Sarah Alsallameh, A. Alhameedawi, H. Abbas, Duaa Khalid, S. Kadhim
In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that 80 461 invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections and 11 285 related deaths occurred in 2011. In the United Kingdom, around 190 people passed away from MRSA disease in 2021. Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan, and Greece also have MRSA infections, along with the whole world. MRSA caused less than 2% of bacterial diseases in the United States in 1974, while the percentage rate increased up to 64% in 2004 only 10 years to increase the infection rate to 300%. In the United States, MRSA killed almost 18 000 more people in the United States in 2005 than the HIV. MRSA is classified as either community-acquired or health-related. Both are community-acquired MRSA or health-related MRSA, and both can be transmitted through skin contact. CA-MRSA, like severe pneumonia, septic conditions, and necrotizing fasciitis, can contaminate soft tissue, causing bubbles and skin abscesses. MRSA influences patients in medical clinic settings like nursing homes, medical clinics, and dialysis centers, as a rule, bringing about blood diseases, careful cut contamination, or pneumonia. The MRSA disease is exceptionally dangerous for newborn children, the elderly, and the debilitated.
{"title":"A review on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: public health risk factors, prevention, and treatment","authors":"Sarah Alsallameh, A. Alhameedawi, H. Abbas, Duaa Khalid, S. Kadhim","doi":"10.4103/epj.epj_179_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/epj.epj_179_22","url":null,"abstract":"In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that 80 461 invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections and 11 285 related deaths occurred in 2011. In the United Kingdom, around 190 people passed away from MRSA disease in 2021. Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan, and Greece also have MRSA infections, along with the whole world. MRSA caused less than 2% of bacterial diseases in the United States in 1974, while the percentage rate increased up to 64% in 2004 only 10 years to increase the infection rate to 300%. In the United States, MRSA killed almost 18 000 more people in the United States in 2005 than the HIV. MRSA is classified as either community-acquired or health-related. Both are community-acquired MRSA or health-related MRSA, and both can be transmitted through skin contact. CA-MRSA, like severe pneumonia, septic conditions, and necrotizing fasciitis, can contaminate soft tissue, causing bubbles and skin abscesses. MRSA influences patients in medical clinic settings like nursing homes, medical clinics, and dialysis centers, as a rule, bringing about blood diseases, careful cut contamination, or pneumonia. The MRSA disease is exceptionally dangerous for newborn children, the elderly, and the debilitated.","PeriodicalId":11568,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44092829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. El-Rady, N. Rasmy, N. Yasin, Hanea Fahmy, A. Amer
Background and aim Caraway is a famous medicinal plant in various pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities of this plant’s essential oil (EO). Materials and methods Caraway EO was obtained from dried caraway seeds using the hydrodistillation process. The composition of caraway EO was inspected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analyses. The antioxidant activity of caraway EO was determined by three different in vitro antioxidant assays: 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH•), 2,2’-azino-bis3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+) scavenging activity and reducing power. The agar well diffusion method was used to assess the antimicrobial action. The cytotoxic activity was evaluated using the MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazol-2yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay, and the data were expressed as the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). Results and conclusion Carvone was the major compound of caraway EO, followed by limonene. Estimation of the antioxidant activity using DPPH• scavenging activity, ABTS•+ scavenging activity, and reducing power assays revealed effective efficacy [IC50=32.46±0.75, 2.44±0.44, and 17.65±0.70 µg/ml, respectively, compared with 11.55±0.53, 1.50±0.29, and 23.19±0.78 µg/ml for standard control (butylated hydroxyanisole), respectively]. Strong anticancer activity was detected against all types of cancer cells, especially the colon cell line (HCT-116) and liver cell line (HepG-2). These results suggest that caraway EO can be used as a preservative food agent in food industries as well as in the field of pharmacy, as it presents promising anticancer properties.
{"title":"Phytochemicals and biological activities of caraway (Carumcarvi L.) essential oil","authors":"M. El-Rady, N. Rasmy, N. Yasin, Hanea Fahmy, A. Amer","doi":"10.4103/epj.epj_154_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/epj.epj_154_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aim Caraway is a famous medicinal plant in various pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities of this plant’s essential oil (EO). Materials and methods Caraway EO was obtained from dried caraway seeds using the hydrodistillation process. The composition of caraway EO was inspected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analyses. The antioxidant activity of caraway EO was determined by three different in vitro antioxidant assays: 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH•), 2,2’-azino-bis3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+) scavenging activity and reducing power. The agar well diffusion method was used to assess the antimicrobial action. The cytotoxic activity was evaluated using the MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazol-2yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay, and the data were expressed as the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). Results and conclusion Carvone was the major compound of caraway EO, followed by limonene. Estimation of the antioxidant activity using DPPH• scavenging activity, ABTS•+ scavenging activity, and reducing power assays revealed effective efficacy [IC50=32.46±0.75, 2.44±0.44, and 17.65±0.70 µg/ml, respectively, compared with 11.55±0.53, 1.50±0.29, and 23.19±0.78 µg/ml for standard control (butylated hydroxyanisole), respectively]. Strong anticancer activity was detected against all types of cancer cells, especially the colon cell line (HCT-116) and liver cell line (HepG-2). These results suggest that caraway EO can be used as a preservative food agent in food industries as well as in the field of pharmacy, as it presents promising anticancer properties.","PeriodicalId":11568,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47366683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Moselhy, Dalia Mohamed, F. Abdelzaher, Abeer-Hashem A. Mahmoud, H.K. El-Maksoud, F. Rashad
Background Polysaccharides that are derived from different sources, in particular those from microorganisms, constitute a hot topic in contemporary research thanks to their high-value applications in different biotechnological sectors. Objective Considering limited existing studies concerning yeasts, the current study was designed to search for promising exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing yeasts from samples obtained from different biological sources, adopting the strategies of isolation and screening. Materials and methods The present study focused on isolation and screening of EPS-producing yeasts from samples obtained from different biological sources, namely, soil rhizosphere, rotten fruits, local beverages, dairy products, and mixture pickles; identification of the selected promising yeast isolates phenotypically and genetically; extraction and chemical composition of crude exopolysaccharides (C-EPSs) in terms of their contents of carbohydrate, protein, and phenolics; and physicochemical characterization of the partially purified exopolysaccharides (PP-EPSs) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier transformation infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Results and conclusion The most potent isolates that provided the highest yields (2.5 and 2.25 g/l) were identified phenotypically and genetically as Rhodotorula mucilaginosa A1 and Rhodotorula taiwanensis G1. The chemical compositions of C-EPSs of both strains differed in terms of their contents of carbohydrate, protein, and phenolic components. HPLC analysis of the phenolic compounds of C-EPSA1 revealed the presence of eight different constituents, of which quercetin followed by kaempferol, hesperetin, and gallic acid represented 99.81%. However, C-EPSG1 contained only seven, in a much smaller quantity. HPLC analysis demonstrated that both PP-EPSs were acidic heteropolysaccharides; PP-EPSA1 consisted mainly of 69.52% fructose and 30.48% uronic acids. PP-EPSG1 is probably unique; it showed remarkable differences as it contained tartaric acid (1.22%) besides glucose (50.04%), fructose (39.65%), and uronic acid (9.09%). Spectral analyses of both PP-EPSs confirmed their polysaccharide nature through the presence of characteristic functional groups and glycosidic linkage regions. PP-EPSs were semicrystalline in nature, similar in porosity and surface smoothness, and showed resistance to high temperatures. Elemental analysis indicated the participation of both PP-EPSs in five elements (O, C, N, S, and P) in close proportions; PP-EPSA1 contained Ca as an additional element.
{"title":"Physicochemical characterization of exopolysaccharides conjugated to phenolic compounds: a novel acidic exopolysaccharide containing tartaric acid derived from Rhodotorula taiwanensis","authors":"M. Moselhy, Dalia Mohamed, F. Abdelzaher, Abeer-Hashem A. Mahmoud, H.K. El-Maksoud, F. Rashad","doi":"10.4103/epj.epj_10_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/epj.epj_10_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background Polysaccharides that are derived from different sources, in particular those from microorganisms, constitute a hot topic in contemporary research thanks to their high-value applications in different biotechnological sectors. Objective Considering limited existing studies concerning yeasts, the current study was designed to search for promising exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing yeasts from samples obtained from different biological sources, adopting the strategies of isolation and screening. Materials and methods The present study focused on isolation and screening of EPS-producing yeasts from samples obtained from different biological sources, namely, soil rhizosphere, rotten fruits, local beverages, dairy products, and mixture pickles; identification of the selected promising yeast isolates phenotypically and genetically; extraction and chemical composition of crude exopolysaccharides (C-EPSs) in terms of their contents of carbohydrate, protein, and phenolics; and physicochemical characterization of the partially purified exopolysaccharides (PP-EPSs) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier transformation infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Results and conclusion The most potent isolates that provided the highest yields (2.5 and 2.25 g/l) were identified phenotypically and genetically as Rhodotorula mucilaginosa A1 and Rhodotorula taiwanensis G1. The chemical compositions of C-EPSs of both strains differed in terms of their contents of carbohydrate, protein, and phenolic components. HPLC analysis of the phenolic compounds of C-EPSA1 revealed the presence of eight different constituents, of which quercetin followed by kaempferol, hesperetin, and gallic acid represented 99.81%. However, C-EPSG1 contained only seven, in a much smaller quantity. HPLC analysis demonstrated that both PP-EPSs were acidic heteropolysaccharides; PP-EPSA1 consisted mainly of 69.52% fructose and 30.48% uronic acids. PP-EPSG1 is probably unique; it showed remarkable differences as it contained tartaric acid (1.22%) besides glucose (50.04%), fructose (39.65%), and uronic acid (9.09%). Spectral analyses of both PP-EPSs confirmed their polysaccharide nature through the presence of characteristic functional groups and glycosidic linkage regions. PP-EPSs were semicrystalline in nature, similar in porosity and surface smoothness, and showed resistance to high temperatures. Elemental analysis indicated the participation of both PP-EPSs in five elements (O, C, N, S, and P) in close proportions; PP-EPSA1 contained Ca as an additional element.","PeriodicalId":11568,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44470483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Baris Bitmez, Seda Gultekin, Irem Albayrak, Yiğit Deveci, Y. Sıcak, E. Akalın, Adami Pirhan, Ulas Gurer, B. Arslan
Background and objective Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease. In our study, PD model was created as a result of exposure to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in SH-SY5Y cells, which is a human neuroblastoma cell line. The protective effect of Hypericum perforatum on PD was investigated. Materials and methods Phytochemical analysis of H. perforatum extract was performed. Then, SH-SY5Y cells were differentiated using retinoic acid and then administered 6-OHDA neurotoxin. To determine the protective effects of H. perforatum extract, we investigated the changes in the mRNA expression level of caspase-3, total oxidant status, and antioxidant levels in differentiated SH-SY5Y. Results and conclusion According to our results, H. perforatum extract contains glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, and carbohydrates as the major secondary metabolites. H. perforatum extract significantly reduced caspase-3 gene expression against 6-OHDA toxicity in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. It was found that total oxidant status level increased significantly in the 6-OHDA experimental group compared with the control and H. perforatum experimental groups. It was found that H. perforatum extract has an inhibitory effect on caspase-3 gene expression, which plays an important role in apoptosis. Therfore, H. perforatum extract has been shown to have a therapeutic potential against 6-OHDA toxicity.
{"title":"Effects of Hypericum perforatum extract on 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxicity in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells","authors":"Baris Bitmez, Seda Gultekin, Irem Albayrak, Yiğit Deveci, Y. Sıcak, E. Akalın, Adami Pirhan, Ulas Gurer, B. Arslan","doi":"10.4103/epj.epj_180_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/epj.epj_180_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objective Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease. In our study, PD model was created as a result of exposure to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in SH-SY5Y cells, which is a human neuroblastoma cell line. The protective effect of Hypericum perforatum on PD was investigated. Materials and methods Phytochemical analysis of H. perforatum extract was performed. Then, SH-SY5Y cells were differentiated using retinoic acid and then administered 6-OHDA neurotoxin. To determine the protective effects of H. perforatum extract, we investigated the changes in the mRNA expression level of caspase-3, total oxidant status, and antioxidant levels in differentiated SH-SY5Y. Results and conclusion According to our results, H. perforatum extract contains glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, and carbohydrates as the major secondary metabolites. H. perforatum extract significantly reduced caspase-3 gene expression against 6-OHDA toxicity in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. It was found that total oxidant status level increased significantly in the 6-OHDA experimental group compared with the control and H. perforatum experimental groups. It was found that H. perforatum extract has an inhibitory effect on caspase-3 gene expression, which plays an important role in apoptosis. Therfore, H. perforatum extract has been shown to have a therapeutic potential against 6-OHDA toxicity.","PeriodicalId":11568,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49382185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. El-khateeb, H. Ashour, R. Eid, H. Mahfouze, Nahed Abd Elaziz, Ragab Radwan
Background Developing novel ornamental varieties with improved floral characterization is the main aim of floriculture. Biotechnological techniques linked to classical breeding methods have been applied for modifying flower color. Objective This investigation was carried out in the nursery of the Ornamental Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt, during two successive generations, 2019/2020 and 2020/2021, to assess the effects of gamma irradiation (γ) on vegetative growth, flowering parameters, abnormalities, and induced changes at the DNA level between two mutative generations (MG1 and MG2) of Gaillardia pulchella Foug. plants. Materials and methods Seeds of G. pulchella (local red) were irradiated at Atomic Energy Commission-united irradiation-Gamma, The Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt, by six doses of γ-irradiation (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 Gy), using Gamma-1 type cobalt60, at a dose rate of 1.107 KGy/h. Results and conclusion The results revealed that low gamma doses (10 and 20 Gy) had significant effects on vegetative growth, that is, plant height and the number of branches, as compared with the control, giving the tallest plants with the highest number of branches. The high doses (50 and 60 Gy) delayed flowering compared with untreated plants and other gamma doses. In contrast, low doses induced early flowering and increased the number of flowers. All doses of gamma rays induced mutants in leaf morphology, inflorescence color, shape, and deformation; the largest number of these mutants was obtained from a high dose of 60 Gy. On the contrary, sequence-related amplified polymorphism analysis produced 32 loci, of which 12 (37.50%) were polymorphic. Jaccard’s coefficients of dissimilarity ranged from 0.69 to 0.96. In a dendrogram constructed depending on genetic identity coefficients, the mutants were classified into three major groups: the first group (I) was composed of 10-, 20-, 30-, and 40-Gy mutants. The second group (II) included 50- and 60-Gy mutants. The third group (III) contained only the control. Therefore, it was concluded that treatment of G. pulchella seeds with gamma rays led to the induction of a sufficient number of mutations. In addition, the sequence-related amplified polymorphism marker is considered to be an important tool in the identification of mutants. Consequently, these mutants can be used in breeding programs to improve G. pulchella plants.
{"title":"Induction of genetic variability with gamma radiation and detection of DNA polymorphisms among radiomutants using sequence-related amplified polymorphism markers in Gaillardia pulchella Foug. plants","authors":"M. El-khateeb, H. Ashour, R. Eid, H. Mahfouze, Nahed Abd Elaziz, Ragab Radwan","doi":"10.4103/epj.epj_190_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/epj.epj_190_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background Developing novel ornamental varieties with improved floral characterization is the main aim of floriculture. Biotechnological techniques linked to classical breeding methods have been applied for modifying flower color. Objective This investigation was carried out in the nursery of the Ornamental Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt, during two successive generations, 2019/2020 and 2020/2021, to assess the effects of gamma irradiation (γ) on vegetative growth, flowering parameters, abnormalities, and induced changes at the DNA level between two mutative generations (MG1 and MG2) of Gaillardia pulchella Foug. plants. Materials and methods Seeds of G. pulchella (local red) were irradiated at Atomic Energy Commission-united irradiation-Gamma, The Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt, by six doses of γ-irradiation (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 Gy), using Gamma-1 type cobalt60, at a dose rate of 1.107 KGy/h. Results and conclusion The results revealed that low gamma doses (10 and 20 Gy) had significant effects on vegetative growth, that is, plant height and the number of branches, as compared with the control, giving the tallest plants with the highest number of branches. The high doses (50 and 60 Gy) delayed flowering compared with untreated plants and other gamma doses. In contrast, low doses induced early flowering and increased the number of flowers. All doses of gamma rays induced mutants in leaf morphology, inflorescence color, shape, and deformation; the largest number of these mutants was obtained from a high dose of 60 Gy. On the contrary, sequence-related amplified polymorphism analysis produced 32 loci, of which 12 (37.50%) were polymorphic. Jaccard’s coefficients of dissimilarity ranged from 0.69 to 0.96. In a dendrogram constructed depending on genetic identity coefficients, the mutants were classified into three major groups: the first group (I) was composed of 10-, 20-, 30-, and 40-Gy mutants. The second group (II) included 50- and 60-Gy mutants. The third group (III) contained only the control. Therefore, it was concluded that treatment of G. pulchella seeds with gamma rays led to the induction of a sufficient number of mutations. In addition, the sequence-related amplified polymorphism marker is considered to be an important tool in the identification of mutants. Consequently, these mutants can be used in breeding programs to improve G. pulchella plants.","PeriodicalId":11568,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49659964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives The goal of this study was to evaluate different proportions of solid dispersions and formulations by employing various carriers in order to improve solubility of poorly soluble atorvastatin calcium. Materials and methods Solid dispersions can be created using the Solvent Evaporation technique. In comparison to pure drug, (Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose) HPMC (1:1) indicated as (Solid dispersion) SD1, HPMC E5 (1:2), HPMC E5 (1:4), HPMC (1:1.5) designated as SD2, SD3, SD4, drug caffeine (1:0.5) and caffeine (1:1), denoted as SD5, SD6. The Design Expert software used to 2 level factorial design, the three independent components of X1: are ratios of solid dispersion equivalent (drug:HPMC:soluplus), X2:Superdisintegrant (Primellose), and X3:Surfactant (Sodium lauryl sulphate) was used to do analysis of variance (ANOVA), 3D surface plots, counter plots, optimization, and desirability. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate drug-excipient compatibility. Marketed tablets (uncoated tablets manufactured by ‘Revat Laboratories limited) with optimized tablet composition were used in the comparative trials (A2) and Pharmacokinetics. Results and discussion The solid dispersion approach greatly increased the amount of atorvastatin calcium released. The values of f1 and f2 were determined to be 1.89 and 77.78, respectively, and the dissolution profiles of the optimized formulation (A2) and the market tablet were found to be significance. The optimized formula did better on the desirability level (0.975), indicating that it was a good fit. To determine dose bioavailability and to see if there is an in-vitro-in-vivo link. Conclusion The formulations were successfully developed using factorial design, and can be further used for oral delivery of antilipidemic agents is atorvastatin calcium. The model’s predictability and validity were demonstrated when the experimental values matched the expected values. The in vitro-in vivo correlation was good in pharmacokinetic experiments, indicating a significant improvement.
{"title":"Atorvastatin calcium formulation development followed by pharmacokinetic with in vitro and in vivo correlation (IVIVC) with employing soluplus and hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose with optimization","authors":"Ch. Taraka Ramarao, Palepu Pavani","doi":"10.4103/epj.epj_43_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/epj.epj_43_22","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives The goal of this study was to evaluate different proportions of solid dispersions and formulations by employing various carriers in order to improve solubility of poorly soluble atorvastatin calcium. Materials and methods Solid dispersions can be created using the Solvent Evaporation technique. In comparison to pure drug, (Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose) HPMC (1:1) indicated as (Solid dispersion) SD1, HPMC E5 (1:2), HPMC E5 (1:4), HPMC (1:1.5) designated as SD2, SD3, SD4, drug caffeine (1:0.5) and caffeine (1:1), denoted as SD5, SD6. The Design Expert software used to 2 level factorial design, the three independent components of X1: are ratios of solid dispersion equivalent (drug:HPMC:soluplus), X2:Superdisintegrant (Primellose), and X3:Surfactant (Sodium lauryl sulphate) was used to do analysis of variance (ANOVA), 3D surface plots, counter plots, optimization, and desirability. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate drug-excipient compatibility. Marketed tablets (uncoated tablets manufactured by ‘Revat Laboratories limited) with optimized tablet composition were used in the comparative trials (A2) and Pharmacokinetics. Results and discussion The solid dispersion approach greatly increased the amount of atorvastatin calcium released. The values of f1 and f2 were determined to be 1.89 and 77.78, respectively, and the dissolution profiles of the optimized formulation (A2) and the market tablet were found to be significance. The optimized formula did better on the desirability level (0.975), indicating that it was a good fit. To determine dose bioavailability and to see if there is an in-vitro-in-vivo link. Conclusion The formulations were successfully developed using factorial design, and can be further used for oral delivery of antilipidemic agents is atorvastatin calcium. The model’s predictability and validity were demonstrated when the experimental values matched the expected values. The in vitro-in vivo correlation was good in pharmacokinetic experiments, indicating a significant improvement.","PeriodicalId":11568,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48175201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. M. Mousa, M. Ali, A. Abdel-Halim, G. Khamis, M. Morsy, H. M. Ghanem
Background and objective Cancer is still a major health problem worldwide, with an estimated 18.1 million new cases in 2018, and it is expected to increase by 75% by 2030. Chemotherapeutic drugs have disadvantages such as toxicity to noncancerous tissues, drug resistance, and recurrence of cancer. Medicinal plants with their active components have great potential as an important source for novel drug discovery owing to their availability, efficiency, and safety. Searching for new strategies to obtain new drugs with higher efficiency and more safety represents an urgent need. Laser light treatment for seeds is known to improve germination, plant growth, and bioactive substance. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of laser irradiation on improvement of the phytochemicals compounds and biological activities of Balanites aegyptiaca seeds. Materials and methods The effect of laser pretreatment was investigated at different powers, that is, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mW, with two-time intervals for each power (2 and 4 min), on B. aegyptiaca seeds to enhance the germination and antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts of their dry plant material through different assays and select the most powerful laser pretreatment extract to evaluate the anticarcinogenic activity on different cell lines. Results and conclusion The results bring to light that the most efficient laser treatment for seeds of B. aegyptiaca was at 200 mW/4 min, which induces the highest yield percentage, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, metal chelating, reducing power, as well as free diphenylpicrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activities. Based on these outcomes, the antiproliferative screening assay of the methanolic extracts for the shoots (S) and roots (R) dry plant material of B. aegyptiaca after helium-neon laser treatment at 200 mW for 4 min compared with control was performed on a panel of three cancer cell lines (HepG2, HCT116, and MCF-7) using the sulphorhodamine-B assay, and cytotoxicity was determined using normal BHK fibroblast cell line. Obtained results indicated that these extracts should be regarded as potential anticarcinogenic resources against the HepG2 cell line, displayed moderate activity against MCF-7 and HCT116 cell lines, and exhibited no activity against the growth of the normal BHK cell line. Furthermore, a comparison between these laser-treated extracts, and their mixtures against their control extracts and their mixtures, using the doxorubicin as the reference drug on the HepG2 cell line was in favor of the laser-treated roots and shoots extracts, respectively.
{"title":"Assessment the effect of He-Ne laser treatment of Balanites aegyptiaca seeds on the amelioration of active constituents, antioxidant capacity, and anticancer impact in vitro","authors":"F. M. Mousa, M. Ali, A. Abdel-Halim, G. Khamis, M. Morsy, H. M. Ghanem","doi":"10.4103/epj.epj_184_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/epj.epj_184_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objective Cancer is still a major health problem worldwide, with an estimated 18.1 million new cases in 2018, and it is expected to increase by 75% by 2030. Chemotherapeutic drugs have disadvantages such as toxicity to noncancerous tissues, drug resistance, and recurrence of cancer. Medicinal plants with their active components have great potential as an important source for novel drug discovery owing to their availability, efficiency, and safety. Searching for new strategies to obtain new drugs with higher efficiency and more safety represents an urgent need. Laser light treatment for seeds is known to improve germination, plant growth, and bioactive substance. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of laser irradiation on improvement of the phytochemicals compounds and biological activities of Balanites aegyptiaca seeds. Materials and methods The effect of laser pretreatment was investigated at different powers, that is, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mW, with two-time intervals for each power (2 and 4 min), on B. aegyptiaca seeds to enhance the germination and antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts of their dry plant material through different assays and select the most powerful laser pretreatment extract to evaluate the anticarcinogenic activity on different cell lines. Results and conclusion The results bring to light that the most efficient laser treatment for seeds of B. aegyptiaca was at 200 mW/4 min, which induces the highest yield percentage, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, metal chelating, reducing power, as well as free diphenylpicrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activities. Based on these outcomes, the antiproliferative screening assay of the methanolic extracts for the shoots (S) and roots (R) dry plant material of B. aegyptiaca after helium-neon laser treatment at 200 mW for 4 min compared with control was performed on a panel of three cancer cell lines (HepG2, HCT116, and MCF-7) using the sulphorhodamine-B assay, and cytotoxicity was determined using normal BHK fibroblast cell line. Obtained results indicated that these extracts should be regarded as potential anticarcinogenic resources against the HepG2 cell line, displayed moderate activity against MCF-7 and HCT116 cell lines, and exhibited no activity against the growth of the normal BHK cell line. Furthermore, a comparison between these laser-treated extracts, and their mixtures against their control extracts and their mixtures, using the doxorubicin as the reference drug on the HepG2 cell line was in favor of the laser-treated roots and shoots extracts, respectively.","PeriodicalId":11568,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42753358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background Recently, the need of finding eco-friendly and less-hazardous pigments focused on an important alternative to harmful synthetic dyes. High productivity of various pigments from microorganisms, their rapid growth throughout the year, stability, and solubility of their pigments provide them advantages more than pigments produced from other natural sources. Objective The objective of this study is to improve red-pigment production from local isolated fungus Talaromyces atroroseus TRP-NRC on an inexpensive substrate (wheat bran) under solid-state fermentation system by using different mutants. Then, comparing between pigment released from fungi after mutation by different mutants, comparing the efficiency of different solvents for the extraction of red biopigments under different conditions, and then extraction of pigment and studying its structure. Materials and methods A novel locally non-mycotoxin-producing fungus T. atroroseus TRP-NRC was treated with γ-ray radiation followed by subjecting to ultraviolet rays and grown on wheat bran as a complete medium via solid-state fermentation technique. Different solvents, including water, ethanol, methanol, and acetone, were applied to extract pigment from dried fermented wheat bran. The effect of pH, temperature, and contact time on yield of pigment extraction was studied. Stability of extracted pigment to heat, autoclaving, and ultraviolet rays was studied. Antimicrobial activity of extracted pigment was studied. The extracted sample was subjected to high-performance liquid-chromatography analysis and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS program at P value less than 0.05. Results and conclusion The mutant fungus (I) by gamma radiation achieved 30% increase in red pigment compared with the wild type. The mutant fungus (I) was subjected to ultraviolet rays, mutant (II) added 22% increase in pigment production compared with mutant obtained by gamma radiation. About 70% v/v of methanol, ethanol, and acetone were more efficient for extracting pigment with an advantage of 70% v/v acetone. The yield of pigment extraction was affected by pH, temperature, and contact time, and was at pH 6.5 at 50°C after 16 h. The produced pigment appeared to be heat-stable when subjected to heat from 30 to 80°C for 6 h. The pigment was also stable when autoclaved at 121°C for 15 min. The pigment was stable when subjected to ultraviolet rays for 6 h. The extracted pigment showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis revealed that eighteen compounds were identified in the acetone extract of pigment. In general, the prevailing two compounds of fermented wheat bran by T. atroroseus TRP-NRC mutant-II extract were 9, octadenoic acid (43.72) and 1,1′-bicyclopropyl-2-octanoic acid, 2′-hexyl-, methyl ester 43.72%.
{"title":"Studies on red-pigment production by Talaromyces atroroseus TRP-NRC mutant II from wheat bran via solid-state fermentation","authors":"M. Fadel, Yomna A. M. Elkhateeb","doi":"10.4103/epj.epj_60_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/epj.epj_60_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background Recently, the need of finding eco-friendly and less-hazardous pigments focused on an important alternative to harmful synthetic dyes. High productivity of various pigments from microorganisms, their rapid growth throughout the year, stability, and solubility of their pigments provide them advantages more than pigments produced from other natural sources. Objective The objective of this study is to improve red-pigment production from local isolated fungus Talaromyces atroroseus TRP-NRC on an inexpensive substrate (wheat bran) under solid-state fermentation system by using different mutants. Then, comparing between pigment released from fungi after mutation by different mutants, comparing the efficiency of different solvents for the extraction of red biopigments under different conditions, and then extraction of pigment and studying its structure. Materials and methods A novel locally non-mycotoxin-producing fungus T. atroroseus TRP-NRC was treated with γ-ray radiation followed by subjecting to ultraviolet rays and grown on wheat bran as a complete medium via solid-state fermentation technique. Different solvents, including water, ethanol, methanol, and acetone, were applied to extract pigment from dried fermented wheat bran. The effect of pH, temperature, and contact time on yield of pigment extraction was studied. Stability of extracted pigment to heat, autoclaving, and ultraviolet rays was studied. Antimicrobial activity of extracted pigment was studied. The extracted sample was subjected to high-performance liquid-chromatography analysis and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS program at P value less than 0.05. Results and conclusion The mutant fungus (I) by gamma radiation achieved 30% increase in red pigment compared with the wild type. The mutant fungus (I) was subjected to ultraviolet rays, mutant (II) added 22% increase in pigment production compared with mutant obtained by gamma radiation. About 70% v/v of methanol, ethanol, and acetone were more efficient for extracting pigment with an advantage of 70% v/v acetone. The yield of pigment extraction was affected by pH, temperature, and contact time, and was at pH 6.5 at 50°C after 16 h. The produced pigment appeared to be heat-stable when subjected to heat from 30 to 80°C for 6 h. The pigment was also stable when autoclaved at 121°C for 15 min. The pigment was stable when subjected to ultraviolet rays for 6 h. The extracted pigment showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis revealed that eighteen compounds were identified in the acetone extract of pigment. In general, the prevailing two compounds of fermented wheat bran by T. atroroseus TRP-NRC mutant-II extract were 9, octadenoic acid (43.72) and 1,1′-bicyclopropyl-2-octanoic acid, 2′-hexyl-, methyl ester 43.72%.","PeriodicalId":11568,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47321924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a medicinal plant largely used in medicine, cosmetics, and cooking. Objective The current work aimed to improve the production of both phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the callus cultures of sweet basil (O. basilicum L.), which can be used in cosmetics as antioxidant and sun-protection agents. Materials and methods Different combinations of growth regulators have been used to induce calli. Phenylalanine and salicylic acid have been used to enhance phenolics and flavonoids production. Quantitative analyses including total phenolics (TPC), total flavonoids, 2,2′-diphenyl 1-Picryl-hydrazyl radical scavenging activity, half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), correlation coefficient (R2) between antioxidant activity and both TPC and TFC, and sun-protective factor have been performed for both treatments and control. Results and conclusions Results reported that 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA)+6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) was the best combination to induce calli tissue with good texture. The addition of 1.0 g/l phenylalanine for 2 weeks and 0.5 mm salicylic acid for 4 weeks were the best treatments to increase the production of phenolic and flavonoid components, and it showed the maximum % radical scavenging capacity. Higher correlation coefficient was found between % radical scavenging capacity and TPC compounds (0.83). The treatment of 1.0 g/l phenylalanine for 2 weeks indicated the lowest and best IC50, and it showed the maximum sun-protective factor value (36.50±0.003).
{"title":"Ethanolic extract of sweet basil callus cultures as a source of antioxidant and sun-protective agents","authors":"M. Ibrahim, N. Danial, M. El-Bahr","doi":"10.4103/epj.epj_124_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/epj.epj_124_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a medicinal plant largely used in medicine, cosmetics, and cooking. Objective The current work aimed to improve the production of both phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the callus cultures of sweet basil (O. basilicum L.), which can be used in cosmetics as antioxidant and sun-protection agents. Materials and methods Different combinations of growth regulators have been used to induce calli. Phenylalanine and salicylic acid have been used to enhance phenolics and flavonoids production. Quantitative analyses including total phenolics (TPC), total flavonoids, 2,2′-diphenyl 1-Picryl-hydrazyl radical scavenging activity, half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), correlation coefficient (R2) between antioxidant activity and both TPC and TFC, and sun-protective factor have been performed for both treatments and control. Results and conclusions Results reported that 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA)+6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) was the best combination to induce calli tissue with good texture. The addition of 1.0 g/l phenylalanine for 2 weeks and 0.5 mm salicylic acid for 4 weeks were the best treatments to increase the production of phenolic and flavonoid components, and it showed the maximum % radical scavenging capacity. Higher correlation coefficient was found between % radical scavenging capacity and TPC compounds (0.83). The treatment of 1.0 g/l phenylalanine for 2 weeks indicated the lowest and best IC50, and it showed the maximum sun-protective factor value (36.50±0.003).","PeriodicalId":11568,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45651560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background The extracellular lignin peroxidase (LiP) secreted by bacterial isolates is the key enzyme in lignin degradation in several species of Streptomyces (actinomycetes). Random mutations were induced for bacterial strains using ultraviolet (UV) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Moreover, protoplast fusion is an important tool in strain improvement to achieve genetic recombination and developing hybrid bacterial strains. The molecular analysis of mutants and fusants by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) was done. Objective Streptomyces lavendulae R-St strain, which produces the highest LiP, was discovered and investigated in a previous study by the authors. It has been deposited in NCBI under the accession number ‘OL697233.1.’ S. lavendulae was used in the present study to produce novel, higher LiP-producing mutants using EMS-mutagenesis and UV light. Most mutant strains that produce LiP fuse their protoplasts. To assess the genetic diversity of isolated S. lavendulae R-St-1 with its mutants and fusants, RAPD-PCR was used. Materials and methods Lignin was extracted and purified from black wood liquor. UV and EMS were used for creating super LiP-producing mutants of S. lavendulae R-St. Protoplast fusion between EMS and UV-treated mutants was performed for isolating LiP-productive fusants (s) from S. lavendulae R-St-1 as the original isolate. Fermentation medium (FM) (g/l) was used for lignin-degrading bacterial screening after dilution of the soil samples: K2HPO4, 4.55, KH2PO4, 0.53, MgSO4,0.5, NH4NO3, 0.1, yeast extract, 0.1, lignin (0.1% v/v), agar 15, and the pH should be 7.0. The aforementioned FM medium was supplemented with 50 mg/l of azure B and toluidine dyes and 100 mg/l of tannic acid. FM was used without any supplements and agar for the isolation of lignin-degrading bacteria using lignin (0.1% v/v). The molecular analysis of mutants by RAPD-PCR was applied using different primers, and different separate bands were determined. Results and discussion S. lavendulae R-St-1 strain was mutagenized with alkylating EMS (200 mm) and UV. Results showed that from the S. lavendulae R-St-1 (W.T) isolate, two EMS-treated mutants (Rst/60/7E and Rst/40/8E), which showed activities of 8.5 and 7.3 U/ml, respectively, and two UV-treated mutants (Rst/9/2U and Rst/9/6U), which showed activities of 9.4 and 7.8 U/ml, respectively, were the most efficient ligninolytic mutants. Protoplast fusion between two higher LiP-producing mutants (cross 1 and 2) proved to be the most effective, and the two isolated fusants C1/St/5 and C1/St/6 showed activity of 12.8 and 11.8 U/ml, respectively, after protoplast fusion between Rst/9/6U and Rst/60/7E mutants of S. lavendulae R-St-1 (W.T). To determine molecular variability of two EMS mutants, and their recombinant fusants as well as S. lavendulae (W.T) (parental), three random primers were used. RAPD primer (P1) was employed. Fusant C1/St/5 shared the parental isolate with the bands 850 and 300 bp, wher
{"title":"Molecular characterization of the superior lignin peroxidase-producing Streptomyces lavendulae R-St-1 mutants and fusants","authors":"Reem Batayyib, N. Al-Twaty, O. El-Hamshary","doi":"10.4103/epj.epj_141_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/epj.epj_141_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background The extracellular lignin peroxidase (LiP) secreted by bacterial isolates is the key enzyme in lignin degradation in several species of Streptomyces (actinomycetes). Random mutations were induced for bacterial strains using ultraviolet (UV) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Moreover, protoplast fusion is an important tool in strain improvement to achieve genetic recombination and developing hybrid bacterial strains. The molecular analysis of mutants and fusants by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) was done. Objective Streptomyces lavendulae R-St strain, which produces the highest LiP, was discovered and investigated in a previous study by the authors. It has been deposited in NCBI under the accession number ‘OL697233.1.’ S. lavendulae was used in the present study to produce novel, higher LiP-producing mutants using EMS-mutagenesis and UV light. Most mutant strains that produce LiP fuse their protoplasts. To assess the genetic diversity of isolated S. lavendulae R-St-1 with its mutants and fusants, RAPD-PCR was used. Materials and methods Lignin was extracted and purified from black wood liquor. UV and EMS were used for creating super LiP-producing mutants of S. lavendulae R-St. Protoplast fusion between EMS and UV-treated mutants was performed for isolating LiP-productive fusants (s) from S. lavendulae R-St-1 as the original isolate. Fermentation medium (FM) (g/l) was used for lignin-degrading bacterial screening after dilution of the soil samples: K2HPO4, 4.55, KH2PO4, 0.53, MgSO4,0.5, NH4NO3, 0.1, yeast extract, 0.1, lignin (0.1% v/v), agar 15, and the pH should be 7.0. The aforementioned FM medium was supplemented with 50 mg/l of azure B and toluidine dyes and 100 mg/l of tannic acid. FM was used without any supplements and agar for the isolation of lignin-degrading bacteria using lignin (0.1% v/v). The molecular analysis of mutants by RAPD-PCR was applied using different primers, and different separate bands were determined. Results and discussion S. lavendulae R-St-1 strain was mutagenized with alkylating EMS (200 mm) and UV. Results showed that from the S. lavendulae R-St-1 (W.T) isolate, two EMS-treated mutants (Rst/60/7E and Rst/40/8E), which showed activities of 8.5 and 7.3 U/ml, respectively, and two UV-treated mutants (Rst/9/2U and Rst/9/6U), which showed activities of 9.4 and 7.8 U/ml, respectively, were the most efficient ligninolytic mutants. Protoplast fusion between two higher LiP-producing mutants (cross 1 and 2) proved to be the most effective, and the two isolated fusants C1/St/5 and C1/St/6 showed activity of 12.8 and 11.8 U/ml, respectively, after protoplast fusion between Rst/9/6U and Rst/60/7E mutants of S. lavendulae R-St-1 (W.T). To determine molecular variability of two EMS mutants, and their recombinant fusants as well as S. lavendulae (W.T) (parental), three random primers were used. RAPD primer (P1) was employed. Fusant C1/St/5 shared the parental isolate with the bands 850 and 300 bp, wher","PeriodicalId":11568,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46631921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：