I both cleared and existing Quercus douglassii woodlands, there is a perceived lack of recruitment (Adams et al.1992, Swiecki and Bernhardt 1998, Koenig and Knops 2007). There are many factors that appear to limit blue oak recruitment, including cattle, annual grasses, rodents, deer, climate change, and fire regime (McCreary 2001). Traditional restoration methods focus on planting techniques that control for many of these factors via irrigation, container stock, tubes, fencing, and weed control (Brooks and Merenlender 2001). The limitation of this approach is that the cost/acre of a typical restoration project is too high to implement on a landscape scale and may be insufficient to mitigate for or reverse the current and future loss of extant oak woodlands (Standiford et al. 2002). The range of blue oaks covers some three million hectares across California (Bollsinger 1988). Challenges facing this ecosystem, including those posed by climate change, demand that we develop new, more cost-effective, techniques that can be applied on hundreds or thousands of hectares per year with the same limited restoration dollars. Although many restoration projects report on techniques and interventions that are “effective” (i.e., increase seedling survival or cover), they rarely quantitatively weigh these against their costs, which can be considerable. Estimates of cost effectiveness (dollars per established seedling or per percent cover) date back at least 25 years (Bainbridge 1995) but are still rare (Kimball et al. 2015). While drill-seeding is a common practice for smallerseeded species, it is not a common technique for largerseeded woody species. Our previous research demonstrated that direct (hand) seeding of woody plants is more cost effective (dollars per surviving plant) than container planting, particularly with large-seeded species (Palmerlee and Young 2010). We set out to build on our previous research to develop and quantify the cost-effectiveness of a novel drill-seeding technique, and to do so in different landscape contexts to provide greater direction for land managers. Study Site
无论是清除的还是现存的道格拉斯栎林地，都存在明显的招募不足(Adams et al.1992, Swiecki and Bernhardt 1998, Koenig and Knops 2007)。有许多因素限制蓝橡树的生长，包括牛、一年生草、啮齿动物、鹿、气候变化和火灾制度(McCreary 2001)。传统的恢复方法侧重于种植技术，通过灌溉、容器库存、管道、围栏和杂草控制来控制许多这些因素(Brooks和Merenlender 2001)。这种方法的局限性在于，典型的修复项目每英亩的成本太高，无法在景观规模上实施，而且可能不足以减轻或扭转现有橡树林地当前和未来的损失(Standiford et al. 2002)。蓝橡树的范围覆盖了加利福尼亚大约300万公顷(Bollsinger 1988)。这一生态系统面临的挑战，包括气候变化带来的挑战，要求我们开发新的、更具成本效益的技术，这些技术每年可以在同样有限的恢复资金下应用于数百或数千公顷。虽然许多恢复项目报告了“有效”的技术和干预措施(即增加幼苗存活率或覆盖度)，但它们很少在数量上权衡它们的成本，这可能是相当大的。对成本效益的估计(每棵树苗或覆盖率的美元)可以追溯到至少25年前(Bainbridge 1995)，但仍然很少(Kimball et al. 2015)。虽然钻播是小种子树种的常见做法，但它不是大种子木本树种的常用技术。我们之前的研究表明，直接(手工)播种木本植物比容器种植更具成本效益(每株存活植物的成本)，特别是大种子物种(Palmerlee和Young, 2010年)。我们开始在之前的研究基础上开发和量化一种新型钻播技术的成本效益，并在不同的景观背景下进行研究，为土地管理者提供更大的指导。研究网站
{"title":"Drill-Seeding Blue Oak Acorns: Testing the (Cost-)Effectiveness of a New Restoration Technique across Years and Microsites","authors":"Alex P Palmerlee, T. Young","doi":"10.3368/er.40.1.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.40.1.25","url":null,"abstract":"I both cleared and existing Quercus douglassii woodlands, there is a perceived lack of recruitment (Adams et al.1992, Swiecki and Bernhardt 1998, Koenig and Knops 2007). There are many factors that appear to limit blue oak recruitment, including cattle, annual grasses, rodents, deer, climate change, and fire regime (McCreary 2001). Traditional restoration methods focus on planting techniques that control for many of these factors via irrigation, container stock, tubes, fencing, and weed control (Brooks and Merenlender 2001). The limitation of this approach is that the cost/acre of a typical restoration project is too high to implement on a landscape scale and may be insufficient to mitigate for or reverse the current and future loss of extant oak woodlands (Standiford et al. 2002). The range of blue oaks covers some three million hectares across California (Bollsinger 1988). Challenges facing this ecosystem, including those posed by climate change, demand that we develop new, more cost-effective, techniques that can be applied on hundreds or thousands of hectares per year with the same limited restoration dollars. Although many restoration projects report on techniques and interventions that are “effective” (i.e., increase seedling survival or cover), they rarely quantitatively weigh these against their costs, which can be considerable. Estimates of cost effectiveness (dollars per established seedling or per percent cover) date back at least 25 years (Bainbridge 1995) but are still rare (Kimball et al. 2015). While drill-seeding is a common practice for smallerseeded species, it is not a common technique for largerseeded woody species. Our previous research demonstrated that direct (hand) seeding of woody plants is more cost effective (dollars per surviving plant) than container planting, particularly with large-seeded species (Palmerlee and Young 2010). We set out to build on our previous research to develop and quantify the cost-effectiveness of a novel drill-seeding technique, and to do so in different landscape contexts to provide greater direction for land managers. Study Site","PeriodicalId":11492,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Restoration","volume":"40 1","pages":"25 - 29"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45830224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adam R. Warrix, Tessay Aby, Betsy Yankowiak, J. Marshall
{"title":"Plant Community Recovery and Change Following Soil Transfer of a Forb-Dominated Meadow","authors":"Adam R. Warrix, Tessay Aby, Betsy Yankowiak, J. Marshall","doi":"10.3368/er.40.1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.40.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11492,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Restoration","volume":"40 1","pages":"10 - 15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43254133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Encroachment of Eragrostis lehmanniana (Lehmann lovegrass), a non-native perennial grass species, challenges land managers in the southwestern United States due to its tendency to increase fire frequency and displacement of natives. In areas characterized by disturbance, E. lehmanniana displaces Agave palmeri (Palmer’s agave), an ecologically and socioculturally significant native plant species in the Sonoran Desert. We explored strategies to enhance short-term A. palmeri establishment using a greenhouse experiment. We assessed survival and growth responses of transplanted A. palmeri exposed to a variety of manipulated variables, including biotic (agave size at planting and E. lehmanniana competition) and abiotic (simulated precipitation and surface litter). We found a significant increase in A. palmeri biomass in the absence of E. lehmanniana in the high and medium watering treatments compared to agave in the presence of clipped E. lehmanniana neighbors. The presence of E. lehmanniana did not significantly affect A. palmeri biomass in the low water treatment. In the medium and low watering treatments, A. palmeri with litter had nearly twice the biomass as those without litter. The absence of E. lehmanniana with the high watering treatment and litter resulted in the largest agave biomass. For improved A. palmeri growth (and likely its survival) in restoration projects, we recommend supplemental watering and litter addition. Removal of E. lehmanniana is also suggested (by hand if possible); however, this species could operate as a nurse plant for agaves.
{"title":"Biotic and Abiotic Factors Important for Palmer’s Agave Restoration in Lehmann Lovegrass Dominated Areas","authors":"A. Gill, J. Fehmi, E. Gornish","doi":"10.3368/er.40.1.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.40.1.36","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Encroachment of Eragrostis lehmanniana (Lehmann lovegrass), a non-native perennial grass species, challenges land managers in the southwestern United States due to its tendency to increase fire frequency and displacement of natives. In areas characterized by disturbance, E. lehmanniana displaces Agave palmeri (Palmer’s agave), an ecologically and socioculturally significant native plant species in the Sonoran Desert. We explored strategies to enhance short-term A. palmeri establishment using a greenhouse experiment. We assessed survival and growth responses of transplanted A. palmeri exposed to a variety of manipulated variables, including biotic (agave size at planting and E. lehmanniana competition) and abiotic (simulated precipitation and surface litter). We found a significant increase in A. palmeri biomass in the absence of E. lehmanniana in the high and medium watering treatments compared to agave in the presence of clipped E. lehmanniana neighbors. The presence of E. lehmanniana did not significantly affect A. palmeri biomass in the low water treatment. In the medium and low watering treatments, A. palmeri with litter had nearly twice the biomass as those without litter. The absence of E. lehmanniana with the high watering treatment and litter resulted in the largest agave biomass. For improved A. palmeri growth (and likely its survival) in restoration projects, we recommend supplemental watering and litter addition. Removal of E. lehmanniana is also suggested (by hand if possible); however, this species could operate as a nurse plant for agaves.","PeriodicalId":11492,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Restoration","volume":"40 1","pages":"36 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48112209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elizabeth Weisgerber-Swanson, Miranda Sanders-Canestro, C. Lortie, D. Canestro
{"title":"Won’t You Be My Neighbor? Short-term Versus Long-term Efficacy of Trait-based Neighbor Selection as a Restoration Tool in Harding Grass Old Fields","authors":"Elizabeth Weisgerber-Swanson, Miranda Sanders-Canestro, C. Lortie, D. Canestro","doi":"10.3368/er.40.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.40.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11492,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Restoration","volume":"40 1","pages":"3 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42898163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lindsay P. Chiquoine, J. Greenwood, S. R. Abella, J. F. Weigand
Much plant recruitment in deserts occurs in shaded microsites below canopies of mature perennial plants. Absence of “nurse plants” from disturbed sites often hinders ecological recovery. Given uncertainty and expense of directly restoring live plants in deserts, we explored using abiotic structures—nurse rocks— as a restoration option for reestablishing Opuntia basilaris (beavertail pricklypear) on a disturbed site in the Sonoran Desert, of the U.S. Wild populations at this site were strictly associated with large varnished surface rocks. To examine whether rocks functioned similarly as nurses for O. basilaris recruitment in disturbed and undisturbed reference habitats, we transplanted 30 rooted individuals each into habitat in which large varnished surface rocks were removed and into nearby undisturbed habitat. Within habitats, half the individuals were transplanted into open (no rocks) or rock (rocks surrounding transplants) microsites. In the first 15 months after planting, which had average precipitation, transplant survival did not differ between microsite types in either habitat but functional measures were influenced positively by nurse rocks. Nurse rocks sharply increased vegetative growth in 91.7% of transplants in undisturbed habitat and in flowering occurrence in 28.6% of transplants in disturbed habitat. Nurse rocks became even more important during extreme drought as the experiment progressed. By 27 months after planting, 2× (disturbed habitat) and 8× (undisturbed habitat) more transplants survived with nurse rocks compared to without. As a low-cost technique utilizing on-site material, nurse rocks show promise for enhancing revegetation success on disturbed desert sites, especially during drought.
{"title":"Nurse Rocks as a Minimum-Input Restoration Technique for the Cactus Opuntia basilaris","authors":"Lindsay P. Chiquoine, J. Greenwood, S. R. Abella, J. F. Weigand","doi":"10.3368/er.40.1.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.40.1.53","url":null,"abstract":"Much plant recruitment in deserts occurs in shaded microsites below canopies of mature perennial plants. Absence of “nurse plants” from disturbed sites often hinders ecological recovery. Given uncertainty and expense of directly restoring live plants in deserts, we explored using abiotic structures—nurse rocks— as a restoration option for reestablishing Opuntia basilaris (beavertail pricklypear) on a disturbed site in the Sonoran Desert, of the U.S. Wild populations at this site were strictly associated with large varnished surface rocks. To examine whether rocks functioned similarly as nurses for O. basilaris recruitment in disturbed and undisturbed reference habitats, we transplanted 30 rooted individuals each into habitat in which large varnished surface rocks were removed and into nearby undisturbed habitat. Within habitats, half the individuals were transplanted into open (no rocks) or rock (rocks surrounding transplants) microsites. In the first 15 months after planting, which had average precipitation, transplant survival did not differ between microsite types in either habitat but functional measures were influenced positively by nurse rocks. Nurse rocks sharply increased vegetative growth in 91.7% of transplants in undisturbed habitat and in flowering occurrence in 28.6% of transplants in disturbed habitat. Nurse rocks became even more important during extreme drought as the experiment progressed. By 27 months after planting, 2× (disturbed habitat) and 8× (undisturbed habitat) more transplants survived with nurse rocks compared to without. As a low-cost technique utilizing on-site material, nurse rocks show promise for enhancing revegetation success on disturbed desert sites, especially during drought.","PeriodicalId":11492,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Restoration","volume":"40 1","pages":"53 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47169582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synergistic Effects of Biochar and Hydrogel on Growth of Three Herbaceous Species Hydroseeded onto Gold Mine Tailings","authors":"Roudy Jean, D. Khasa","doi":"10.3368/er.40.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.40.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11492,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Restoration","volume":"40 1","pages":"7 - 10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48946167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The appropriate collection zone for seeds and transplants is a key concern for plant restoration ecology, with local sourcing thought to be the “gold standard.” Local sourcing is based on the premise that most plant species are genetically adapted to the local environment through the action of natural selection, and that non-local ecotypes will disrupt this adaptation. However, a number of factors may allow practitioners to expand sourcing. These include genetic variation that is non-adaptive, phenotypic plasticity, climate change, disturbance, and a host of practical issues. These factors are reflected in the range of collection zone protocols that have been developed by practitioners, ranging from local sourcing to bypassing species identity in favor of function. In addition, phenotypic plasticity, because it allows a single genotype to produce different phenotypes in response to environmental variation, may also allow for a broadened collection zone. Little is known about the degree of genetic variation and local adaptation for most plant species. More evidence-based sourcing could result from collaboration between researchers and practitioners, including tracking seed and plant sources, their performance at restoration sites, and conducting reciprocal transplant studies. Inferring the degree of gene flow based on morphological characters has also shown some promise for inferring genetic variation among populations. Research that includes more robust sampling of populations within species would lead to more precise estimates of gene flow in relation to plant traits.
{"title":"Limits to Local Sourcing in Herbaceous Plant Restoration","authors":"Catherine Mabry McMullen","doi":"10.3368/er.40.1.64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.40.1.64","url":null,"abstract":"The appropriate collection zone for seeds and transplants is a key concern for plant restoration ecology, with local sourcing thought to be the “gold standard.” Local sourcing is based on the premise that most plant species are genetically adapted to the local environment through the action of natural selection, and that non-local ecotypes will disrupt this adaptation. However, a number of factors may allow practitioners to expand sourcing. These include genetic variation that is non-adaptive, phenotypic plasticity, climate change, disturbance, and a host of practical issues. These factors are reflected in the range of collection zone protocols that have been developed by practitioners, ranging from local sourcing to bypassing species identity in favor of function. In addition, phenotypic plasticity, because it allows a single genotype to produce different phenotypes in response to environmental variation, may also allow for a broadened collection zone. Little is known about the degree of genetic variation and local adaptation for most plant species. More evidence-based sourcing could result from collaboration between researchers and practitioners, including tracking seed and plant sources, their performance at restoration sites, and conducting reciprocal transplant studies. Inferring the degree of gene flow based on morphological characters has also shown some promise for inferring genetic variation among populations. Research that includes more robust sampling of populations within species would lead to more precise estimates of gene flow in relation to plant traits.","PeriodicalId":11492,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Restoration","volume":"40 1","pages":"64 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46025881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Commentary—Restoring Natural Processes and Communities in Highly Urbanized and Altered Landscapes: Making a Start","authors":"D. Whigham","doi":"10.3368/er.39.4.297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.39.4.297","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11492,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Restoration","volume":"39 1","pages":"297 - 298"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41461805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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