D. Acemoglu, Isáıas N. Chaves, Philip Osafo-Kwaako, James A. Robinson
A fundamental problem for economic development is that most poor countries have 'weak state' which are incapable or unwilling to provide basic public goods such as law enforcement, order, education and infrastructure. In Africa this is often attributed to the persistence of 'indirect rule' from the colonial period. In this paper we discuss the ways in which a state constructed on the basis of indirect rule is weak and the mechanisms via which this has persisted since independence in Sierra Leone. We also present a hypothesis as to why the extent to which indirect rule has persisted varies greatly within Africa, linking it to the presence or the absence of large centralized pre-colonial polities within modern countries. Countries which had such a polity, such as Ghana and Uganda, tended to abolish indirect rule since it excessively empowered traditional rulers at the expense of post-colonial elites. Our argument provides a new mechanism which can explain the positive correlation between pre-colonial political centralization and modern public goods and development outcomes.
{"title":"Indirect Rule and State Weakness in Africa: Sierra Leone in Comparative Perspective","authors":"D. Acemoglu, Isáıas N. Chaves, Philip Osafo-Kwaako, James A. Robinson","doi":"10.3386/W20092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W20092","url":null,"abstract":"A fundamental problem for economic development is that most poor countries have 'weak state' which are incapable or unwilling to provide basic public goods such as law enforcement, order, education and infrastructure. In Africa this is often attributed to the persistence of 'indirect rule' from the colonial period. In this paper we discuss the ways in which a state constructed on the basis of indirect rule is weak and the mechanisms via which this has persisted since independence in Sierra Leone. We also present a hypothesis as to why the extent to which indirect rule has persisted varies greatly within Africa, linking it to the presence or the absence of large centralized pre-colonial polities within modern countries. Countries which had such a polity, such as Ghana and Uganda, tended to abolish indirect rule since it excessively empowered traditional rulers at the expense of post-colonial elites. Our argument provides a new mechanism which can explain the positive correlation between pre-colonial political centralization and modern public goods and development outcomes.","PeriodicalId":113748,"journal":{"name":"Public Economics: Publicly Provided Goods eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131363837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As seen in the Great East Japan Earthquake, people constantly face “abrupt changes�? of which occurrence they cannot surely foresee. In this study, such “sudden changes�? was defined as “catastrophes.�? Building on this idea, the aim of this study is to indicate the evolution of cooperation is also promoted by catastrophes, as well as punishments, inspired by the evolution by biological catastrophes. The present study investigated whether: (a) the prior “Notice of Catastrophes�? promotes cooperation or not and (b) the “Occurrence of Catastrophes�? did. Therefore, the Total Catastrophe Game is examined based on a repeated public goods game with stranger matching and anonymous conditions, where changes occur on the player’s endowments. The results showed that although the notice of catastrophes was not found to have a significant effect, cooperation was promoted due to the occurrence of catastrophes. Furthermore, a correlation between the magnitude of the occurring loss and the contribution level was found. The results suggested that not only punishments, but also catastrophes promote cooperation as an emergency urge. Furthermore, cooperation is promoted not as strategic but as altruistic behavior.
{"title":"Catastrophes Promote Cooperation: Experimental Approach with Catastrophe Game","authors":"Akira Goto","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2417866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2417866","url":null,"abstract":"As seen in the Great East Japan Earthquake, people constantly face “abrupt changes�? of which occurrence they cannot surely foresee. In this study, such “sudden changes�? was defined as “catastrophes.�? Building on this idea, the aim of this study is to indicate the evolution of cooperation is also promoted by catastrophes, as well as punishments, inspired by the evolution by biological catastrophes. The present study investigated whether: (a) the prior “Notice of Catastrophes�? promotes cooperation or not and (b) the “Occurrence of Catastrophes�? did. Therefore, the Total Catastrophe Game is examined based on a repeated public goods game with stranger matching and anonymous conditions, where changes occur on the player’s endowments. The results showed that although the notice of catastrophes was not found to have a significant effect, cooperation was promoted due to the occurrence of catastrophes. Furthermore, a correlation between the magnitude of the occurring loss and the contribution level was found. The results suggested that not only punishments, but also catastrophes promote cooperation as an emergency urge. Furthermore, cooperation is promoted not as strategic but as altruistic behavior.","PeriodicalId":113748,"journal":{"name":"Public Economics: Publicly Provided Goods eJournal","volume":"326 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133438201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We study contributions and punishment in a linear public goods game, where group members differ in the sources of their endowments. We compare homogenous groups in which subjects are exogenously assigned to the same endowments with heterogeneous groups in which half of the group members invest real effort to earn their endowments, while the other half are granted with a windfall amount of equal size. We illustrate, that independent of group composition, free-riding becomes the ubiquitous form of behavior over time if group members cannot sanction each other. If punishment opportunity is present, contributions constantly increase over time, albeit we find differences neither in contributions nor in punishment across heterogeneous and homogenous groups. Furthermore, we also manifest that different subject types make similar contributions in heterogeneous groups. We conjecture that effort invested to earn the endowment seems not to cause conflicting normative views on appropriate contributions among subject types. Nevertheless, within heterogeneous groups subjects, who exert real effort to earn their endowments, punish less severely than those receiving windfall endowments.
{"title":"Public Good Provision, Punishment, and the Endowment Origin: Experimental Evidence","authors":"Armenak Antinyan, L. Corazzini, Daniel Neururer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2306545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2306545","url":null,"abstract":"We study contributions and punishment in a linear public goods game, where group members differ in the sources of their endowments. We compare homogenous groups in which subjects are exogenously assigned to the same endowments with heterogeneous groups in which half of the group members invest real effort to earn their endowments, while the other half are granted with a windfall amount of equal size. We illustrate, that independent of group composition, free-riding becomes the ubiquitous form of behavior over time if group members cannot sanction each other. If punishment opportunity is present, contributions constantly increase over time, albeit we find differences neither in contributions nor in punishment across heterogeneous and homogenous groups. Furthermore, we also manifest that different subject types make similar contributions in heterogeneous groups. We conjecture that effort invested to earn the endowment seems not to cause conflicting normative views on appropriate contributions among subject types. Nevertheless, within heterogeneous groups subjects, who exert real effort to earn their endowments, punish less severely than those receiving windfall endowments.","PeriodicalId":113748,"journal":{"name":"Public Economics: Publicly Provided Goods eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129467372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Indian healthcare system is rapidly changing. Healthcare at its essential core is widely recognized as public good. This cannot be left in the hands of the market forces although role of private sector may be present as supplementary. It is known that the social determinants of health in which people grow, live, work and age are very important for the health status of the people. At the same time the socio economic status like income levels, gender and caste affect healthy life. This paper deals with the determinants influence the public health system of India and its impact on individuals.
{"title":"Determinants in Making Public Health System of India – A Comprehensive Study","authors":"Prof. S. K. Baral Prof. S. K. Baral","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3375291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3375291","url":null,"abstract":"The Indian healthcare system is rapidly changing. Healthcare at its essential core is widely recognized as public good. This cannot be left in the hands of the market forces although role of private sector may be present as supplementary. It is known that the social determinants of health in which people grow, live, work and age are very important for the health status of the people. At the same time the socio economic status like income levels, gender and caste affect healthy life. This paper deals with the determinants influence the public health system of India and its impact on individuals.","PeriodicalId":113748,"journal":{"name":"Public Economics: Publicly Provided Goods eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115617352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Данная работа представляет собой результат работы по выявлению факторов, определивших успешность реализации проекта по переходу на межведомственное взаимодействие при предоставлении государственных услуг, а также факторов, препятствовавших достижению успеха.This work is the result of the work of identifying the factors that determined the success of the migration project on interagency cooperation in the provision of public services, as well as factors hindering success.
{"title":"Анализ Опыта Перехода Федеральных Органов Исполнительной Власти На Межведомственное Взаимодействие При Предоставлении Государственных Услуг (Analysis of the Experience of Transition of Federal Bodies of Executive Authority for Interagency Cooperation in the Provision of Public Services)","authors":"I. Voloshkin, Vitaliy Negorodov, E. Serbina","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2352181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2352181","url":null,"abstract":"Данная работа представляет собой результат работы по выявлению факторов, определивших успешность реализации проекта по переходу на межведомственное взаимодействие при предоставлении государственных услуг, а также факторов, препятствовавших достижению успеха.This work is the result of the work of identifying the factors that determined the success of the migration project on interagency cooperation in the provision of public services, as well as factors hindering success.","PeriodicalId":113748,"journal":{"name":"Public Economics: Publicly Provided Goods eJournal","volume":"324 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114372695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 2003 Kenya abolished user fees in all government primary schools. We show that this policy contributed to a shift in demand away from free schools, where net enrollment stagnated after 2003, toward fee-charging private schools, where both enrollment and fee levels grew rapidly after 2003. These shifts had mixed distributional consequences. Enrollment by poorer households increased, but segregation between socio-economic groups also increased. We find evidence that the shift in demand toward private schooling was driven by more affluent households who (i) paid higher ex ante fees and thus experienced a larger reduction in school funding, and (ii) exited public schools in reaction to increased enrollment by poorer children.
{"title":"Can Free Provision Reduce Demand for Public Services? Evidence from Kenyan Education","authors":"Tessa Bold, M. Kimenyi, G. Mwabu, J. Sandefur","doi":"10.1093/WBER/LHT038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBER/LHT038","url":null,"abstract":"In 2003 Kenya abolished user fees in all government primary schools. We show that this policy contributed to a shift in demand away from free schools, where net enrollment stagnated after 2003, toward fee-charging private schools, where both enrollment and fee levels grew rapidly after 2003. These shifts had mixed distributional consequences. Enrollment by poorer households increased, but segregation between socio-economic groups also increased. We find evidence that the shift in demand toward private schooling was driven by more affluent households who (i) paid higher ex ante fees and thus experienced a larger reduction in school funding, and (ii) exited public schools in reaction to increased enrollment by poorer children.","PeriodicalId":113748,"journal":{"name":"Public Economics: Publicly Provided Goods eJournal","volume":"104 13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127437420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We conducted a field experiment with a charitable group to investigate whether giving the donor an option to write a personalized holiday card to the recipient influences giving behavior. Over 1500 households were approached in a door-to-door campaign and randomized to either a treatment group, in which donors were presented with the option to write their own card for the recipient, or a control group, in which donors were not given the option to write their own card for the recipient. We predict that treatment should increase contributions through making the gift more meaningful, but may also decrease contributions by increasing the transaction and social costs of donating. We find evidence in favor of the negative effects of costs from treatment, and no evidence of increased giving. We also observe that our treatment crowds out small donors (donors giving $5 or less).
{"title":"'Feel the Warmth' Glow: A Field Experiment on Manipulating the Act of Giving","authors":"Amanda Chuan, A. Samek","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2343966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2343966","url":null,"abstract":"We conducted a field experiment with a charitable group to investigate whether giving the donor an option to write a personalized holiday card to the recipient influences giving behavior. Over 1500 households were approached in a door-to-door campaign and randomized to either a treatment group, in which donors were presented with the option to write their own card for the recipient, or a control group, in which donors were not given the option to write their own card for the recipient. We predict that treatment should increase contributions through making the gift more meaningful, but may also decrease contributions by increasing the transaction and social costs of donating. We find evidence in favor of the negative effects of costs from treatment, and no evidence of increased giving. We also observe that our treatment crowds out small donors (donors giving $5 or less).","PeriodicalId":113748,"journal":{"name":"Public Economics: Publicly Provided Goods eJournal","volume":"81 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131707599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paper explores the shifts within the mass higher education and its governance over the last three decades. Mass higher education has changed substantially in tandem with the broader changes associated with the social and political compromises over the last few decades. The crisis and transformation of the public university needs to be understood in this context. The paper seeks to analyse the transformation of the public university as it relates to broader state and governance projects. It attempts to focus on the crucial shift from the 80s onwards with the emergence of new notions of market citizenship, bringing with it what has been referred to as ‘structured opportunity markets’ in higher education. These notions of market citizenship are given shape through an emerging higher education regulatory state, now governed by a range of formal and informal instruments including measures to enhance inclusion and participation within the market. It is these regulatory projects that develop and give legitimacy to the higher education market. Consequently the development of the regulatory state and market-making has been deeply intertwined. In conclusion, we argue that the ‘public’ university does not disappear as such, but is reconstituted within these new regulatory arrangements and projects. We illustrate this argument with reference to recent initiatives in the Australian higher education sectors, such as the Bradley Report and the establishment of TESQA.
{"title":"Transforming the Public University: Market Citizenship and Higher Education Regulatory Projects","authors":"Kanishka Jayasuriya","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2353263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2353263","url":null,"abstract":"Paper explores the shifts within the mass higher education and its governance over the last three decades. Mass higher education has changed substantially in tandem with the broader changes associated with the social and political compromises over the last few decades. The crisis and transformation of the public university needs to be understood in this context. The paper seeks to analyse the transformation of the public university as it relates to broader state and governance projects. It attempts to focus on the crucial shift from the 80s onwards with the emergence of new notions of market citizenship, bringing with it what has been referred to as ‘structured opportunity markets’ in higher education. These notions of market citizenship are given shape through an emerging higher education regulatory state, now governed by a range of formal and informal instruments including measures to enhance inclusion and participation within the market. It is these regulatory projects that develop and give legitimacy to the higher education market. Consequently the development of the regulatory state and market-making has been deeply intertwined. In conclusion, we argue that the ‘public’ university does not disappear as such, but is reconstituted within these new regulatory arrangements and projects. We illustrate this argument with reference to recent initiatives in the Australian higher education sectors, such as the Bradley Report and the establishment of TESQA.","PeriodicalId":113748,"journal":{"name":"Public Economics: Publicly Provided Goods eJournal","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123475360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Greek local self government’s role in public utilities management and, more generally, in the provision of public interest services was steadily increasing for nearly six decades. Mainly from the 80's onwards, when the powers of local government expanded significantly, local government became the major provider of such services. Furthermore, state-owned companies managed large-scale public utilities in metropolitan areas (water supply) or nationwide (electricity). Since such industries in a medium-sized country like Greece constitute natural monopolies, the dominant role of the state and the municipalities in their management was legitimized. Even when, in the 90’s and chiefly the 2000’s, under the influence of ideological but also operational imperatives state and municipal public utility agencies opted more flexibility and market orientation, the solutions adopted weren’t privatizations but businesslike models under municipal and state ownership. While public entities were transformed in commercial enterprises operating under the private law and even listed on the stock-market, the majority of the shares remained with the state, local government and other public entities. Recently, under the pressure of the sovereign debt crisis, major privatization projects are included in the political agenda. Such privatization projects of public utilities seem to be guided exclusively by budgetary and public finance criteria. Therefore they cannot be easily associated with broader public interest concerns in the relevant policy fields.
{"title":"Public Service Provision by the Greek Local Government","authors":"Theodore N. Tsekos, A. Triantafyllopoulou","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2493911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2493911","url":null,"abstract":"The Greek local self government’s role in public utilities management and, more generally, in the provision of public interest services was steadily increasing for nearly six decades. Mainly from the 80's onwards, when the powers of local government expanded significantly, local government became the major provider of such services. Furthermore, state-owned companies managed large-scale public utilities in metropolitan areas (water supply) or nationwide (electricity). Since such industries in a medium-sized country like Greece constitute natural monopolies, the dominant role of the state and the municipalities in their management was legitimized. Even when, in the 90’s and chiefly the 2000’s, under the influence of ideological but also operational imperatives state and municipal public utility agencies opted more flexibility and market orientation, the solutions adopted weren’t privatizations but businesslike models under municipal and state ownership. While public entities were transformed in commercial enterprises operating under the private law and even listed on the stock-market, the majority of the shares remained with the state, local government and other public entities. Recently, under the pressure of the sovereign debt crisis, major privatization projects are included in the political agenda. Such privatization projects of public utilities seem to be guided exclusively by budgetary and public finance criteria. Therefore they cannot be easily associated with broader public interest concerns in the relevant policy fields.","PeriodicalId":113748,"journal":{"name":"Public Economics: Publicly Provided Goods eJournal","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130850554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Das Gupta, K. Dalpatadu, C. K. Shanmugarajah, H. Herath
What can other developing countries learn from Sri Lanka on achieving good health at low cost? While its well-organized medical and maternal-child health services have been documented elsewhere, this paper fills a gap in documenting how it organizes services to reduce the population's exposure to disease -- a pure public good. The key factors underlying the effectiveness of these services are (1) strong focal points in the central Health Ministry for supporting preventive services; (2) pro-active outreach by the health line agency to collaborate with other sectors / agents whose work influences public health outcomes; and (3) community-level delivery institutions with well-trained multivalent Public Health Inspectors -- all underpinned by (4) assured tax-based financing. This paper describes this system in some detail such that other countries can learn from Sri Lanka's successful approach to improving population health. It also makes some recommendations for strengthening the system in response to changing conditions.
{"title":"Multisectoral Preventive Health Services in Sri Lanka: Lessons for Developing Countries in Providing Public Goods in Health","authors":"M. Das Gupta, K. Dalpatadu, C. K. Shanmugarajah, H. Herath","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-6558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-6558","url":null,"abstract":"What can other developing countries learn from Sri Lanka on achieving good health at low cost? While its well-organized medical and maternal-child health services have been documented elsewhere, this paper fills a gap in documenting how it organizes services to reduce the population's exposure to disease -- a pure public good. The key factors underlying the effectiveness of these services are (1) strong focal points in the central Health Ministry for supporting preventive services; (2) pro-active outreach by the health line agency to collaborate with other sectors / agents whose work influences public health outcomes; and (3) community-level delivery institutions with well-trained multivalent Public Health Inspectors -- all underpinned by (4) assured tax-based financing. This paper describes this system in some detail such that other countries can learn from Sri Lanka's successful approach to improving population health. It also makes some recommendations for strengthening the system in response to changing conditions.","PeriodicalId":113748,"journal":{"name":"Public Economics: Publicly Provided Goods eJournal","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114987525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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