Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14775700.2021.1873023
C. Gooch
ABSTRACT In ‘The Site of Memory,’ Toni Morrison suggests that ‘the act of imagination is bound up with memory’ (98). She goes on to compare the Mississippi River to writers, ‘remembering where we were, what valley we ran through, what the banks were like’ (99). As I demonstrate in this article, it would be a mistake to think of this comparison as a mere metaphor. In this essay, I examine how the characters in Sula rely on and struggle with their communal memories and trauma as they are tied to the river that runs through the Bottom. I argue that Morrison uses the river as a focal point to express the intersection of memory, history, and trauma, both for the individual characters in the book and the Black community at large. Furthermore, I argue that Morrison responds to this violent past by integrating popular folktales and signifying on them in order to help us, and the characters, understand the perils of both the social and natural landscape. Ultimately, I conclude that the presence of the rivers and popular folktales are sites of memory that invoke the histories of oppression that have shaped the lives of the characters in Sula.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14775700.2021.1873024
T. R. Smith
ABSTRACT While it is widely understood that rivers took on new symbolic power as avatars of nationalism in the late nineteenth century, less examined is their use as a space for Transatlantic cultural flow, and transnational commentary and critique. This article explores the ways in which a variety of Americans abroad in this period centred the Thames – newly charged with nationalist sentiment – in their accounts of Britain. In particular, it analyses Elizabeth Robins and Joseph Pennell’s travel narrative The Stream of Pleasure, first published as the lead article in the ‘Midsummer Holiday Issue’ of The Century Magazine in 1889, as an exemplary text in which both artist and writer play with the image of the river in ways that chime with much wider Transatlantic debates at this moment.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14775700.2021.1872765
Jorge E. Cuéllar
ABSTRACT Transboundary waters serve critical bordering functions and are often obstacles for migrants transiting throughout the globe. This article focuses on migrant encounters with Mesoamerican river-borders, as highlighted in recent media images of river crossings – from individuals to migrant caravans – that show how people use waterbodies to evade state capture. Analysing widely circulated images of migrant death at the Rio Grande (US–Mexico) and the caravan spectacle at the Suchiate River (Mexico-Guatemala), I attend to contemporary migrations taking place at the intersection of securitisation, border-making, and ecology. Reflecting on historical events such as the Río Sumpul Massacre in El Salvador, recent Central American caravan migrations across Mexico-Guatemala, to the widely circulated river death of migrants Óscar and Valeria Martínez Ramírez in mid-2019, I consider the environmental relations, cultural practices, and social forms that emerge around river-borders. I highlight ongoing processes of terraforming that are shaping borderland biomes and that are subsequently disrupting boundary dynamics linked to popular mobility, informal economies, and ecosystem health. Juxtaposing migrant sociality at river-borders with contemporary border-formation, I show how migrant movement is discouraged and repelled in service of sealing borders through the making of ecologies of control.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14775700.2021.1872764
Barbara Miceli
ABSTRACT Where Water Comes Together with Other Water is a collection of poems published by Raymond Carver in 1985. As the aquatic title suggests, many of these poems feature rivers and creeks. The aim of my contribution is to analyse the function of rivers in Carver’s poetry, pointing out how their presence is not only part of a confessional tendency. They are also part of an epiphanic kind of poetic that uses small incidents and natural elements as correlative objectives. That is what rivers are within this collection: correlative objectives of distant and buried memories, of fears, of love, of ageing, of a way of looking at the external world, to say it with Carver’s words, ‘in absolute and simple amazement’.
《Where Water Comes Together with Other Water》是雷蒙德·卡弗1985年出版的一本诗集。正如标题所暗示的那样，这些诗中有许多以河流和小溪为特色。我的贡献的目的是分析河流在卡佛诗歌中的作用，指出它们的存在如何不仅仅是忏悔倾向的一部分。它们也是一种顿悟式诗歌的一部分，用小事件和自然元素作为相关的目标。这就是这集里的河流:遥远的、被掩埋的记忆、恐惧、爱、衰老的相互关联的目标，用卡弗的话来说，是一种看待外部世界的方式，“在绝对的、简单的惊奇中”。
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14775700.2021.1875726
Daisy Henwood
ABSTRACT Rivers are a key site of human-nonhuman connection in the work of Kathleen Dean Moore and Rebecca Solnit. Reading this connection against the backdrop of the current climate crisis, this article considers how both writers offer ways of interacting with and thinking about changing landscapes that counter what Timothy Morton calls the ‘information dump’ of climate communication. I argue that by privileging conflicting emotions and uncertainty instead, Moore and Solnit use rivers and riverine forms to advocate for alternative, meaningful relationships to and understandings of shifting environments. With a dual focus on the physical and metaphorical resonances of rivers, this article unpacks the ways rivers might figure in our understanding of climate change, and what it might mean to read about rivers in this context. Ultimately, I suggest that Moore and Solnit’s works demonstrate encounters with joy and despair that not only characterise of twenty-first century relationships to the nonhuman, but are in fact vital to combatting ecological damage.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14775700.2021.1882130
T. R. Smith
Abstract An introduction to this special issue of Comparative American Studies dedicated to rivers in American culture.
这期《比较美国研究》特刊的导言，致力于研究美国文化中的河流。
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14775700.2020.1849924
W. Carroll
ABSTRACT When Edgar Lee Masters wrote his obituary of small-town provincialism, Spoon River Anthology (1916), the literary movement known as the ‘revolt from the village’ was becoming increasingly defined. Writers like Mary Austin, Willa Cather and, later, Sherwood Anderson penned desolate portraits of rural America, disturbing the nineteenth century idyll of small-town America in favour of a community space ‘caught between industrial progress and gradual oblivion’ (Honaker Herron, 1971). This article explores rural confinement, spatial determinism, and psychological unfulfillment in Masters’ text, all of which are borne directly of Spoon River’s physical and metaphorical isolation. The spatial construction of Masters’ community will be scrutinised, tracing in its pastoral subversion and funereal conceit of the cemetery a melancholy commentary on small-town provincialism. Through consideration of the river as a physical and spiritual barrier, I will conclude that Masters’ text provides a rural portrait in which the small town is entirely beholden to this naturalistic symbol. By considering the various writers and ideologies that run concurrently with Masters, it will be contended that in this particular meeting of waters rural America becomes increasingly difficult to negotiate. Its inhabitants instead grow stagnant, the people embittered, and, in their narratives, a ‘buried life’ (Channell Hilfer, 1969) is dredged up from the silt.
当埃德加·李·马斯特斯(Edgar Lee Masters)写了他关于小镇地方主义的讣告《斯彭河文集》(1916)时，被称为“乡村反抗”的文学运动正变得越来越明确。像玛丽·奥斯汀、薇拉·凯瑟和后来的舍伍德·安德森这样的作家都写过荒凉的美国农村肖像，扰乱了19世纪美国小镇的田园牧歌，支持一个“夹在工业进步和逐渐遗忘之间”的社区空间(Honaker Herron, 1971)。本文探讨马斯特斯文本中的乡村限制、空间决定论和心理不满足，所有这些都直接源于Spoon River的物理和隐喻隔离。马斯特斯社区的空间结构将被仔细审视，在其田园式的颠覆和墓地的葬礼幻想中，人们会对小镇的乡土主义进行忧郁的评论。通过对河流作为物理和精神屏障的考虑，我将得出结论，马斯特斯的文本提供了一幅乡村肖像，其中小镇完全受惠于这个自然主义的象征。考虑到与马斯特斯同时出现的各种作家和意识形态，我们会认为，在这次特别的水会议上，美国农村变得越来越难以谈判。它的居民反而停滞不前，人们痛苦，在他们的叙述中，一种“被埋葬的生活”(channel Hilfer, 1969)被从淤泥中挖掘出来。
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Pub Date : 2020-12-30DOI: 10.1080/14775700.2020.1868255
A. Maas
ABSTRACT This article is situated in the brackish intersections between river studies and oceanic studies. Comparing the works of Sarah Orne Jewett, H.D. (Hilda Doolittle), and Louise Bogan, I argue these three authors engage a ‘trialectic relationship’, to borrow Ling Zhang’s term, between river, sea, and nation. This mimics the form of an estuary, a layered site for negotiating nationhood, industrialisation, and placelessness, that, for these authors, flows from the local to the global, but always returns to estuarial flow. For Jewett, famous for her American literary regionalism, I look at the globally/nationally expansive imaginary of her short story, ‘River Driftwood’, with its local context of river/harbour and historical moment of shifting maritime industry alongside river technology. Next, the modernist poet H.D.’s ‘Leda’ – with its abstract layering of the same Maine harbours, the industrial Lehigh river, and a palimpsested mythological place – forms an estuary whose resistance of Zeus (the industrial) is rooted in its natural movements. Finally, working from theories of planetarity and hydrology, I suggest that Bogan in her poem ‘Night’, localises planetary systems within the immediate movement of tidal mixtures. Thus, these literary estuaries emerge as sites of layered movement, rather than singular points of connection or separation; they produce, like river and ocean flowing together, an estuarial imaginary.
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Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/14775700.2020.1855862
Edward Clough
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Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/14775700.2021.1895039
Grace Watkins
ABSTRACT Campus police in the United States are often discussed in terms of their domestic impact on college grounds and the surrounding neighbourhoods, but they have a lesser-known global impact as well. This article reveals how campus forces have attempted to shed their reputation as 'rent-a-cops' by establishing themselves as the leading global experts on campus security and participating in a wide range of projects designed to protect state interests. In doing so, campus police have positioned themselves as their own specialised branch of policing (rather than as merely subsidiary to municipal policing) and contributed to the construction of a global carceral apparatus. Campus departments' quest for legitimacy has manifested in the exchange of policing tactics between city and campus forces around the world through training sessions, networking events, and other collaborative programmes. As historians continue to uncover the global effects of policing in the United States, it is important to include the contributions of often overlooked private and quasi-public campus police departments. This article argues that campus forces used their unique status to take part in police assistance efforts abroad while also reproducing them in their own profession to construct the global campus security network.
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