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125650555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152051
K. Shenai
Important criteria for the widespread usage of DC electricity are the overall energy efficiency and cost of delivering electricity from the point of generation to the point of usage. Wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductor power switching devices, including those made from Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Gallium Nitride (GaN) semiconductors, offer unprecedented advantages over conventional silicon devices in terms of significantly increased energy efficiency and superior thermal performance. For example, for power conversion applications requiring power switches rated below 900V, commercial GaN lateral power transistors offer more than 5% higher energy efficiency with superior load regulation, especially for point-of-load (PoL) converters and wireless energy transfer devices. For higher voltage applications, commercially available vertical SiC power diodes and MOSFETs provide increased energy efficiency than feasible with silicon power MOSFETs and IGBTs, especially for certain low- and medium-power inverters and DC-DC converters.
{"title":"Wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductor power converters for DC microgrid applications","authors":"K. Shenai","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152051","url":null,"abstract":"Important criteria for the widespread usage of DC electricity are the overall energy efficiency and cost of delivering electricity from the point of generation to the point of usage. Wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductor power switching devices, including those made from Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Gallium Nitride (GaN) semiconductors, offer unprecedented advantages over conventional silicon devices in terms of significantly increased energy efficiency and superior thermal performance. For example, for power conversion applications requiring power switches rated below 900V, commercial GaN lateral power transistors offer more than 5% higher energy efficiency with superior load regulation, especially for point-of-load (PoL) converters and wireless energy transfer devices. For higher voltage applications, commercially available vertical SiC power diodes and MOSFETs provide increased energy efficiency than feasible with silicon power MOSFETs and IGBTs, especially for certain low- and medium-power inverters and DC-DC converters.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"341 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115885080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152024
T. Takeda, Hiroaki Miyoshi, K. Yukita, Y. Goto, K. Ichiyanagi
In this paper, DC power interchange is confirmed to reduce the battery damage by according to the fluctuations in the battery voltage in each micro grid. We investigated various conditions that constructed the DC power interchange system in two micro grids using the DC power flow controller. The experiment examined DC power interchange between two micro grids. As a result, it is able to expect that the installation cost of generator systems and storage systems are reduced.
{"title":"Power interchange by the DC bus in micro grids","authors":"T. Takeda, Hiroaki Miyoshi, K. Yukita, Y. Goto, K. Ichiyanagi","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152024","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, DC power interchange is confirmed to reduce the battery damage by according to the fluctuations in the battery voltage in each micro grid. We investigated various conditions that constructed the DC power interchange system in two micro grids using the DC power flow controller. The experiment examined DC power interchange between two micro grids. As a result, it is able to expect that the installation cost of generator systems and storage systems are reduced.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131381727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152068
Fengyan Zhang, C. Meng, Yun Yang, Chunpeng Sun, Chengcheng Ji, Ying Chen, Wen Wei, Hemei Qiu, Gang Yang
This paper discussed the advantages and challenges of DC microgrid for commercial building. The data obtained from the DC microgrid constructed at Xiamen University shows that DC microgrid with rooftop solar system is an efficient way to power varies DC loads inside the building. The capacity of the solar system on the rooftop normally will be enough to power the LED light loads in commercial buildings, even for high rise buildings. In order to power heavy loads such as air conditioning and EV charging stations, extra power are required, which can be obtained from the BIPV on the sidewall, glass window, or adjacent parking lots. To ensure the stable bus voltage and continuous operation of the DC microgrid, a suitable energy storage unit and two way AC/DC invertors are needed. Therefore we believe to use the solar power only for the matched DC loads, and keep existing AC power in the building to power the rest loads (or an AC and DC hybrid microgrid) maybe a more viable solution. The economical analysis shows that installation cost of a DC microgrid system is about $2.2/W, which is becoming a marketable technology.
{"title":"Advantages and challenges of DC microgrid for commercial building a case study from Xiamen university DC microgrid","authors":"Fengyan Zhang, C. Meng, Yun Yang, Chunpeng Sun, Chengcheng Ji, Ying Chen, Wen Wei, Hemei Qiu, Gang Yang","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152068","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discussed the advantages and challenges of DC microgrid for commercial building. The data obtained from the DC microgrid constructed at Xiamen University shows that DC microgrid with rooftop solar system is an efficient way to power varies DC loads inside the building. The capacity of the solar system on the rooftop normally will be enough to power the LED light loads in commercial buildings, even for high rise buildings. In order to power heavy loads such as air conditioning and EV charging stations, extra power are required, which can be obtained from the BIPV on the sidewall, glass window, or adjacent parking lots. To ensure the stable bus voltage and continuous operation of the DC microgrid, a suitable energy storage unit and two way AC/DC invertors are needed. Therefore we believe to use the solar power only for the matched DC loads, and keep existing AC power in the building to power the rest loads (or an AC and DC hybrid microgrid) maybe a more viable solution. The economical analysis shows that installation cost of a DC microgrid system is about $2.2/W, which is becoming a marketable technology.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132333874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-07DOI: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152069
T. R. de Oliveira, P. Donoso-Garcia
The main purpose of this paper is to discuss possible means for DC distribution adoption in Brazil in medium term, basing the discussion on the perspective of an emerging country. A main path to be explored is the progressive adaptation of PV residential and commercial distributed generation systems into a DC microgrid, allowing energy efficiency, power quality and energy management improvements. A DC microgrid testbed in current development in the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) will also be described and simulated results will be used to demonstrate the behavior of the proposed architecture.
{"title":"Perspectives for DC distribution adoption in Brazil","authors":"T. R. de Oliveira, P. Donoso-Garcia","doi":"10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152069","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of this paper is to discuss possible means for DC distribution adoption in Brazil in medium term, basing the discussion on the perspective of an emerging country. A main path to be explored is the progressive adaptation of PV residential and commercial distributed generation systems into a DC microgrid, allowing energy efficiency, power quality and energy management improvements. A DC microgrid testbed in current development in the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) will also be described and simulated results will be used to demonstrate the behavior of the proposed architecture.","PeriodicalId":110320,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134301767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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