Motivation --- The aim of this paper is to study deviations from formal procedures during preoperative anaesthetic evaluation and to investigate their possible association with the assumptions that anaesthesiologists make during the evaluation. The findings of this analysis can be applied for the identification of requirements and limitations for the standardisation of the task through supporting tools. Research approach --- Records of 100 consecutive preanaesthesia evaluations for elective surgery in a private hospital were retrospectively analysed. In addition, field observations were carried out in order to guide data collection and support the formulation of an initial framework for organizing our findings. This way, data analysis and fieldwork were interwoven, feeding each other. Findings/Design --- The review of 100 preanaesthesia evaluation records revealed that a significant number of them deviated from the normative course of action. Specifically, contrary to the stipulations of the prescribed procedure, in 26% of our cases, the evaluation was performed without having available the preoperative laboratory test results. Furthermore, the form provided for the documentation of the evaluation was scarcely filled-in (75% of the forms had less than 30 out of the 83 total fields completed. In the same time, free-text fields were extensively used, spilling over their content to other fields in 15% of the cases. Our findings are consistent with prior research which indicates that routine laboratory tests are not critical for the evaluation of the patient. Furthermore, the frequently completed fields coincide with the main findings of previous research on the opinions of anaesthesiologists regarding what variables they consider as important. A possible explanation for the observed deviations from formal procedures and low utilisation of standardized forms could be that anaesthesiologists are engaged in a thinking-acting process rather than in a process of information collection directed by a protocol. Standardisation efforts through supporting tools ought to be non-obstructive to this process. Research limitations/Implications --- Our research is limited by the modest sample size of 100 cases and input from a single hospital. Nevertheless, the questions raised and initial hypotheses formulated can be further tested with a larger sample size and different medical establishments. Originality/Value --- Anaesthesiologists have been leaders in applying lessons from Human Factors and Cognitive Ergonomics, but most effort was directed to the development of support tools and decision aids for the operating theatre. The research presented here aims at extending those lessons to the preanaesthesia related tasks. Take away message --- Deviations from the formal procedure during preoperative anaesthetic evaluation can be used for the identification of requirements and limitations for the standardisation of the task through supporting tools.
{"title":"Exploratory analysis of deviations from formal procedures during preoperative anaesthetic evaluation","authors":"P. Vassilakopoulou, Vassilis Tsagkas, N. Marmaras","doi":"10.1145/1962300.1962330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1962300.1962330","url":null,"abstract":"Motivation --- The aim of this paper is to study deviations from formal procedures during preoperative anaesthetic evaluation and to investigate their possible association with the assumptions that anaesthesiologists make during the evaluation. The findings of this analysis can be applied for the identification of requirements and limitations for the standardisation of the task through supporting tools. Research approach --- Records of 100 consecutive preanaesthesia evaluations for elective surgery in a private hospital were retrospectively analysed. In addition, field observations were carried out in order to guide data collection and support the formulation of an initial framework for organizing our findings. This way, data analysis and fieldwork were interwoven, feeding each other. Findings/Design --- The review of 100 preanaesthesia evaluation records revealed that a significant number of them deviated from the normative course of action. Specifically, contrary to the stipulations of the prescribed procedure, in 26% of our cases, the evaluation was performed without having available the preoperative laboratory test results. Furthermore, the form provided for the documentation of the evaluation was scarcely filled-in (75% of the forms had less than 30 out of the 83 total fields completed. In the same time, free-text fields were extensively used, spilling over their content to other fields in 15% of the cases. Our findings are consistent with prior research which indicates that routine laboratory tests are not critical for the evaluation of the patient. Furthermore, the frequently completed fields coincide with the main findings of previous research on the opinions of anaesthesiologists regarding what variables they consider as important. A possible explanation for the observed deviations from formal procedures and low utilisation of standardized forms could be that anaesthesiologists are engaged in a thinking-acting process rather than in a process of information collection directed by a protocol. Standardisation efforts through supporting tools ought to be non-obstructive to this process. Research limitations/Implications --- Our research is limited by the modest sample size of 100 cases and input from a single hospital. Nevertheless, the questions raised and initial hypotheses formulated can be further tested with a larger sample size and different medical establishments. Originality/Value --- Anaesthesiologists have been leaders in applying lessons from Human Factors and Cognitive Ergonomics, but most effort was directed to the development of support tools and decision aids for the operating theatre. The research presented here aims at extending those lessons to the preanaesthesia related tasks. Take away message --- Deviations from the formal procedure during preoperative anaesthetic evaluation can be used for the identification of requirements and limitations for the standardisation of the task through supporting tools.","PeriodicalId":115733,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 28th Annual European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131952908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study contributes to a better understanding of how the use of different tools influences both the design process and the way that final designs are assessed. Unlike previous research comparing computer aided design (CAD) and freehand sketching, we compared CAD and manual modelling. CAD systems and manual modelling both tend to be used after the early design stage, which is mainly involves sketching. Our study would therefore be useful for determining which of the two is more appropriate, depending on the designer's priorities and the intended purpose of the object being developed. Our study was conducted in two phases. First the activities of 20 designers were recorded in two different experimental conditions: 1) using a CAD system 2) using manual modelling. Secondly, 20 other participants (judges) were asked to assess the end results of these activities. According to the experimental condition, we observed differences in both the design activities and the assessments of the final designs. More specifically, items designed using a CAD system were scored higher on aesthetics, originality and marketing. However, no difference was observed for the functionality criterion. Use of a CAD system would appear to be most appropriate for highlighting aesthetic and marketing features, but manual modelling remains a suitable tool for designing functional objects.
{"title":"Externalisation in design: impact of different tools on designers' activities and on the assessment of final design","authors":"A. Wojtczuk, N. Bonnardel","doi":"10.1145/1962300.1962317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1962300.1962317","url":null,"abstract":"This study contributes to a better understanding of how the use of different tools influences both the design process and the way that final designs are assessed. Unlike previous research comparing computer aided design (CAD) and freehand sketching, we compared CAD and manual modelling. CAD systems and manual modelling both tend to be used after the early design stage, which is mainly involves sketching. Our study would therefore be useful for determining which of the two is more appropriate, depending on the designer's priorities and the intended purpose of the object being developed. Our study was conducted in two phases. First the activities of 20 designers were recorded in two different experimental conditions: 1) using a CAD system 2) using manual modelling. Secondly, 20 other participants (judges) were asked to assess the end results of these activities. According to the experimental condition, we observed differences in both the design activities and the assessments of the final designs. More specifically, items designed using a CAD system were scored higher on aesthetics, originality and marketing. However, no difference was observed for the functionality criterion. Use of a CAD system would appear to be most appropriate for highlighting aesthetic and marketing features, but manual modelling remains a suitable tool for designing functional objects.","PeriodicalId":115733,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 28th Annual European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123682747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eye activity measures are utilized to make inferences about human activity. While much is known how to use the eye to infer workload, less is known about inferring higher-level cognitive processes from lower-level eye movements. The main question addressed in the workshop is how to use eye activity measures in order to support higher-level cognitive processes. The workshop mainly serves to establish an international special interest group interested in making research proposals about the above-mentioned topic. The workshop entails a full day using the morning to establish a short overview of the state-of-the-art in eye activity measures and applications. The afternoon will be used to form consortia and generate research proposal ideas. People interested are required to shortly motivate their attendance by describing their research interest, experience, and a visionary statement that identifies knowledge gaps and possible approaches to bridge them (max. 500 words).
{"title":"Eye-tracking = reading the mind","authors":"T. D. Greef, Assaf Botzer, P. V. Maanen","doi":"10.1145/1962300.1962363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1962300.1962363","url":null,"abstract":"Eye activity measures are utilized to make inferences about human activity. While much is known how to use the eye to infer workload, less is known about inferring higher-level cognitive processes from lower-level eye movements. The main question addressed in the workshop is how to use eye activity measures in order to support higher-level cognitive processes. The workshop mainly serves to establish an international special interest group interested in making research proposals about the above-mentioned topic. The workshop entails a full day using the morning to establish a short overview of the state-of-the-art in eye activity measures and applications. The afternoon will be used to form consortia and generate research proposal ideas. People interested are required to shortly motivate their attendance by describing their research interest, experience, and a visionary statement that identifies knowledge gaps and possible approaches to bridge them (max. 500 words).","PeriodicalId":115733,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 28th Annual European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"511 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116204392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This talk will present a series of design explorations into tangible and pervasive games for children. The applications explored very different types of games and form factors for the devices used, but they share the intention to support well being of children either through supporting learning, rehabilitation or simply making children more physically and socially active. The research vision driving these efforts will be described introducing the concepts of head-up games and meta-design for children's game will be introduced.
{"title":"Embodiment in games: designing for children's well being","authors":"P. Markopoulos","doi":"10.1145/1962300.1962304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1962300.1962304","url":null,"abstract":"This talk will present a series of design explorations into tangible and pervasive games for children. The applications explored very different types of games and form factors for the devices used, but they share the intention to support well being of children either through supporting learning, rehabilitation or simply making children more physically and socially active. The research vision driving these efforts will be described introducing the concepts of head-up games and meta-design for children's game will be introduced.","PeriodicalId":115733,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 28th Annual European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114969495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Arendsen, Joris B. Janssen, S. Begeer, Fred C. Stekelenburg
Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) may benefit from 'self care' solutions which use social robotics principles. Specifically, the authors propose to use robots in various ways to help such children with the acquisition and training of important pragmatic social behaviors, for example greetings. In order to create such a learning environment, knowledge about 'typical social behavior' and 'ASD deviations in social behavior' will be modelled. The main propositions, for which some evidence already exists, are that (1) interaction with (robotic) technology is free of social tension for children with ASD and (2) this can therefore, by removing inhibitions, aid the acquisition and training of social skills, and, moreover (3), that these skills can be transferred and used productively in social interaction with other humans.
{"title":"The use of robots in social behavior tutoring for children with ASD","authors":"J. Arendsen, Joris B. Janssen, S. Begeer, Fred C. Stekelenburg","doi":"10.1145/1962300.1962389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1962300.1962389","url":null,"abstract":"Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) may benefit from 'self care' solutions which use social robotics principles. Specifically, the authors propose to use robots in various ways to help such children with the acquisition and training of important pragmatic social behaviors, for example greetings. In order to create such a learning environment, knowledge about 'typical social behavior' and 'ASD deviations in social behavior' will be modelled. The main propositions, for which some evidence already exists, are that (1) interaction with (robotic) technology is free of social tension for children with ASD and (2) this can therefore, by removing inhibitions, aid the acquisition and training of social skills, and, moreover (3), that these skills can be transferred and used productively in social interaction with other humans.","PeriodicalId":115733,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 28th Annual European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115190361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antoine A. J. van de Ven, A. Sponselee, B. Schouten
Motivation -- The use of a Home Care Robot combined with a sensor network could possibly improve or replace current home Tele-healthcare systems that monitor elderly people or other people with health problems. Using robot for this is a new and we want to find out what the advantages or disadvantages could be. Research approach -- By using non-invasive wireless sensors the health of the person can be monitored. In case of a possible problem, like when the person has fallen, a robot can autonomously go to the person and ask or check whether help from care-providers would be needed. This check could avoid many false alarms. The robot can call a care-provider by itself. The control of the robot can also be taken over by a care-provider to enable telepresence. By communicating with the person though the robot and seeing through the camera of the robot, the care-provider can then better evaluate the situation and help remotely or send help directly. Findings/Design -- The sensors, the robot and the interaction will be designed and evaluated by doing user-tests. Privacy-issues will be investigated too. Take away message -- The use of such a Home Care Robot can be very cost-effective because it enables people to live longer in their own home, it can prevent many false alarms for the care-provider and compared to systems that need cameras everywhere it can offer more privacy.
{"title":"Robo M.D.: a home care robot for monitoring and detection of critical situations","authors":"Antoine A. J. van de Ven, A. Sponselee, B. Schouten","doi":"10.1145/1962300.1962391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1962300.1962391","url":null,"abstract":"Motivation -- The use of a Home Care Robot combined with a sensor network could possibly improve or replace current home Tele-healthcare systems that monitor elderly people or other people with health problems. Using robot for this is a new and we want to find out what the advantages or disadvantages could be. Research approach -- By using non-invasive wireless sensors the health of the person can be monitored. In case of a possible problem, like when the person has fallen, a robot can autonomously go to the person and ask or check whether help from care-providers would be needed. This check could avoid many false alarms. The robot can call a care-provider by itself. The control of the robot can also be taken over by a care-provider to enable telepresence. By communicating with the person though the robot and seeing through the camera of the robot, the care-provider can then better evaluate the situation and help remotely or send help directly. Findings/Design -- The sensors, the robot and the interaction will be designed and evaluated by doing user-tests. Privacy-issues will be investigated too. Take away message -- The use of such a Home Care Robot can be very cost-effective because it enables people to live longer in their own home, it can prevent many false alarms for the care-provider and compared to systems that need cameras everywhere it can offer more privacy.","PeriodicalId":115733,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 28th Annual European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130706527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Motivation -- Evaluation of the visual design and cognitive ergonomics of teaching ontologies. Research approach -- The underlying research framework is pursuing one method, where clarity and harmony of teaching ontology are evaluated by assessing its structure with several quantitative metrics. Findings/Design -- The method represents an 8-step methodology where different parameters of an ontology are assessed. An application was developed that helps experts during the evaluation process by utilizing automatic metric values calculating. Research limitations/Implications -- Such an approach is feasible for ontologies that are used by people for education or knowledge sharing; it is not applicable for evaluating ontology performance in the software applications. Originality/Value -- This method will practically aid the process of knowledge structuring and ontology design. Take away message -- The main characteristic of "good" teaching ontology is its harmony.
{"title":"Cognitive ergonomics of teaching ontologies","authors":"T. Gavrilova, V. Gorovoy, E. Bolotnikova","doi":"10.1145/1962300.1962356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1962300.1962356","url":null,"abstract":"Motivation -- Evaluation of the visual design and cognitive ergonomics of teaching ontologies. Research approach -- The underlying research framework is pursuing one method, where clarity and harmony of teaching ontology are evaluated by assessing its structure with several quantitative metrics. Findings/Design -- The method represents an 8-step methodology where different parameters of an ontology are assessed. An application was developed that helps experts during the evaluation process by utilizing automatic metric values calculating. Research limitations/Implications -- Such an approach is feasible for ontologies that are used by people for education or knowledge sharing; it is not applicable for evaluating ontology performance in the software applications. Originality/Value -- This method will practically aid the process of knowledge structuring and ontology design. Take away message -- The main characteristic of \"good\" teaching ontology is its harmony.","PeriodicalId":115733,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 28th Annual European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"225 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121462902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sandra Vosbergen, Ersen B. Colkesen, J. Lacroix, G. Mosis, P. Stappers, R. Kraaijenhagen, N. Peek
Motivation -- Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a chronic condition with a high prevalence in Western countries. Unless properly managed it leads to life-threatening events, increasing disabilities, and death. Due to the essential role of lifestyle in the development of CHD, patients are in a large part able to self-manage their disease. Internet-based self-management tools and services hold the promise to support patients and their caregivers in this task. Research approach -- This study aims to identify the needs and preferences of CHD patients in daily self-management challenges. An exploratory qualitative research method, originating from the field of product design, will be used to explore self-management needs of CHD patients. As a preparation to this study a literature study, four interviews and a pilot study were executed. Findings/Design -- Based on the literature study and the interviews, two different research tools were designed. These tools were tested in a pilot study. From August to October inclusive the research tools will be adjusted and the study will be executed, resulting in a description of health related self-management needs for patients with CHD. Take away message -- New opportunities for prevention of disease and health self-management arise through internet-based applications. Qualitative research methods involving patients, originating from the field of product design can contribute to the optimal development of such applications.
{"title":"Assessment of user needs for self-management services in coronary heart disease: a designerly approach","authors":"Sandra Vosbergen, Ersen B. Colkesen, J. Lacroix, G. Mosis, P. Stappers, R. Kraaijenhagen, N. Peek","doi":"10.1145/1962300.1962377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1962300.1962377","url":null,"abstract":"Motivation -- Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a chronic condition with a high prevalence in Western countries. Unless properly managed it leads to life-threatening events, increasing disabilities, and death. Due to the essential role of lifestyle in the development of CHD, patients are in a large part able to self-manage their disease. Internet-based self-management tools and services hold the promise to support patients and their caregivers in this task. Research approach -- This study aims to identify the needs and preferences of CHD patients in daily self-management challenges. An exploratory qualitative research method, originating from the field of product design, will be used to explore self-management needs of CHD patients. As a preparation to this study a literature study, four interviews and a pilot study were executed. Findings/Design -- Based on the literature study and the interviews, two different research tools were designed. These tools were tested in a pilot study. From August to October inclusive the research tools will be adjusted and the study will be executed, resulting in a description of health related self-management needs for patients with CHD. Take away message -- New opportunities for prevention of disease and health self-management arise through internet-based applications. Qualitative research methods involving patients, originating from the field of product design can contribute to the optimal development of such applications.","PeriodicalId":115733,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 28th Annual European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114360179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Ling, H. Nefs, Willem-Paul Brinkman, I. Heynderickx, C. Qu
Originality/Value -- Having a better understanding of the relation between human factors and feelings of presence may facilitate the selection of people that are most likely to benefit from virtual reality applications such as virtual reality exposure therapy (e.g. Krijn et al, 2004). A better understanding of how presence can be optimized on different displays, may also lead to the possibility to use less complex display types (as compared to HMD's or CAVE's) to create virtual reality consumer applications. It also opens the possibility to tailor the virtual reality display to the individual, optimizing presence. Research approach -- First, we investigate the relationships between perceived presence and some human factors, including stereoscopic ability, depth impression, and personality. We describe this experiment here in some detail. Second, we focus on the potential maximum presence that can be obtained for specific devices, for example, by manipulating the size, perspective and viewing distance. Third, we will investigate how monocular depth cues can be used to maximize presence for different display types. Finally, we will look specifically at how presence can be maximized on small hand-held devices, for example by incorporating compensation for display movement. In all our experiments we will focus on public speaking and person-to-avatar communication. Presence is measured in three different ways: 1) through questionnaires, 2) behaviourally, and 3) physiologically. Motivation--Several factors such as the kind of display technology and the level of user interaction have been found to affect presence (e.g., IJsselsteijn et al, 2000). Generally, it had been concluded that the more immersive types of display result in higher levels of presence. However, studies comparing the effect of display technology on presence are mostly based on rendering the same content across different displays. Previous studies have typically not attempted to optimize the content for each display type individually. Furthermore, it has not been considered before that some viewers may not benefit as much as others from higher levels of technology.
原创性/价值——更好地理解人为因素与存在感之间的关系，可能有助于选择最有可能从虚拟现实应用(如虚拟现实暴露疗法)中受益的人(例如Krijn et al, 2004)。更好地了解如何在不同的显示器上优化存在感，也可能导致使用不那么复杂的显示类型(与HMD或CAVE相比)来创建虚拟现实消费者应用程序的可能性。它还开启了为个人量身定制虚拟现实显示的可能性，优化了存在感。研究方法:首先，我们研究了感知存在与一些人为因素之间的关系，包括立体能力、深度印象和个性。我们在这里详细描述这个实验。其次，我们专注于特定设备可以获得的潜在最大存在感，例如，通过操纵尺寸，视角和观看距离。第三，我们将研究如何使用单眼深度线索来最大化不同显示类型的存在。最后，我们将特别关注如何在小型手持设备上最大化存在感，例如通过结合显示运动补偿。在我们所有的实验中，我们将把重点放在公开演讲和人对化身的交流上。存在感有三种不同的衡量方式:1)通过问卷，2)行为，3)生理。动机——有几个因素，如显示技术的类型和用户交互的水平，已经被发现会影响存在感(例如，IJsselsteijn等人，2000)。一般来说，研究得出的结论是，越具有沉浸感的显示类型会产生更高的存在感。然而，比较显示技术对呈现效果的影响的研究大多是基于在不同的显示器上呈现相同的内容。以前的研究通常没有尝试分别优化每种显示类型的内容。此外，以前没有考虑到，一些观众可能不会像其他人一样从更高水平的技术中受益。
{"title":"The role of display technology and individual differences on presence","authors":"Y. Ling, H. Nefs, Willem-Paul Brinkman, I. Heynderickx, C. Qu","doi":"10.1145/1962300.1962369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1962300.1962369","url":null,"abstract":"Originality/Value -- Having a better understanding of the relation between human factors and feelings of presence may facilitate the selection of people that are most likely to benefit from virtual reality applications such as virtual reality exposure therapy (e.g. Krijn et al, 2004). A better understanding of how presence can be optimized on different displays, may also lead to the possibility to use less complex display types (as compared to HMD's or CAVE's) to create virtual reality consumer applications. It also opens the possibility to tailor the virtual reality display to the individual, optimizing presence. Research approach -- First, we investigate the relationships between perceived presence and some human factors, including stereoscopic ability, depth impression, and personality. We describe this experiment here in some detail. Second, we focus on the potential maximum presence that can be obtained for specific devices, for example, by manipulating the size, perspective and viewing distance. Third, we will investigate how monocular depth cues can be used to maximize presence for different display types. Finally, we will look specifically at how presence can be maximized on small hand-held devices, for example by incorporating compensation for display movement. In all our experiments we will focus on public speaking and person-to-avatar communication. Presence is measured in three different ways: 1) through questionnaires, 2) behaviourally, and 3) physiologically. Motivation--Several factors such as the kind of display technology and the level of user interaction have been found to affect presence (e.g., IJsselsteijn et al, 2000). Generally, it had been concluded that the more immersive types of display result in higher levels of presence. However, studies comparing the effect of display technology on presence are mostly based on rendering the same content across different displays. Previous studies have typically not attempted to optimize the content for each display type individually. Furthermore, it has not been considered before that some viewers may not benefit as much as others from higher levels of technology.","PeriodicalId":115733,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 28th Annual European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134565136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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