While economists have extensively studied crowing out in the context of donations to charity, the question of whether public financing for political campaigns crowds out private donations remains unanswered. Seattle’s Democracy Vouchers program, which provides public financing for municipal campaigns in the form of vouchers that registered voters can donate to campaigns, provides a unique setting that I use to answer this question. In this paper, I use difference-in-differences to study the extent of crowding out resulting from Democracy Vouchers. I estimate that each dollar of government spending reduced private contributions by about $0.29. The program increases total campaign contributions and expenditures and small donations while decreasing large donations. Crowding out was incomplete, indicating that public financing can substantially increase total campaign funding and that donors behave similarly in political and charitable settings.
{"title":"The Cost of Public Financing: Crowding Out in the Context of Political Campaigns","authors":"Sarah Papich","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3938509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3938509","url":null,"abstract":"While economists have extensively studied crowing out in the context of donations to charity, the question of whether public financing for political campaigns crowds out private donations remains unanswered. Seattle’s Democracy Vouchers program, which provides public financing for municipal campaigns in the form of vouchers that registered voters can donate to campaigns, provides a unique setting that I use to answer this question. In this paper, I use difference-in-differences to study the extent of crowding out resulting from Democracy Vouchers. I estimate that each dollar of government spending reduced private contributions by about $0.29. The program increases total campaign contributions and expenditures and small donations while decreasing large donations. Crowding out was incomplete, indicating that public financing can substantially increase total campaign funding and that donors behave similarly in political and charitable settings.","PeriodicalId":113748,"journal":{"name":"Public Economics: Publicly Provided Goods eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128826647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We introduce a novel framework to study targeted policy interventions. Agents: 1) differ both in their likelihood of and loss from interaction, 2) exert negative externalities through interaction, and 3) can exert costly effort to isolate. Additionally, a planner can select a subset of agents to isolate from interaction at zero cost. Our main result is a full characterization of optimal policies when costly isolation is either voluntary or mandatory. When voluntary, optimal policy is non-monotone -- agents with intermediate vulnerability are selected more. Moreover, we uncover a novel form of risk compensation -- voluntary behavior implies that selection is redirected toward the vulnerable away from the interactive, to maintain incentives for self-isolation. We extend our insights to a setting with positive externalities, and apply our results to applications including vaccine allocation, platform design, and information aggregation.
{"title":"Targeting Interacting Agents","authors":"Nikhil Vellodi, Joshua A. Weiss","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3921611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3921611","url":null,"abstract":"We introduce a novel framework to study targeted policy interventions. Agents: 1) differ both in their likelihood of and loss from interaction, 2) exert negative externalities through interaction, and 3) can exert costly effort to isolate. Additionally, a planner can select a subset of agents to isolate from interaction at zero cost. Our main result is a full characterization of optimal policies when costly isolation is either voluntary or mandatory. When voluntary, optimal policy is non-monotone -- agents with intermediate vulnerability are selected more. Moreover, we uncover a novel form of risk compensation -- voluntary behavior implies that selection is redirected toward the vulnerable away from the interactive, to maintain incentives for self-isolation. We extend our insights to a setting with positive externalities, and apply our results to applications including vaccine allocation, platform design, and information aggregation.","PeriodicalId":113748,"journal":{"name":"Public Economics: Publicly Provided Goods eJournal","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126612340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christina Biedny, Brian E. Whitacre, Roberto Gallardo
State and local governments have enacted different types of legislation aimed at improving broadband availability. Two unstudied policies of interest are: (1) “dig-once” policies requiring state-funded construction projects to notify local internet providers about the opportunity to bury conduit for easier wire installation in the future, and (2) permitting policies requiring an expeditious response from local jurisdictions regarding the installation of broadband equipment. We use the example of Iowa, which passed legislation on both of these topics in 2015 and compare trends in fiber broadband availability with that of states who did not pass such legislation. We also consider the potential impact on fixed wireless availability, which largely depends upon a fiber middle mile. We use coarsened exact matching at the census tract level to construct treated and control groups with similar pre-2015 demographic characteristics and broadband availability trends in Iowa and other states. Difference-in-difference regression analysis using the matched samples then assesses the policy impact on fiber and fixed wireless availability post-implementation. The results suggest that Iowa’s policies increased fiber broadband availability by roughly five percentage points when compared to states with similar other broadband policies. However, the impact disappears when the control group is restricted to only states from the same region or to those that with similar levels of federal broadband funding. The policies do not appear to have any effect on fixed wireless availability.
{"title":"Do 'Dig Once' and Permitting Policies Improve Fiber Availability?","authors":"Christina Biedny, Brian E. Whitacre, Roberto Gallardo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3895985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3895985","url":null,"abstract":"State and local governments have enacted different types of legislation aimed at improving broadband availability. Two unstudied policies of interest are: (1) “dig-once” policies requiring state-funded construction projects to notify local internet providers about the opportunity to bury conduit for easier wire installation in the future, and (2) permitting policies requiring an expeditious response from local jurisdictions regarding the installation of broadband equipment. We use the example of Iowa, which passed legislation on both of these topics in 2015 and compare trends in fiber broadband availability with that of states who did not pass such legislation. We also consider the potential impact on fixed wireless availability, which largely depends upon a fiber middle mile. We use coarsened exact matching at the census tract level to construct treated and control groups with similar pre-2015 demographic characteristics and broadband availability trends in Iowa and other states. Difference-in-difference regression analysis using the matched samples then assesses the policy impact on fiber and fixed wireless availability post-implementation. The results suggest that Iowa’s policies increased fiber broadband availability by roughly five percentage points when compared to states with similar other broadband policies. However, the impact disappears when the control group is restricted to only states from the same region or to those that with similar levels of federal broadband funding. The policies do not appear to have any effect on fixed wireless availability.","PeriodicalId":113748,"journal":{"name":"Public Economics: Publicly Provided Goods eJournal","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128373867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mauro Bucci, Giorgio Ivaldi, G. Messina, Luca Moller, E. Gennari
Italian Abstract: Il lavoro fornisce un contributo di ordine metodologico alla misura dell’adeguatezza delle infrastrutture presenti in una data area. Rispetto ad altre analisi basate su indicatori fisici o di spesa pubblica – che offrono una visione unidimensionale, talvolta fuorviante, della dotazione infrastrutturale – i punti di forza del metodo proposto sono rappresentati: dalla flessibilità della metodologia, che adatta la modalità di misurazione al particolare tipo di infrastruttura considerata e alla sua specifica funzione; dal dettaglio territoriale, che nella maggior parte dei casi fa riferimento ai Sistemi locali del lavoro; dall’ampio insieme di infrastrutture considerate, sia economiche (reti di trasporto su strada e su ferro; porti e aeroporti; reti elettriche, idriche e di telecomunicazioni) sia sociali (ospedali e impianti di smaltimento dei rifiuti). L’analisi documenta la presenza in Italia di differenze molto pronunciate nella dotazione infrastrutturale delle diverse aree del Paese, evidenziando il più delle volte una situazione di svantaggio del Sud e delle Isole English Abstract: This paper provides a methodological contribution to the assessment of the infrastructure endowment for a territory. Compared with existing indicators based on expenditure or physical properties – which can be misleading as they examine only a single dimension – the advantages of the proposed method lie in three features: first, its flexible methodology, which adapts the measurement criteria to the function and nature of different infrastructures; second, the geographical detail, as far down as to 611 economically homogeneous partitions of the Italian territory whenever data availability allows it; third, the ample set of infrastructures considered, both economic (transport networks, ports, airports, power grids, water distribution, fixed and mobile telecommunication networks) and social (health care and waste management facilities). The analysis documents significant infrastructure gaps in Italy, often highlighting a disadvantage for the South and the Islands.
意大利摘要:这项工作对衡量某一地区现有基础设施的充分性作出了方法上的贡献。与其他分析基于实物指标或公共支出提供愿景——禀赋的,有时是误导性的一维代表的拟议方法的长处是:合适的方法的灵活性,该如何测量的特殊类型的基础设施及其具体任务;在大多数情况下，它指的是当地的就业制度;考虑到经济基础设施(公路和铁路网络)的广泛范围;港口和机场;电力、供水和电信网络)和社会(医院和废物处理设施)。非常明确地记录了在意大利的存在差异分析该国的不同地区,强调基础设施存量中往往处于不利地位的南方群岛和英国摘要:This paper provides a methodological律师to the assessment of the galaxy endowment for territory。目标6 with现有indicators基于支出前的properties—该can be misleading as they say examine只在单身dimension—the空白处of the proposed法在三features: its first,李群柔性教学法,该adapts the测量标准to the函数和nature of different基础设施;第二，地理细节，就像11 - 11个经济上的种族一样遥远第三，考虑到的基础设施的ample集合，两个经济(运输网络、港口、机场、电力网格、水分配、固定和移动电信网络)和社会(卫生保健和废物管理设施)。意大利的重要基础设施被忽视了，这对南部和岛屿来说是一场灾难。
{"title":"I divari infrastrutturali in Italia: una misurazione caso per caso [Infrastructure Gaps in Italy: A Case-by-Case Measurement]","authors":"Mauro Bucci, Giorgio Ivaldi, G. Messina, Luca Moller, E. Gennari","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3896357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3896357","url":null,"abstract":"Italian Abstract: Il lavoro fornisce un contributo di ordine metodologico alla misura dell’adeguatezza delle infrastrutture presenti in una data area. Rispetto ad altre analisi basate su indicatori fisici o di spesa pubblica – che offrono una visione unidimensionale, talvolta fuorviante, della dotazione infrastrutturale – i punti di forza del metodo proposto sono rappresentati: dalla flessibilità della metodologia, che adatta la modalità di misurazione al particolare tipo di infrastruttura considerata e alla sua specifica funzione; dal dettaglio territoriale, che nella maggior parte dei casi fa riferimento ai Sistemi locali del lavoro; dall’ampio insieme di infrastrutture considerate, sia economiche (reti di trasporto su strada e su ferro; porti e aeroporti; reti elettriche, idriche e di telecomunicazioni) sia sociali (ospedali e impianti di smaltimento dei rifiuti). L’analisi documenta la presenza in Italia di differenze molto pronunciate nella dotazione infrastrutturale delle diverse aree del Paese, evidenziando il più delle volte una situazione di svantaggio del Sud e delle Isole English Abstract: This paper provides a methodological contribution to the assessment of the infrastructure endowment for a territory. Compared with existing indicators based on expenditure or physical properties – which can be misleading as they examine only a single dimension – the advantages of the proposed method lie in three features: first, its flexible methodology, which adapts the measurement criteria to the function and nature of different infrastructures; second, the geographical detail, as far down as to 611 economically homogeneous partitions of the Italian territory whenever data availability allows it; third, the ample set of infrastructures considered, both economic (transport networks, ports, airports, power grids, water distribution, fixed and mobile telecommunication networks) and social (health care and waste management facilities). The analysis documents significant infrastructure gaps in Italy, often highlighting a disadvantage for the South and the Islands.","PeriodicalId":113748,"journal":{"name":"Public Economics: Publicly Provided Goods eJournal","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116258330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stacy Dickert‐Conlin, Todd E. Elder, B. Lemont, Keith F. Teltser
As the incidence of fatal drug overdose has quadrupled in the U.S. in the past two decades, patients awaiting organ transplants may be unintended beneficiaries. We use Vital Statistics mortality data, merged with data on the universe of transplant candidates and recipients in the U.S. from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, to study the extent to which the growth in opioid-related deaths affects the supply of deceased organ donors and transplants. Using two separate identification strategies, we find that opioid-related deaths led to more than 22,000 organ transplants in the U.S. between 2008 and 2018. Although we detect little evidence of demand responses to opioid-induced organ supply shocks, we find that transplant centers are increasingly recovering organs from overdose victims for transplant, with the association between opioid-related deaths and organ donors more than doubling between 2008 and 2018. We also present evidence that transplant candidates appear to be more willing to use organs from those who died of opioid-related causes when organ shortages are relatively severe.
{"title":"Opioids and Organs: How Overdoses Affect the Supply and Demand for Organ Transplants","authors":"Stacy Dickert‐Conlin, Todd E. Elder, B. Lemont, Keith F. Teltser","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3865764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3865764","url":null,"abstract":"As the incidence of fatal drug overdose has quadrupled in the U.S. in the past two decades, patients awaiting organ transplants may be unintended beneficiaries. We use Vital Statistics mortality data, merged with data on the universe of transplant candidates and recipients in the U.S. from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, to study the extent to which the growth in opioid-related deaths affects the supply of deceased organ donors and transplants. Using two separate identification strategies, we find that opioid-related deaths led to more than 22,000 organ transplants in the U.S. between 2008 and 2018. Although we detect little evidence of demand responses to opioid-induced organ supply shocks, we find that transplant centers are increasingly recovering organs from overdose victims for transplant, with the association between opioid-related deaths and organ donors more than doubling between 2008 and 2018. We also present evidence that transplant candidates appear to be more willing to use organs from those who died of opioid-related causes when organ shortages are relatively severe.","PeriodicalId":113748,"journal":{"name":"Public Economics: Publicly Provided Goods eJournal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116990257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Italian Abstract: Il trasporto pubblico locale (TPL) costituisce un importante fattore di crescita e competitività dei territori. Il lavoro descrive il funzionamento di questo servizio nelle principali città italiane, fornendo un confronto a livello internazionale e un’analisi dei divari all’interno del nostro paese. Si mettono in evidenza sia i possibili effetti che una maggiore efficienza del TPL produce sulla mobilità delle persone, sul mercato del lavoro e su quello immobiliare, sia i legami tra performance del TPL e fattori di natura gestionale e istituzionale. Il lavoro analizza inoltre il comparto nel contesto della pandemia, delineando alcune prospettive per il suo sviluppo futuro.
English Abstract: Local public transport is an important determinant of the growth and the competitiveness of territories. This paper describes the functioning of this public service in the main Italian cities, comparing it internationally and analysing the regional gaps within the country. It highlights the possible effects that well-functioning local public transport systems have on the mobility of people, the labour and the real estate markets, as well as examines the links between its performance and a number of institutional and operational factors. This paper also analyses how this sector fared during the health crisis and outlines some possible scenarios for its evolution in the future.
{"title":"Il Trasporto Pubblico Locale: Passato, Presente e Futuro (Urban Public Transport in Italy: Past, Present and Future)","authors":"Sauro Mocetti, G. Roma","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3852278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3852278","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Italian Abstract:</b> Il trasporto pubblico locale (TPL) costituisce un importante fattore di crescita e competitività dei territori. Il lavoro descrive il funzionamento di questo servizio nelle principali città italiane, fornendo un confronto a livello internazionale e un’analisi dei divari all’interno del nostro paese. Si mettono in evidenza sia i possibili effetti che una maggiore efficienza del TPL produce sulla mobilità delle persone, sul mercato del lavoro e su quello immobiliare, sia i legami tra performance del TPL e fattori di natura gestionale e istituzionale. Il lavoro analizza inoltre il comparto nel contesto della pandemia, delineando alcune prospettive per il suo sviluppo futuro.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> Local public transport is an important determinant of the growth and the competitiveness of territories. This paper describes the functioning of this public service in the main Italian cities, comparing it internationally and analysing the regional gaps within the country. It highlights the possible effects that well-functioning local public transport systems have on the mobility of people, the labour and the real estate markets, as well as examines the links between its performance and a number of institutional and operational factors. This paper also analyses how this sector fared during the health crisis and outlines some possible scenarios for its evolution in the future.","PeriodicalId":113748,"journal":{"name":"Public Economics: Publicly Provided Goods eJournal","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115591203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We adopt a framework to specify a household's child development technology with a set of interdependent inputs and outputs, finding significant, productive dynamic effects due to young children's Head Start participation. Our panel data estimates show that initial counter-productive partial effects from Head Start relative to non-Head Start participation are quickly overcome as the child matures so that this program causes significant improvements in math and reading scores as well as a significant reduction of behavioral problems over time. Measures of technical efficiency and productivity change over time for children with Head Start are highly consistent with these trends.
{"title":"Positive Dynamic Partial Effects of Head Start for Jointly Dependent Good and Bad Outcomes","authors":"S. Atkinson, Mark D. Agee, T. Crocker","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3902175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3902175","url":null,"abstract":"We adopt a framework to specify a household's child development technology with a set of interdependent inputs and outputs, finding significant, productive dynamic effects due to young children's Head Start participation. Our panel data estimates show that initial counter-productive partial effects from Head Start relative to non-Head Start participation are quickly overcome as the child matures so that this program causes significant improvements in math and reading scores as well as a significant reduction of behavioral problems over time. Measures of technical efficiency and productivity change over time for children with Head Start are highly consistent with these trends.","PeriodicalId":113748,"journal":{"name":"Public Economics: Publicly Provided Goods eJournal","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116629830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lighthouses are the quintessential public goods and thus constitute a key illustration of market failure in need of government remedy. Considerable debates have been waged over whether optimal private provision was historically possible. However, little to no attention has been devoted to how lighthouse systems operated once governments took charge of remedying the public goods problem. Using the fact that Antebellum America came close to following the ideal textbook solution to the provision of public goods, we assess how government allocated lighthouses before the Civil War. We find some evidence that the lighthouses were built according to commercial needs. However, we also find strong evidence that political considerations played a strong role in selecting where lighthouses would be built.
{"title":"The Political Economy of Lighthouses in Antebellum America","authors":"Justin T. Callais, Vincent J. Geloso","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3715496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3715496","url":null,"abstract":"Lighthouses are the quintessential public goods and thus constitute a key illustration of market failure in need of government remedy. Considerable debates have been waged over whether optimal private provision was historically possible. However, little to no attention has been devoted to how lighthouse systems operated once governments took charge of remedying the public goods problem. Using the fact that Antebellum America came close to following the ideal textbook solution to the provision of public goods, we assess how government allocated lighthouses before the Civil War. We find some evidence that the lighthouses were built according to commercial needs. However, we also find strong evidence that political considerations played a strong role in selecting where lighthouses would be built.","PeriodicalId":113748,"journal":{"name":"Public Economics: Publicly Provided Goods eJournal","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117128112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This course is based on the hypothesis that digital technology will transform the way government operates, and (if properly implemented) these technologies have the potential to create significant public value. However, digital technology in the public sector often does not reach its full potential due to some combination of: bad and/obsolete implementation, poor design, and so on. To take advantage of this opportunity, and prevent continued failures, we need public sector leaders who (while not necessarily digital experts) know how to ask experts the right questions, have a vision of what can be achieved with these technologies, and the skills to lead innovation. This semester-long survey course is intended for Masters of Public Policy, and Masters of Public Administration, students who (although not technology specialists) will likely be called on: to supervise, provide advice about, or otherwise be involved with, digital technology projects in the public or not-for-profit sectors.
{"title":"Course Overview Note: Public Sector Innovation and Leadership in the Age of Digital Technology","authors":"Steven Strauss","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3623409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3623409","url":null,"abstract":"This course is based on the hypothesis that digital technology will transform the way government operates, and (if properly implemented) these technologies have the potential to create significant public value. However, digital technology in the public sector often does not reach its full potential due to some combination of: bad and/obsolete implementation, poor design, and so on. To take advantage of this opportunity, and prevent continued failures, we need public sector leaders who (while not necessarily digital experts) know how to ask experts the right questions, have a vision of what can be achieved with these technologies, and the skills to lead innovation. This semester-long survey course is intended for Masters of Public Policy, and Masters of Public Administration, students who (although not technology specialists) will likely be called on: to supervise, provide advice about, or otherwise be involved with, digital technology projects in the public or not-for-profit sectors.","PeriodicalId":113748,"journal":{"name":"Public Economics: Publicly Provided Goods eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128511897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Exogenously given reputational information is known to improve cooperation. This paper experimentally studies how people create such information through reporting of partner’s action choices, and whether the endogenous monitoring helps sustain cooperation, in an indefinitely repeated prisoner’s dilemma game. The experiment results show that most subjects report their opponents’ action choices, thereby successfully cooperating with each other, when reporting does not involve a cost. However, subjects are strongly discouraged from reporting when doing so is costly. As a result, they fail to achieve strong cooperation norms when the reported information is privately conveyed only to their next-round interaction partner. Costly reporting occurs only occasionally, even when there is a public record whereby all future partners can check the reported information. However, groups can then foster cooperation norms aided by the public record, because reported information gets gradually accumulated and becomes more informative over time. These findings suggest that the efficacy of endogenous monitoring depends on the quality of platforms that store reported information.
{"title":"Endogenous Monitoring Through Gossiping in an Infinitely Repeated Prisoner's Dilemma Game: Experimental Evidence","authors":"Kenju Kamei, A. Nesterov","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3608749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3608749","url":null,"abstract":"Exogenously given reputational information is known to improve cooperation. This paper experimentally studies how people create such information through reporting of partner’s action choices, and whether the endogenous monitoring helps sustain cooperation, in an indefinitely repeated prisoner’s dilemma game. The experiment results show that most subjects report their opponents’ action choices, thereby successfully cooperating with each other, when reporting does not involve a cost. However, subjects are strongly discouraged from reporting when doing so is costly. As a result, they fail to achieve strong cooperation norms when the reported information is privately conveyed only to their next-round interaction partner. Costly reporting occurs only occasionally, even when there is a public record whereby all future partners can check the reported information. However, groups can then foster cooperation norms aided by the public record, because reported information gets gradually accumulated and becomes more informative over time. These findings suggest that the efficacy of endogenous monitoring depends on the quality of platforms that store reported information.","PeriodicalId":113748,"journal":{"name":"Public Economics: Publicly Provided Goods eJournal","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131583301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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