The COVID-19 Pandemic, India and the World最新文献_第2页

Policy failure before Covid-19 pandemic and options for the government in near future Covid-19大流行前的政策失败和政府在不久的将来的选择

The COVID-19 Pandemic, India and the World

Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.4324/9781003220145-23

Arijit Dutta, M. Bose

In the context of Covid-19 pandemic, majority of the Indian states failed miserably in disease surveillance, primarily because of almost a complete policy void in health system and coordination failure in the preceding years. This chapter attempts to analyse the historical traits of health policy matrix of pandemic preparedness and post-epidemic policy interventions in different countries and then look into the sheer neglect of public health in general and epidemic preparedness in particular in India. While recognizing the fact that restrictive policies of quarantine, lockdown and isolation can at best postpone the disease spread, these policies actually could have reduced the burden of epidemic only if the health infrastructure and public health policy matrix were robust enough for inserting correct dose of disease surveillance and treatment. The surveillance mechanism had hit a floor as the public-funded test coverage was low and inadequate in most of the states. The private demand for prevention (in the form of behavioural change and going for detection) could not supplement the overall preventive services. State-wise data analysis identifies that the death rates were very high in some states primarily owing to demographic pattern and prevalence of non-communicable diseases. This indicates that what we need at this hour is not compartmentalized and segregated vertical programmes for specific diseases, but a holistic approach towards health system strengthening, with a renewed focus on public health comprising strict disease surveillances and preventive mechanism. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Rajib Bhattacharyya, Ananya Ghosh Dastidar and Soumyen Sikdar;individual chapters, the contributors.

在2019冠状病毒病大流行的背景下，印度大多数邦在疾病监测方面惨败，主要原因是卫生系统几乎完全没有政策空白，前几年协调失败。本章试图分析不同国家流行病准备和流行病后政策干预的卫生政策矩阵的历史特征，然后研究印度对公共卫生的普遍忽视，特别是对流行病准备的忽视。虽然认识到隔离、封锁和隔离的限制性政策充其量只能推迟疾病的传播，但只有在卫生基础设施和公共卫生政策矩阵足够强大、能够插入正确剂量的疾病监测和治疗的情况下，这些政策实际上才能减轻流行病的负担。由于大多数州的公共资助测试覆盖率低且不足，监督机制已经触底。私人对预防的需求(以行为改变和寻求检测的形式)不能补充全面的预防服务。对各州的数据分析表明，一些州的死亡率非常高，这主要是由于人口结构和非传染性疾病的流行。这表明，我们目前需要的不是针对特定疾病的分割和隔离的垂直规划，而是加强卫生系统的整体方法，重新关注公共卫生，包括严格的疾病监测和预防机制。©2022选择和编辑事项，Rajib Bhattacharyya, Ananya Ghosh Dastidar和Soumyen Sikdar;个人章节，贡献者。

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引用次数: 0

Labour and the pandemic 劳工与大流行

The COVID-19 Pandemic, India and the World

Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.4324/9781003220145-26

Lopamudra Banerjee, S. Bhattacharya

In this expository essay, we argue that the pandemic has brought out in sharp relief certain particulars about current conditions of work and employment that often remain substratal. Using work situations of individuals as our analytical lens, we study the differences in Covid experiences of working populations in the Global North and the Global South. For this study, we interrogate the familiar notions of ‘work’ and ‘employment’. Over the past few decades, there has been an increasing disjuncture between these two categories, with certain fundamental and wide-ranging changes taking place in the nature of work and relations of employment. We draw from critical studies on these issues to develop our idea of work situation. This concept is predicated on the nature of work performed, the circumstance under which work is performed, and the position that a working individual occupies within the economic processes of production and distribution. We posit that these factors shape the conditions of precarity in livelihood conditions and chances of disease exposure that we observe during the pandemic. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Rajib Bhattacharyya, Ananya Ghosh Dastidar and Soumyen Sikdar;individual chapters, the contributors.

在这篇说明性文章中，我们认为，这一流行病使当前工作和就业条件的某些细节凸显出来，而这些细节往往仍然很严重。我们以个人的工作情况为分析视角，研究了全球北方和全球南方工作人群在Covid经历方面的差异。在这项研究中，我们询问了“工作”和“就业”的熟悉概念。在过去几十年里，这两个类别之间的差距越来越大，工作的性质和就业关系发生了某些根本和广泛的变化。我们从对这些问题的批判性研究中得出我们对工作环境的看法。这个概念是基于工作的性质，工作的环境，以及工作个体在生产和分配的经济过程中所处的地位。我们认为，这些因素形成了我们在大流行期间观察到的生计条件不稳定的条件和接触疾病的机会。©2022选择和编辑事项，Rajib Bhattacharyya, Ananya Ghosh Dastidar和Soumyen Sikdar;个人章节，贡献者。

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引用次数: 0

Higher education in the Post-Covid era 后疫情时代的高等教育

The COVID-19 Pandemic, India and the World

Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.4324/9781003220145-24

S. Chattopadhyay

With the imposition of Lockdown in the wake of the Pandemic, the functioning of the Indian universities came to a halt. As the Indian economy is limping back to normalcy, restoration of normalcy in teaching-learning is taking longer with the online mode emerging as a viable alternate mode. Though introduction of online mode began more than a decade ago, the sudden disruption caused by the Pandemic has expedited the adoption on a much wider scale. This chapter looks at the transformative changes the Indian higher education sector is undergoing in the Post-Covid era with policy support from the National Education Policy 2020 and popularization of online platforms by the government. It is argued that some of these changes are structural as these redefine the concepts of time and space associated with the university as a site for learning and research. Further, this chapter looks at India’s position in the global knowledge space in terms of world university ranking, research collaboration, students’ mobility and India’s preparedness to embrace the new normal at the global level. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Rajib Bhattacharyya, Ananya Ghosh Dastidar and Soumyen Sikdar;individual chapters, the contributors.

随着大流行后实施封锁，印度大学的运作陷入停顿。随着印度经济逐渐恢复正常，恢复正常的教学模式需要更长的时间，而在线模式正在成为一种可行的替代模式。虽然在线模式的引入早在十多年前就开始了，但大流行造成的突然中断加快了在线模式在更大范围内的采用。这一章着眼于在2020年国家教育政策的政策支持和政府在线平台的普及下，印度高等教育部门在后疫情时代正在经历的变革性变化。有人认为，其中一些变化是结构性的，因为这些变化重新定义了与大学作为学习和研究场所相关的时间和空间概念。此外，本章还将从世界大学排名、研究合作、学生流动性和印度在全球范围内迎接新常态的准备等方面考察印度在全球知识空间中的地位。©2022选择和编辑事项，Rajib Bhattacharyya, Ananya Ghosh Dastidar和Soumyen Sikdar;个人章节，贡献者。

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引用次数: 0

Covid-19 and an assessment of some policy actions adopted by India 以及对印度采取的一些政策行动的评估

The COVID-19 Pandemic, India and the World

Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.4324/9781003220145-12

Hiranya Lahiri

In order to combat the Covid-19-induced economic downturn, the RBI has pursued two successive rate cuts between March and May 2020. Further, the central government has raised excise duties on petrol and diesel with effect from May 2020. These measures are aimed at reviving domestic output and providing fiscal space to the government to pursue expansionary fiscal policy. This chapter serves two purposes. First, it constructs a theoretical short-run-open-economy model that can characterise the present Indian economy. Second, it examines the effects of these two policies on relevant endogenous variables. This chapter conjectures that the effect of rate cut on the Indian economy may have counter-intuitive result. Instead of raising output it might deepen recession. It will unambiguously lead to exchange rate depreciation and raise domestic price level. However, a rise in the indirect tax on petrol and diesel will unambiguously deepen the recession and raise domestic price level. Moreover, it is likely to depreciate the exchange rate and build up additional inflationary pressure. Thus, these two recent measures may not have the desired impact. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Rajib Bhattacharyya, Ananya Ghosh Dastidar and Soumyen Sikdar;individual chapters, the contributors.

为了应对新冠肺炎引发的经济衰退，印度央行在2020年3月至5月期间连续两次降息。此外，中央政府已从2020年5月起提高汽油和柴油的消费税。这些措施旨在恢复国内产出，并为政府推行扩张性财政政策提供财政空间。本章有两个目的。首先，它构建了一个理论上的短期开放经济模型，可以描述当前印度经济的特征。其次，考察了这两项政策对相关内生变量的影响。本章推测，降息对印度经济的影响可能会产生反直觉的结果。它可能会加深衰退，而不是提高产出。毫无疑问，这将导致汇率贬值，提高国内物价水平。然而，提高汽油和柴油间接税无疑将加深经济衰退，提高国内价格水平。此外，它可能会使汇率贬值，并增加额外的通胀压力。因此，这两项最近的措施可能不会产生预期的影响。©2022选择和编辑事项，Rajib Bhattacharyya, Ananya Ghosh Dastidar和Soumyen Sikdar;个人章节，贡献者。

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引用次数: 0

Lockdowns, migrants, and the spatial distribution of Covid-19 cases in India 封锁、移民和印度Covid-19病例的空间分布

The COVID-19 Pandemic, India and the World

Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.4324/9781003220145-25

Z. Husain, R. Kothari

This study analyses the impact of the national level lockdown in India on the migrant workers, and how it changed the spatial distribution of Covid-19 cases. Publicly available district-level data is analysed using spatial statistical methods (choropleth maps, Local Indicators of Spatial Analysis, the Getis-Ord gi* statistic, and multi-scale Geographically Weighted Regression models). On 24th March, 2020, the Prime Minister announced a national lockdown to combat the spread of Covid-19 in India. This resulted in lakhs of migrant workers being stranded in their places of work - exposed to Covid-19, without any work or income. Their long march back to their homes was initially ignored;it was only from May that the Indian Railways started to transport these workers back to their states of origin. This study argues that in the absence of adequate health screening at both source and destination, over-crowded trains, insanitary conditions, and failure to run trains on schedule - the Shramik trains resulted in Covid-19 spreading from hotspots like Maharashtra and Gujarat to create new epicentres in eastern states like West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, and Assam from where the migrant workers had originated. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Rajib Bhattacharyya, Ananya Ghosh Dastidar and Soumyen Sikdar;individual chapters, the contributors.

本研究分析了印度国家一级的封锁对农民工的影响，以及它如何改变Covid-19病例的空间分布。使用空间统计方法(地图集、地方空间分析指标、Getis-Ord gi*统计和多尺度地理加权回归模型)分析公开的区级数据。2020年3月24日，印度总理宣布全国封锁，以遏制Covid-19在印度的传播。这导致成千上万的移民工人被困在他们的工作场所-暴露于Covid-19，没有任何工作或收入。他们回家的长途跋涉最初被忽视了;直到5月，印度铁路才开始将这些工人运送回他们的原籍国。这项研究认为，由于在源头和目的地都没有进行充分的健康检查，火车拥挤不堪，卫生条件不卫生，火车无法按时运行，Shramik列车导致Covid-19从马哈拉施特拉邦和古吉拉特邦等热点地区蔓延到西孟加拉邦、比哈尔邦、奥里萨邦和阿萨姆邦等东部州，这些地区是移民工人的发源地。©2022选择和编辑事项，Rajib Bhattacharyya, Ananya Ghosh Dastidar和Soumyen Sikdar;个人章节，贡献者。

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引用次数: 1

Green or brown 绿色或棕色

The COVID-19 Pandemic, India and the World

Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.4324/9781003220145-14

R. Sarkar

The Covid-19 pandemic was a wakeup call for policy makers around the world to revisit their obsession with economic growth and prioritise social welfare. Climate change will soon throw up similar challenges. Policy makers need to be prepared to start addressing the twin challenges of public and ecological health in an integrated matter. After drawing parallels between the current Covid-19 crisis and the ongoing climate change crisis, we discuss their interrelationship. We then assess the impact of Covid-19 on the environment, with a focus on India. The series of lockdowns that ensued as a response to the Covid-19 crisis affected business adversely, and we discuss how firms could react to the “new normal” that has emerged, in the context of the ecological environment. The impact of economic stimulus packages on the ecological health of the planet, and more specifically on the progress towards meeting commitments made by nations towards climate change is examined next. We conclude with a few pointers on policy directions that could promote green economic growth for a sustainable future with lower risks of pandemics. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Rajib Bhattacharyya, Ananya Ghosh Dastidar and Soumyen Sikdar;individual chapters, the contributors.

新冠肺炎疫情给世界各地的政策制定者敲响了警钟，让他们重新审视对经济增长的痴迷，优先考虑社会福利。气候变化将很快带来类似的挑战。决策者需要做好准备，开始在一个综合问题中应对公共卫生和生态卫生的双重挑战。在将当前的Covid-19危机与当前的气候变化危机相提并论之后，我们讨论了它们之间的相互关系。然后，我们评估了Covid-19对环境的影响，重点是印度。为应对新冠肺炎危机而采取的一系列封锁措施对企业产生了不利影响，我们将讨论企业如何在生态环境背景下应对已经出现的“新常态”。接下来将审查经济刺激方案对地球生态健康的影响，更具体地说，是对实现各国对气候变化所作承诺的进展的影响。最后，我们就政策方向提出几点建议，以促进绿色经济增长，实现可持续的未来，降低流行病的风险。©2022选择和编辑事项，Rajib Bhattacharyya, Ananya Ghosh Dastidar和Soumyen Sikdar;个人章节，贡献者。

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引用次数: 0

The future of labour segmentation after Covid-19 Covid-19后劳动力细分的未来

The COVID-19 Pandemic, India and the World

Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.4324/9781003220145-28

M. B. Salem

Labour segmentation in national markets roughly operates through two porous borders, separating jobs into sectors - formal vs. informal ones - and into status - self-employed vs. paid employed, but characterized by a lot of overlaps. It results from the process of job creation, determined partly by labour-saving innovations in production and by globalization. The chapter is an essay to describe how the pandemic interacts with these two factors to potentially reshape the allocation of jobs between informal self-employment and formal paid employment or other possible combinations. The main findings are that the impact of these interactions is highly unclear on the medium- or long-term trend of labour. Self-employment has been an answer in most countries to the job shortage in its most prevalent informal form. The pandemic by reducing total employment in the short run first destroys low-paid employment but without challenging the current trajectory of employment along segmentation - low job creation driven by higher digitalization. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Rajib Bhattacharyya, Ananya Ghosh Dastidar and Soumyen Sikdar;individual chapters, the contributors.

国内市场的劳动力分割大致通过两个漏洞百出的边界运作，将工作划分为正式和非正式部门，并将工作划分为个体经营和有偿就业，但其特点是有很多重叠。它产生于创造就业的过程，部分是由节省劳动力的生产创新和全球化决定的。本章是一篇文章，描述大流行如何与这两个因素相互作用，从而可能重塑非正规自营职业与正式有偿就业或其他可能的组合之间的工作分配。主要发现是，这些相互作用对劳动力中长期趋势的影响是非常不清楚的。在大多数国家，自营职业以其最普遍的非正式形式解决了工作短缺问题。大流行在短期内减少了总就业，首先摧毁了低薪就业，但没有挑战目前的就业细分轨迹——由更高的数字化驱动的低就业创造。©2022选择和编辑事项，Rajib Bhattacharyya, Ananya Ghosh Dastidar和Soumyen Sikdar;个人章节，贡献者。

引用次数: 0

Covid-19 pandemic and migrant workers Covid-19大流行与移民工人

The COVID-19 Pandemic, India and the World

Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.4324/9781003220145-27

Srobonti Chattopadhyay

According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), almost 64% of international migrants were migrant workers in 2017. The ILO suggests that both the countries of origin and destination gain from the contribution of the migrant workers - in destination countries, the migrant workers contribute to growth and development, while the countries of their origin largely benefit from their remittances and from the skills they acquire during their migration experience once they come back. The intra-country migrant workers play an important role in the economic dynamics of countries like India. This chapter considers the cases of both intra-country and inter-country migrant workers. The Covid-19 pandemic has severely disrupted economic activities worldwide, leading to large-scale retrenchment. Recovery prospect of employment varies across sectors. For international migrant workers, the retrenchment has serious long-run consequences for the economic health of their countries of origin due to drop in remittances. The miserable situation of the migrant workers in India following the sudden lockdown created concern all over the world. This chapter makes an attempt to study the impact of Covid-19 on migrant workers separately for those who were forced to come back to their countries of origin and those who could not, along with the impact on their countries of origin and destination and also the situation of migrant workers in India and discusses some policy options at national and multilateral levels to address the problems faced by migrant workers. The entire analysis is based on data from ILO, United Nations, World Bank and various international agencies and newspapers. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Rajib Bhattacharyya, Ananya Ghosh Dastidar and Soumyen Sikdar;individual chapters, the contributors.

根据国际劳工组织(ILO)的数据，2017年，近64%的国际移民是移民工人。劳工组织认为，原籍国和目的地国都从移徙工人的贡献中获益- -在目的地国，移徙工人为增长和发展作出贡献，而他们的原籍国则主要从他们的汇款和他们回国后在移徙过程中获得的技能中获益。国内移徙工人在印度等国家的经济动态中发挥着重要作用。本章讨论了国内和国家间移徙工人的情况。新冠肺炎大流行严重扰乱了全球经济活动，导致大规模紧缩。就业复苏前景因行业而异。对于国际移徙工人来说，由于汇款减少，裁员对其原籍国的经济健康产生了严重的长期后果。在突如其来的封锁之后，印度外来务工人员的悲惨处境引起了全世界的关注。本章试图分别研究Covid-19对被迫返回原籍国和无法返回原籍国的移民工人的影响，以及对原籍国和目的地国的影响，以及印度移民工人的状况，并讨论国家和多边层面的一些政策选择，以解决移民工人面临的问题。整个分析基于国际劳工组织、联合国、世界银行以及各种国际机构和报纸的数据。©2022选择和编辑事项，Rajib Bhattacharyya, Ananya Ghosh Dastidar和Soumyen Sikdar;个人章节，贡献者。

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引用次数: 0

The long shadow of epidemics1 流行病的长期阴影

The COVID-19 Pandemic, India and the World

Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.4324/9781003220145-9

Shankha Chakraborty, M. Das

Mortality shocks associated with pandemics differentially affect economies. In advanced countries, where human capital is a key input in aggregate production, an adverse mortality shock not only results in loss of lives, but also results in loss of productive assets (intangible human capital). In poorer economies, one the other hand, where production depends more on tangible inputs like land and physical capital, the effect of mortality shocks is muted: loss of lives is not necessarily accompanied by loss of assets. At the same time, weak health infrastructure, high population density and limited flexibility in production organization in poorer countries imply faster spread of the disease and, therefore, a shock of greater magnitude. These two counteracting mechanisms imply a non-monotonic relationship between disease and growth dynamics. We develop a model of endogenous growth to understand this relationship and highlight the short- and long-term effects of the Covid-19 epidemic shock. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Rajib Bhattacharyya, Ananya Ghosh Dastidar and Soumyen Sikdar;individual chapters, the contributors.

与流行病相关的死亡率冲击对经济的影响各不相同。在人力资本是总生产的关键投入的发达国家，不利的死亡率冲击不仅造成生命损失，而且还造成生产性资产(无形人力资本)的损失。另一方面，在较贫穷的经济体中，生产更多地依赖于土地和实物资本等有形投入，死亡率冲击的影响较小:生命的损失不一定伴随着资产的损失。与此同时，较贫穷国家的卫生基础设施薄弱、人口密度高和生产组织灵活性有限意味着该疾病的传播速度更快，从而造成更大的冲击。这两种抵消机制暗示了疾病和生长动力学之间的非单调关系。我们建立了一个内生增长模型，以理解这种关系，并强调新冠肺炎疫情冲击的短期和长期影响。©2022选择和编辑事项，Rajib Bhattacharyya, Ananya Ghosh Dastidar和Soumyen Sikdar;个人章节，贡献者。

引用次数: 0

Measurement of efficiency loss in Indian agricultural sector due to Covid-19 Covid-19对印度农业部门效率损失的衡量

The COVID-19 Pandemic, India and the World

Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.4324/9781003220145-19

D. Pal, Arpita Ghose, C. Chakraborty

A large amount of migration of labour from the informal industrial or unorganized sector to the agricultural sector has accelerated the problem of downward pressure in Indian economy during the Covid-19 pandemic situation. If these migrant labourers are bound to be absorbed in the agricultural sector, then not only the amount of surplus labour is aggravated, but the extent of efficiency of agricultural sector may be reduced as well, since these migrant labour would be forced to choose agricultural activities and may not be as efficient as workers who are normally employed in the agricultural sector. This chapter measures the extent of the decline in efficiency in the Indian agricultural sector and the consequent loss of output, arising out of the employment of inefficient labour due to Covid-19 problem and also the extent of the casual labour force that can be dispensed with in order to keep the output level unchanged, taking rice production as a case study and considering the data from 16 major rice-producing Indian states for the period 2004-05 to 2020. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Rajib Bhattacharyya, Ananya Ghosh Dastidar and Soumyen Sikdar;individual chapters, the contributors.

在新冠疫情期间，大量劳动力从非正规工业或无组织部门流向农业部门，加剧了印度经济下行压力的问题。如果这些移徙劳动力必然被农业部门吸收，那么不仅会增加剩余劳动力的数量，而且农业部门的效率程度也可能降低，因为这些移徙劳动力将被迫选择农业活动，并且可能不如正常受雇于农业部门的工人效率高。本章衡量了印度农业部门效率下降的程度以及由此造成的产出损失，这是由于Covid-19问题导致的低效率劳动力的就业，以及为了保持产出水平不变而可以免除的临时工的程度，以大米生产为案例研究，并考虑了2004-05年至2020年期间印度16个主要大米生产州的数据。©2022选择和编辑事项，Rajib Bhattacharyya, Ananya Ghosh Dastidar和Soumyen Sikdar;个人章节，贡献者。

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引用次数: 0