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Herbivory mediates direct and indirect interactions in long-unburned chaparral 草本象牙介导长时间未燃烧的chaparral中的直接和间接相互作用
IF 6.1 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-07-09 DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1546
Laurel R. Fox, Stephen E. Potts

Community interaction webs describe both direct and indirect interactions among species. Changes in direct interactions often become noticeable soon after a perturbation, but time lags in the responses of many species may delay the appearance of indirect effects and lead to temporal or spatial variation in interaction webs. Accurately identifying these shifts in the field requires time-specific, spatially differentiated interaction webs. We explore how variation in browsing affects interaction webs in a long-unburned chaparral shrubland near the central California coast. Most prior work in chaparral focused on rapid changes for <5 years after a wildfire that were assumed to determine community patterns until the next fire. Here, we report the results of the first 15 years of an ongoing experiment monitoring how interaction webs in long-unburned chaparral (at least 100 years postfire) respond to experimental variation in browsing by deer and rabbits on dominant shrubs (Arctostaphylos pumila, Ceanothus cuneatus var. rigidus, and Ericameria ericoides). We hypothesized that variation in browsing would directly affect foodplants, indirectly modify growth and survival of other shrubs, and impact habitat needed by herbaceous plants. We found a dynamic web of plant–herbivore and plant–plant interactions that responded rapidly to changes in deer browsing on Ceanothus followed by indirect interactions that continued developing over several years, affecting shrubs, open space, herbaceous plants, and small mammals. Experimental variation in the intensity of deer browsing led to temporal and spatial changes in interactions that produced three different community interaction webs. With deer, community webs were complex, having numerous direct and indirect interactions. Removing deer simplified the community web, changed outcomes of interactions, and reduced open space and herbaceous plant densities. Finally, changes in Ceanothus morphology without deer allowed woodrats to browse these shrubs, with negative impacts on Ceanothus growth and survival. General field observations also showed that all three alternative interaction webs occurred naturally at our fieldsite, varying across space and over time. Long-unburned chaparral communities browsed by deer maintain high biological diversity, but maintenance of this diversity involves many key direct and indirect biotic interactions.

群落相互作用网描述了物种间直接和间接的相互作用。直接相互作用的变化通常在扰动后很快就会变得明显,但许多物种反应的时间滞后可能会延迟间接效应的出现,并导致相互作用网络的时间或空间变化。准确识别这些领域的变化需要特定时间、空间差异化的互动网络。我们在加利福尼亚中部海岸附近的一个长期未被烧毁的灌木丛中探索了浏览方式的变化是如何影响互动网络的。先前在chaparral的大多数工作都集中在火灾后5年的快速变化上,这些变化被认为决定了下一次火灾之前的社区模式。在这里,我们报告了前15年进行的一项实验的结果,该实验监测了长时间未燃烧的灌木林(火灾后至少100年)的相互作用网如何响应鹿和兔子对优势灌木(熊齿树、山齿树和美洲灌木)的啃食实验变化。我们推测,取食方式的变化会直接影响食用植物,间接改变其他灌木的生长和生存,并影响草本植物所需的生境。我们发现了一个动态的植物-草食动物和植物-植物相互作用的网络,它对鹿在海洋上的食性变化做出了快速的反应,然后是持续发展多年的间接相互作用,影响灌木、开放空间、草本植物和小型哺乳动物。实验结果表明,鹿群浏览强度的变化导致交互作用的时空变化,产生了三种不同的群落交互网络。对于鹿来说,社区网络是复杂的,有许多直接和间接的相互作用。鹿的消失简化了群落网络,改变了相互作用的结果,减少了开放空间和草本植物密度。最后,在没有鹿的情况下,木鼠的形态变化使得木鼠可以在这些灌木中觅食,这对木鼠的生长和生存产生了负面影响。一般的现场观察也表明,这三种相互作用网在我们的现场自然发生,随时间和空间的变化而变化。长时间未被焚烧的林荫群落保持了较高的生物多样性,但这种多样性的维持涉及许多关键的直接和间接的生物相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Defining, estimating, and understanding the fundamental niches of complex animals in heterogeneous environments 定义、估计和理解复杂动物在异质环境中的基本生态位
IF 6.1 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-07-08 DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1545
Jason Matthiopoulos

During the past century, the fundamental niche, the complete set of environments that allow an individual, population, or species to persist, has shaped ecological thinking. It is a crucial concept connecting population dynamics, spatial ecology, and evolutionary theory, and a prerequisite for predictive ecological models at a time of rapid environmental change. Yet, its properties have eluded quantification, particularly for mobile, cognitively complex organisms. These difficulties are mainly a result of the separation between niche theory and field data, and the dichotomy between environmental and geographical spaces. Here, I combine recent mathematical and statistical results linking habitats to population growth, to achieve a quantitative and intuitive understanding of the fundamental niches of animals. I trace the development of niche ideas from the early steps of ecology to their use in modern statistical and conservation practice. I examine how animal mobility and behavior may blur the division between geographical and environmental space. I discuss how the central models of population and spatial ecology lead to a concise mathematical equation for the fundamental niche of animals and demonstrate how fitness parameters can be understood and directly estimated by fitting this model simultaneously to data on population growth and spatial distributions. I first illustrate these concepts theoretically for territorial species. I then fit the fundamental niche model to a data set of house sparrow colonies to quantify how a species of selective animals can increase their fitness in heterogeneous environments. This work confirms ideas that had been anticipated in the historical niche literature. Specifically, within traditionally defined environmental spaces, habitat heterogeneity and behavioral plasticity make the fundamental niche more complex and malleable than was historically envisaged. However, once examined in higher-dimensional environmental spaces, accounting for spatial heterogeneity, the niche is more predictable than recently suspected. This re-evaluation quantifies how organisms might buffer themselves from change by bending the boundaries of viable environmental space and offers a framework for designing optimal habitat interventions to protect biodiversity or obstruct invasive species. It therefore promotes the fundamental niche as a key concept for understanding animal responses to changing environments and a central tool for environmental management.

在过去的一个世纪里,基本生态位,即允许个体、种群或物种持续存在的一整套环境,塑造了生态思维。它是连接种群动态、空间生态学和进化理论的重要概念,是在环境快速变化时期建立预测生态模型的先决条件。然而,它的特性一直无法量化,特别是对于移动的、认知复杂的生物体。这些困难主要是由于生态位理论与野外数据的分离,以及环境空间与地理空间的二分法。在这里,我结合了最近的数学和统计结果,将栖息地与人口增长联系起来,以实现对动物基本生态位的定量和直观理解。我追溯了生态位思想的发展,从生态学的早期步骤到它们在现代统计和保护实践中的应用。我研究了动物的流动性和行为如何模糊了地理空间和环境空间之间的界限。我讨论了种群和空间生态学的中心模型如何导致动物基本生态位的简明数学方程,并演示了如何通过将该模型同时拟合到种群增长和空间分布的数据来理解和直接估计适应度参数。我首先从理论上为领地物种说明这些概念。然后,我将基本的生态位模型拟合到一组家雀种群的数据中,以量化一种选择性动物如何在异质环境中提高它们的适应性。这项工作证实了在历史利基文献中所预期的观点。具体来说,在传统定义的环境空间中,栖息地的异质性和行为的可塑性使基本生态位比历史上设想的更加复杂和可塑。然而,一旦在更高维度的环境空间中进行检查,考虑到空间异质性,生态位比最近怀疑的更可预测。这种重新评估量化了生物如何通过弯曲可行环境空间的边界来缓冲自己的变化,并为设计最佳栖息地干预措施提供了框架,以保护生物多样性或阻止入侵物种。因此,它促进了基本生态位作为理解动物对不断变化的环境反应的关键概念和环境管理的中心工具。
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引用次数: 2
Climate-driven thermal opportunities and risks for leaf miners in aspen canopies 气候驱动的热机遇和风险的叶矿工在白杨树冠
IF 6.1 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-06-16 DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1544
H. Arthur Woods, Geoffrey Legault, Joel G. Kingsolver, Sylvain Pincebourde, Alisha A. Shah, Beau G. Larkin

In tree canopies, incoming solar radiation interacts with leaves and branches to generate temperature differences within and among leaves, presenting thermal opportunities and risks for leaf-dwelling ectotherms. Although leaf biophysics and insect thermal ecology are well understood, few studies have examined them together in single systems. We examined temperature variability in aspen canopies, Populus tremuloides, and its consequences for a common herbivore, the leaf-mining caterpillar Phyllocnistis populiella. We shaded leaves in the field and measured effects on leaf temperature and larval growth and survival. We also estimated larval thermal performance curves for feeding and growth and measured upper lethal temperatures. Sunlit leaves directly facing the incoming rays reached the highest temperatures, typically 3–8°C above ambient air temperature. Irradiance-driven increases in temperature, however, were transient enough that they did not alter observed growth rates of leaf miners. Incubator and ramping experiments suggested that larval performance peaks between 25 and 32°C and declines to zero between 35 and 40°C, depending on the duration of temperature exposure. Upper lethal temperatures during 1-h heat shocks were 42–43°C. When larvae were active in early spring, temperatures generally were low enough to depress rates of feeding and growth below their maxima, and only rarely did estimated mine temperatures rise beyond optimal temperatures. Observed leaf or mine temperatures never approached larval upper lethal temperatures. At this site during our experiments, larvae thus appeared to have a significant thermal safety margin; the more pressing problem was inadequate heat. Detailed information on mine temperatures and larval performance curves, however, allowed us to leverage long-term data sets on air temperature to estimate potential future shifts in performance and longer-term risks to larvae from lethally high temperatures. This analysis suggests that, in the past 20 years, larval performance has often been limited by cold and that the risk of heat stress has been low. Future warming will raise mean rates of feeding and growth but also the risk of exposure to injuriously or lethally high temperatures.

在树冠层中,入射的太阳辐射与树叶和树枝相互作用,在树叶内部和树叶之间产生温差,为居住在树叶上的变温动物提供了热机会和风险。虽然叶片生物物理学和昆虫热生态学已经被很好地理解,但很少有研究将它们放在一个单独的系统中进行研究。我们研究了白杨树冠的温度变化,以及它对一种常见的食草动物——采叶毛虫的影响。在田间对叶片进行遮荫处理,测定了遮荫对叶片温度和幼虫生长存活的影响。我们还估算了幼虫取食和生长的热性能曲线,并测量了最高致死温度。直接面对入射光线的阳光照射下的叶子达到最高温度,通常比周围空气温度高3-8°C。然而,由光照引起的温度升高是短暂的,它们没有改变观察到的采叶虫的生长速度。孵化器和斜坡实验表明,幼虫的性能在25至32°C之间达到峰值,在35至40°C之间下降到零,这取决于温度暴露的持续时间。热休克1小时的最高致死温度为42-43°C。当幼虫在早春活跃时,温度通常低到足以使摄食和生长速度低于其最高水平,并且只有很少情况下估计矿井温度高于最佳温度。观察到的叶片或地雷温度从未接近幼虫上部致死温度。在我们的实验中,在这个地点,幼虫似乎有显著的热安全裕度;更紧迫的问题是热量不足。然而,关于矿井温度和幼虫性能曲线的详细信息使我们能够利用长期的空气温度数据集来估计未来性能的潜在变化以及致命高温对幼虫的长期风险。这一分析表明,在过去的20年里,幼虫的表现经常受到寒冷的限制,而热应激的风险很低。未来的气候变暖将提高平均摄食和生长速度,但也会增加暴露在有害或致命的高温下的风险。
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引用次数: 4
The effects of a half century of warming and fire exclusion on montane forests of the Klamath Mountains, California, USA 半个世纪的变暖和禁火对美国加利福尼亚州克拉马斯山脉山地森林的影响
IF 6.1 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-06-16 DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1543
Erik S. Jules, Melissa H. DeSiervo, Matthew J. Reilly, Drew S. Bost, Ramona J. Butz

Climate warming and altered disturbance regimes are changing forest composition and structure worldwide. Given that species often exhibit individualistic responses to change, making predictions about the cumulative effects of multiple stressors across environmental gradients is challenging, especially in diverse communities. For example, warming temperatures are predicted to drive species upslope, whereas fire exclusion promotes the expansion of species at lower elevations where fire was historically frequent. We resampled 148 vegetation plots to assess 46 years (1969–2015) of species and community-level response to warming and fire exclusion in a topographically complex landscape in the Klamath Mountains, California, USA, a diverse region that served as a climate refugia throughout the Holocene. We compared cover and assessed change in the elevational distributions of 12 conifer species at different life stages (i.e., seedlings, saplings, canopy). We observed consistent but non-significant shifts upward in elevation for eight species, and a significant shift upward for one species, all of which were far less than expectations based on recent warming. Six species declined in total cover and another five declined in at least one life stage, whereas the drought- and fire-intolerant Abies concolor increased by 30.7%. The largest declines were at lower elevations in drought-tolerant, early-seral species (Pinus lambertiana and Pinus ponderosa) and at higher elevations for the shade-tolerant Abies magnifica var. shastensis and the regionally rare Abies lasiocarpa. Regionally rare (Picea engelmannii) and endemic (Picea breweriana) species had reductions in early life stages, portending future declines. Multivariate analyses revealed a high degree of inertia with a minor, but significant, shift in composition and a slight decrease in species turnover along the elevation gradient driven by the expansion of A. concolor. Our results indicate that most species are declining, especially at lower and mid-elevations where fire exclusion has increased the cover of shade-tolerant species and reduced the recruitment for fire-adapted species. Collectively, declines in most species, insufficient upward movement to track warming, reductions in drought- and fire-tolerant early-seral species, and an increase in a single, shade-tolerant species will leave these communities maladapted to projected climate scenarios and questions the potential for future climate refugia in this region.

气候变暖和扰动制度的改变正在改变世界范围内的森林组成和结构。考虑到物种经常对变化表现出个人主义的反应,预测跨环境梯度的多种压力源的累积效应是具有挑战性的,特别是在不同的群落中。例如,预计变暖的温度将推动物种上坡,而在历史上经常发生火灾的低海拔地区,火灾的排除促进了物种的扩张。我们重新采样了148个植被样地,以评估46年来(1969-2015)美国加利福尼亚州克拉马斯山脉地形复杂的物种和群落水平对变暖和火灾排斥的响应,该地区在整个全新世期间都是气候避难所。我们比较了12种针叶树在不同生命阶段(即幼苗、树苗、冠层)的覆盖度,并评估了海拔分布的变化。我们观察到8个物种的海拔高度一致但不显著上升,1个物种的海拔高度显著上升,所有这些都远低于基于最近变暖的预期。6种总盖度下降,另外5种至少在一个生命阶段下降,而耐旱和不耐火的冷杉增加了30.7%。在低海拔地区,抗旱的早期几种(lambertiana Pinus和ponderosa Pinus)下降幅度最大,而在高海拔地区,耐阴的magnifica var. shastensis和区域罕见的lasiocarpa Abies下降幅度最大。区域性稀有物种(云杉)和地方性物种(云杉)在生命早期阶段有所减少,预示着未来的下降。多变量分析结果表明,在松香扩张的驱动下,松香群落的组成发生了轻微但显著的变化,物种更替在海拔梯度上略有减少。结果表明,大多数物种数量正在减少,特别是在低海拔和中海拔地区,禁火增加了耐阴物种的覆盖,减少了火适应物种的补充。总的来说,大多数物种的减少,没有足够的向上运动来跟踪变暖,耐旱和耐火的早期物种的减少,以及单一的耐阴物种的增加,将使这些群落不适应预测的气候情景,并质疑该地区未来气候难民的可能性。
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引用次数: 1
Shorebird food energy shortfalls and the effectiveness of habitat incentive programs in record wet, dry, and warm years 滨鸟食物能量短缺和栖息地激励计划在创纪录的潮湿、干燥和温暖年份的有效性
IF 6.1 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-05-24 DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1541
Gregory H. Golet, Kristen E. Dybala, Matthew E. Reiter, Kristin A. Sesser, Mark Reynolds, Rodd Kelsey

Programs that incentivize private landowners to create habitats that offset losses due to conversion and climate change are increasingly being used to bolster sensitive wildlife populations. In the Central Valley of California, shorebird habitat incentive programs pay landowners to create additional habitat during the non-breeding season by flooding their fields. However, it remains unclear how successful these programs have been in supporting baseline shorebird population needs or meeting established population goals, particularly in the face of changing environmental conditions. To address these questions, we used bioenergetics modeling to estimate shorebird food energy needs over four consecutive years that had the highest annual mean air temperatures ever recorded in California, and included years of extreme drought, as well as the second wettest winter on record. Our objectives were to (1) characterize annual variability in the timing and magnitude of shorebird food energy shortfalls, (2) estimate the contributions that incentive programs made to meeting these needs, and (3) develop recommendations for implementation of future habitat programs to advance shorebird conservation in the region. Overall, we found a high level of consistency in the timing and magnitude of habitat shortfalls, especially in fall, despite large differences in annual rainfall, a result that was unexpected, but that emphasizes how highly managed the hydrological system is in the Central Valley. We also found that the magnitude of both fall and spring energy shortfalls increased, relative to recent (2007–2014) estimates, perhaps due to aberrantly warm conditions. Incentive programs implemented to provide supplemental habitat were somewhat effective in reducing shortfalls for the assumed baseline population, but there were consistent unmet habitat needs when there were not enough shallow open water foraging areas available. Strategies to offset these remaining food energy deficits include scaling up habitat investments, adjusting the timing of habitat programs to better match the migration patterns of the birds, and adapting programs to new geographies. To the extent that there is variability in annual habitat need we recommend implementing a dynamic conservation approach. This involves scaling the amount of additional habitat created to match the shifting needs of the birds to maximize return on investment.

鼓励私人土地所有者创造栖息地以抵消因转换和气候变化而造成的损失的计划越来越多地被用于支持敏感的野生动物种群。在加利福尼亚的中央谷地,滨鸟栖息地激励计划付钱给土地所有者,让他们在非繁殖季节通过淹没田地来创造额外的栖息地。然而,目前还不清楚这些项目在支持滨鸟基本种群需求或满足既定种群目标方面有多成功,特别是在面对不断变化的环境条件时。为了解决这些问题,我们使用生物能量学模型来估计滨鸟在连续四年的食物能量需求,这四年是加州有记录以来最高的年平均气温,包括极端干旱的年份,以及有记录以来第二潮湿的冬天。我们的目标是(1)描述滨鸟食物能量短缺的时间和程度的年度变化特征,(2)估计激励计划对满足这些需求的贡献,(3)为未来栖息地计划的实施提出建议,以推进该地区的滨鸟保护。总体而言,我们发现栖息地短缺的时间和程度高度一致,特别是在秋季,尽管年降雨量差异很大,这是一个意想不到的结果,但这强调了中央山谷水文系统的高度管理。我们还发现,相对于最近(2007-2014)的估计,秋季和春季能源短缺的幅度都有所增加,这可能是由于异常温暖的条件。提供补充栖息地的激励计划在一定程度上有效地减少了假定基线种群的不足,但当没有足够的浅水开阔水域可供觅食时,仍然存在未满足的栖息地需求。抵消这些剩余食物能量不足的策略包括扩大栖息地投资,调整栖息地计划的时间以更好地匹配鸟类的迁徙模式,并使计划适应新的地理位置。在某种程度上,有变化的年度栖息地需求,我们建议实施动态保护方法。这包括按比例增加额外栖息地的数量,以适应鸟类不断变化的需求,以最大限度地提高投资回报。
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引用次数: 0
Quantifying eco-evolutionary contributions to trait divergence in spatially structured systems 量化生态进化对空间结构系统性状分化的贡献
IF 6.1 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-05-10 DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1531
Lynn Govaert, Jelena H. Pantel, Luc De Meester

Ecological and evolutionary processes can occur at similar time scales and, hence, influence one another. There has been much progress in developing metrics that quantify contributions of ecological and evolutionary components to trait change over time. However, many empirical evolutionary ecology studies document trait differentiation among populations structured in space. In both time and space, the observed differentiation in trait values among populations and communities can be the result of interactions between nonevolutionary (phenotypic plasticity, changes in the relative abundance of species) and evolutionary (genetic differentiation among populations) processes. However, the tools developed so far to quantify ecological and evolutionary contributions to trait changes are implicitly addressing temporal dynamics because they require directionality of change from an ancestral to a derived state. Identifying directionality from one site to another in spatial studies of eco-evolutionary dynamics is not always possible and often not meaningful. We suggest three modifications to existing partitioning metrics so they allow quantifying ecological and evolutionary contributions to changes in population and community trait values across spatial locations in landscapes. Applying these spatially modified metrics to published empirical examples shows how these metrics can be used to generate new empirical insights and to facilitate future comparative analyses. The possibility of applying eco-evolutionary partitioning metrics to populations and communities in natural landscapes is critical as it will broaden our capacity to quantify eco-evolutionary interactions as they occur in nature.

生态和进化过程可以在相似的时间尺度上发生,因此相互影响。在制定量化生态和进化成分对性状随时间变化的贡献的指标方面,已经取得了很大进展。然而,许多经验进化生态学研究记录了空间结构中种群的性状分化。在时间和空间上,观察到的种群和群落之间性状值的差异可能是非进化(表型可塑性,物种相对丰度的变化)和进化(种群之间的遗传分化)过程相互作用的结果。然而,迄今为止开发的量化生态和进化对性状变化的贡献的工具隐含地解决了时间动态,因为它们需要从祖先到衍生状态变化的方向性。在生态进化动力学的空间研究中,确定从一个地点到另一个地点的方向性并不总是可能的,而且往往没有意义。我们建议对现有的分区指标进行三种修改,以便它们能够量化生态和进化对景观中不同空间位置的人口和群落特征值变化的贡献。将这些空间修改后的指标应用于已发表的实证例子,可以显示这些指标如何用于产生新的实证见解,并促进未来的比较分析。将生态进化划分指标应用于自然景观中的种群和社区的可能性至关重要,因为它将扩大我们量化自然中发生的生态进化相互作用的能力。
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引用次数: 2
Climate drove the fire cycle and humans influenced fire occurrence in the East European boreal forest 气候驱动火灾循环,人类活动影响东欧针叶林火灾发生
IF 6.1 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-05-07 DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1530
N. Ryzhkova, A. Kryshen, M. Niklasson, G. Pinto, A. Aleinikov, I. Kutyavin, Y. Bergeron, Adam A. Ali, I. Drobyshev

Understanding long-term forest fire histories of boreal landscapes is instrumental for parameterizing climate–fire interactions and the role of humans affecting natural fire regimes. The eastern sections of the European boreal zone currently lack a network of annually resolved and centuries-long forest fire histories. To fill in this knowledge gap, we dendrochronologically reconstructed the 600-year fire history of a middle boreal pine-dominated landscape of the southern part of the Republic of Komi, Russia. We combined the reconstruction of fire cycle (FC) and fire occurrence with the data on the village establishment and climate proxies and discussed the relative contribution of climate versus human land use in shaping historic fire regimes. Over the 1340–1610 ce period, the territory had a FC of 66 years (with the 90% confidence envelope of 56.8 and 78.6 years). Fire activity increased during the 1620–1730 ce period, with the FC reaching 32 years (31.0–34.7 years). Between 1740–1950, the FC increased to 47 years (41.9–52.0). The most recent period, 1960–2010, marks FC's historic maximum, with the mean of 153 years (102.5–270.3). Establishment of the villages, often as small harbors on the Pechora River, was associated with a non-significant increase in fire occurrence in the sites nearest the villages (p = 0.07–0.20). We, however, observed a temporal association between village establishment and fire occurrence at the scale of the whole studied landscape. There was no positive association between the former and the FC. In fact, we documented a decline in the area burned, following the wave of village establishment during the second half of the 1600s and the first half of the 1700s. The lack of association between the dynamics of FC and the dates of village establishments, and the significant association between large fire years and the early and latewood pine chronologies, used as historic drought proxy, indirectly suggests that the climate was the primary control of the landscape-level FCs in the studied forests. Pine-dominated forests of the Komi Republic may hold a unique position as the ecosystem with the shortest history of human-related shifts in fire cycles across the European boreal region.

了解北方景观的长期森林火灾历史有助于参数化气候-火灾相互作用和人类影响自然火灾制度的作用。欧洲北部地区的东部地区目前缺乏每年一次的森林火灾网络和长达几个世纪的森林火灾历史。为了填补这一知识空白,我们从树木年代学上重建了俄罗斯科米共和国南部以中北方松林为主的景观600年的火灾历史。我们将火灾周期(FC)和火灾发生的重建与村庄建设和气候代理数据结合起来,讨论了气候与人类土地利用在形成历史火灾制度方面的相对贡献。在1340-1610年期间,该领土的FC为66年(90%置信区间为56.8年和78.6年)。1620 ~ 1730 ce期间,火灾活动增加,FC达32年(31.0 ~ 34.7年)。1740 ~ 1950年,FC增加到47年(41.9 ~ 52.0年)。最近的一个时期,1960-2010,标志着FC的历史最大值,平均为153年(102.5-270.3)。这些村庄通常是Pechora河上的小港口,这些村庄的建立与离村庄最近的地点火灾发生率的非显著增加有关(p = 0.07-0.20)。然而,在整个研究景观的尺度上,我们观察到村庄建立与火灾发生之间的时间关联。前者与FC之间没有正相关。事实上,我们记录到,随着17世纪下半叶和18世纪上半叶村庄建设的浪潮,被烧毁的面积有所下降。植被覆盖度的动态变化与村庄建设日期之间缺乏关联,而大年与作为历史干旱代用指标的早、晚松木年表之间存在显著关联,这间接表明气候是研究森林景观级植被覆盖度的主要控制因素。科米共和国以松树为主的森林可能具有独特的生态系统地位,因为在整个欧洲北方地区,与人类有关的火灾周期变化历史最短。
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引用次数: 5
Temporal dynamics of range expander and congeneric native plant responses during and after extreme drought events 极端干旱事件期间和之后扩展范围和同类原生植物响应的时间动态
IF 6.1 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-29 DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1529
Qiang Yang, G. F. (Ciska) Veen, Roel Wagenaar, Marta Manrubia, Freddy C. ten Hooven, Wim H. van der Putten

Climate change is causing range shifts of many species to higher latitudes and altitudes and increasing their exposure to extreme weather events. It has been shown that range-shifting plant species may perform differently in new soil than related natives; however, little is known about how extreme weather events affect range-expanding plants compared to related natives. In this study we used outdoor mesocosms to study how range-expanding plant species responded to extreme drought in live soil from a habitat in a new range with and without live soil from a habitat in the original range (Hungary). During summer drought, the shoot biomass of the range-expanding plant community declined. In spite of this, in the mixed community, range expanders produced more shoot biomass than congeneric natives. In mesocosms with a history of range expanders in the previous year, native plants produced less biomass. Plant legacy or soil origin effects did not change the response of natives or range expanders to summer drought. During rewetting, range expanders had less biomass than congeneric natives but higher drought resilience (survival) in soils from the new range where in the previous year native plant species had grown. The biomass patterns of the mixed plant communities were dominated by Centaurea spp.; however, not all plant species within the groups of natives and of range expanders showed the general pattern. Drought reduced the litter decomposition, microbial biomass, and abundances of bacterivorous, fungivorous, and carnivorous nematodes. Their abundances recovered during rewetting. There was less microbial and fungal biomass, and there were fewer fungivorous nematodes in soils from the original range where range expanders had grown in the previous year. We concluded that in mixed plant communities of range expanders and congeneric natives, range expanders performed better, under both ambient and drought conditions, than congeneric natives. However, when considering the responses of individual species, we observed variations among pairs of congenerics, so that under the present mixed-community conditions there was no uniformity in responses to drought of range expanders versus congeneric natives. Range-expanding plant species reduced soil fungal biomass and the numbers of soil fungivorous nematodes, suggesting that the effects of range-expanding plant species can trickle up in the soil food web.

气候变化导致许多物种向高纬度和高海拔地区迁移,并增加了它们遭受极端天气事件的风险。研究表明,范围转移植物物种在新土壤中的表现可能与相关原生土壤不同;然而,与相关的本地植物相比,人们对极端天气事件如何影响范围扩大的植物知之甚少。在这项研究中,我们利用室外中生态系统研究了扩展范围的植物物种如何在有和没有来自原始范围栖息地的活土壤的新范围栖息地的活土壤中应对极端干旱(匈牙利)。夏季干旱时,扩大范围植物群落的地上部生物量下降。尽管如此,在混合群落中,范围扩大者比同类原生植物产生更多的地上部生物量。在前一年有范围扩张历史的中生态系统中,本地植物产生的生物量较少。植物遗产或土壤来源的影响没有改变本地人或范围扩张者对夏季干旱的反应。在再湿润过程中,范围扩大者的生物量比同类本地植物的生物量少,但在前一年本地植物物种生长的新范围的土壤中具有更高的抗旱能力(存活率)。混合植物群落生物量格局以半人马属植物占优势;然而,并不是所有的植物种类都表现出这种普遍的模式。干旱减少了凋落物分解、微生物生物量和细菌、真菌和肉食性线虫的丰度。它们的丰度在再润湿过程中恢复。在前一年扩大范围者生长过的原野土壤中,微生物和真菌生物量较少,食真菌线虫较少。结果表明,在扩展范围与同源原生植物混合群落中,扩展范围植物在环境和干旱条件下的表现均优于同源原生植物。然而,当考虑单个物种的响应时,我们观察到同源物种对干旱的响应存在差异,因此在目前混合群落条件下,范围扩张者对干旱的响应与同源本地物种的响应并不均匀。扩大范围的植物物种减少了土壤真菌生物量和土壤食真菌线虫的数量,这表明扩大范围的植物物种的影响可以在土壤食物网中涓滴上升。
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引用次数: 2
Climate change weakens the impact of disturbance interval on the growth rate of natural populations of Venus flytrap 气候变化减弱了干扰间隔对捕蝇草自然种群生长速率的影响
IF 6.1 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-29 DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1528
Allison M. Louthan, Melina Keighron, Elsita Kiekebusch, Heather Cayton, Adam Terando, William F. Morris

Disturbances elicit both positive and negative effects on organisms; these effects vary in their strength and their timing. Effects of disturbance interval (i.e., the length of time between disturbances) on population growth will depend on both the timing and strength of positive and negative effects of disturbances. Climate change can modify the relative strengths of these positive and negative effects, leading to altered optimal disturbance intervals (the disturbance interval at which population growth rate is highest) and changes in the sensitivity of population growth rate to disturbance interval. While we know that climate may alter impacts of disturbance in some systems, we have a poor understanding of which effects of disturbance and which vital rates might drive an altered response to disturbance interval in a changing climate. We use demographic monitoring of natural populations of Dionaea muscipula, the Venus flytrap, that have experienced natural and managed fires, combined with realistic past and future climate projections, to construct climate- and fire-driven integral projection models (IPMs). We use these IPMs to compare the effect of fire return interval (FRI) on population growth rate in past and future climates. To dissect the mechanisms driving FRI response, we then construct IPMs with demographic data from an experimental manipulation of fire effects (ash addition, neighbor removal) and an accidental fire. Our results show that an FRI of 10 years is optimal for D. muscipula in past climate conditions, but a longer FRI (12 years) is optimal in future climate conditions. Further, deviations from optimal FRI reduce population growth rate dramatically in the past climate, but this reduction is muted in a future climate (future minus past sensitivity = 0.006, 95% CI [0.002, 0.011]). Finally, our experimental work suggests that fire effects are driven in part by positive, additive effects of competitor removal and ash addition immediately following a fire; for one population, both these treatments significantly increased population growth rate. Our work suggests that climate change can alter the response of populations to disturbance, highlighting the need to consider the interacting effects of multiple abiotic drivers when projecting future population growth and geographical distributions.

干扰对生物体产生积极和消极的影响;这些影响在强度和时间上各不相同。干扰间隔(即干扰之间的时间长度)对种群增长的影响将取决于干扰的正面和负面影响的时间和强度。气候变化可以改变这些正、负效应的相对强度,导致最优扰动区间(种群增长率最高的扰动区间)的改变和种群增长率对扰动区间的敏感性的变化。虽然我们知道气候可能会改变某些系统中干扰的影响,但我们对干扰的哪些影响以及在不断变化的气候中哪些生命速率可能导致对干扰间隔的改变响应的了解甚少。我们对经历过自然和人为火灾的捕蝇草Dionaea muscipula自然种群进行了人口统计监测,并结合过去和未来的现实气候预测,构建了气候和火灾驱动的整体预测模型(IPMs)。我们利用这些ipm比较了在过去和未来气候条件下,火灾恢复间隔(FRI)对人口增长率的影响。为了剖析驱动FRI响应的机制,我们利用火灾效应(灰添加、邻居移除)和意外火灾的实验操作得来的人口统计数据构建ipm。结果表明,在过去的气候条件下,10年的FRI最适宜,而在未来的气候条件下,更长的FRI(12年)最适宜。此外,与最优FRI的偏差在过去气候中显著降低了人口增长率,但在未来气候中这种降低是微弱的(未来减去过去的敏感性= 0.006,95% CI[0.002, 0.011])。最后,我们的实验工作表明,火灾效应在一定程度上是由火灾后立即清除竞争对手和添加灰的积极加性效应驱动的;对于一个种群,这两种处理都显著提高了种群的生长率。我们的工作表明,气候变化可以改变种群对干扰的反应,强调在预测未来人口增长和地理分布时需要考虑多种非生物驱动因素的相互作用。
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引用次数: 1
Accidental epiphytes: Ecological insights and evolutionary implications 偶然附生植物:生态学见解和进化意义
IF 6.1 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-20 DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1527
Vincent Hoeber, Gerhard Zotz

Vascular epiphytes are an important component of many ecosystems and constitute a substantial part of global plant diversity. In this context, accidental epiphytism, that is, the opportunistic epiphytic growth of typically terrestrial species, deserves special attention because it provides crucial insights into the global distribution of vascular epiphytes and the initial evolution of epiphytic lineages. Even though accidental epiphytes have been mentioned in the literature for more than a century, they have been neglected in most epiphyte studies. Only recently has accidental epiphytism been investigated more thoroughly. Therefore, the aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the ecological basis and evolutionary relevance of this common but largely neglected phenomenon and to highlight open questions and promising research directions. Our central statement—that any species has the potential to grow epiphytically given the availability of suitable microhabitats and successful dispersal—is backed up by a compilation of observations of accidental epiphytes from numerous ecosystems with diverse climates, even including semiarid Mediterranean ones. A variety of arboreal microhabitats and environmental conditions conform to the ecological niche of typical terrestrial species, with the availability of such microhabitats depending on the interaction of local climate conditions, host tree age, and host species identity. Whenever suitable microhabitats are available in tree crowns, accidental epiphytism is limited primarily by dispersal. In an evolutionary context, the conquest of forest canopy represents an ecological opportunity where accidental epiphytes act as links between terrestrial and epiphytic life forms. We discuss two fundamental scenarios with sympatric speciation, selective pressure, autopolyploidy, and allopatric speciation as underlying mechanisms in the transition from terrestrial to epiphytic growth. In conclusion, we argue that accidental epiphytism is a substrate and dispersal-dependent phenomenon and that, both from an individual perspective and an evolutionary perspective, epiphytism reflects the occupation of suitable but previously unexploited arboreal microhabitats. Acknowledging the fundamental principles that plant growth is opportunistic and that dispersal is a stochastic process can decisively improve our understanding of species distributions and other ecological patterns, as in the case of accidental epiphytism.

维管附生植物是许多生态系统的重要组成部分,是全球植物多样性的重要组成部分。在这种背景下,偶然性附生,即典型陆生物种的机会性附生生长,值得特别关注,因为它为维管附生植物的全球分布和附生植物谱系的初始演化提供了重要的见解。尽管意外附生已经在一个多世纪的文献中被提及,但它们在大多数附生研究中被忽视了。直到最近才对偶发性附生进行了更彻底的研究。因此,本文的目的是提供一个全面的生态学基础和进化的相关性,这一普遍但很大程度上被忽视的现象,并强调开放的问题和有前途的研究方向。我们的中心观点是,只要有合适的微生境和成功的扩散,任何物种都有可能以附生方式生长,这一观点得到了对许多不同气候的生态系统(甚至包括半干旱的地中海生态系统)中偶然附生植物的观察汇编的支持。多种乔木微生境和环境条件符合典型陆生物种的生态位,这些微生境的可利用性取决于当地气候条件、寄主树龄和寄主物种身份的相互作用。当树冠上有合适的微生境时,偶然附生主要受到扩散的限制。在进化的背景下,森林冠层的征服代表了一个生态机会,其中偶然的附生植物充当了陆地和附生生命形式之间的联系。我们讨论了同域物种形成、选择压力、自多倍体和异域物种形成两种基本情况,作为从陆生到附生生长过渡的潜在机制。总之,我们认为偶然附生是一种依赖于基质和分散的现象,从个体和进化的角度来看,附生反映了对合适但以前未开发的树栖微生境的占领。认识到植物生长是机会性的,扩散是一个随机过程的基本原则,可以决定性地提高我们对物种分布和其他生态模式的理解,比如意外附生。
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引用次数: 4
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Ecological Monographs
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