The outcomes of viral infections typically correlate with viral load in host tissues. In this study, we identified a H3N2 strain A/Environment/Guangxi/44461/2019 (GX19) that induced rapid mortality in mice by 4 days post-infection despite exhibiting low pulmonary replication capacity. Pathological analysis revealed that GX19 at 106 TCID50 (GX19-6) caused more severe lung damage than GX19 at 105 TCID50 (GX19-5), while inducing pulmonary pathology comparable to a H3N8 virus A/Changsha/1000/2022 at 106 TCID50 (CS-6). Both GX19-6 and CS-6 triggered greater cardiac damage than GX19-5. Notably, GX19-6 displayed unique neurovirulence, eliciting significantly more severe brain damage than GX19-5 and CS-6, accompanied by evident cerebral haemorrhage. Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) revealed distinct cardiac gene expression profiles among viral infections. Specifically, GX19-5 up-regulated gene sets associated with arrhythmia, whereas GX19-6 triggered pathways involved in cardiac arrest. Neither of these effects was present in CS-6 infection. In the brain, GX19-6 specifically induced stronger upregulation of cerebral venous thrombosis and acute ischaemic stroke gene sets compared to other groups, consistent with its pronounced neuropathology. Transcriptomic profiling demonstrated significant alterations across all three organs in GX19-6-infected mice, showing suppression of T-cell immunity in the lungs and brain alongside elevated systemic inflammation. In the heart, increased inflammation and apoptosis were accompanied by impaired energy metabolism and reduced cardiac function, potentially contributing to the observed hypoxic responses in the heart, lungs, and brain. Collectively, these findings reveal an inflammation-driven lung-heart-brain axis in influenza virus pathogenicity.
{"title":"Low-replication influenza virus mediates high pathogenicity through an inflammation-driven lung-heart-brain axis in mice.","authors":"Wenfei Zhu,Zhuoya Xu,Xinglian Wang,Xiyan Li,Zi Li,Guolin Dong,Lei Yang,Ye Zhang,Ruina You,Yousong Peng,Dayan Wang","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2608406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2025.2608406","url":null,"abstract":"The outcomes of viral infections typically correlate with viral load in host tissues. In this study, we identified a H3N2 strain A/Environment/Guangxi/44461/2019 (GX19) that induced rapid mortality in mice by 4 days post-infection despite exhibiting low pulmonary replication capacity. Pathological analysis revealed that GX19 at 106 TCID50 (GX19-6) caused more severe lung damage than GX19 at 105 TCID50 (GX19-5), while inducing pulmonary pathology comparable to a H3N8 virus A/Changsha/1000/2022 at 106 TCID50 (CS-6). Both GX19-6 and CS-6 triggered greater cardiac damage than GX19-5. Notably, GX19-6 displayed unique neurovirulence, eliciting significantly more severe brain damage than GX19-5 and CS-6, accompanied by evident cerebral haemorrhage. Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) revealed distinct cardiac gene expression profiles among viral infections. Specifically, GX19-5 up-regulated gene sets associated with arrhythmia, whereas GX19-6 triggered pathways involved in cardiac arrest. Neither of these effects was present in CS-6 infection. In the brain, GX19-6 specifically induced stronger upregulation of cerebral venous thrombosis and acute ischaemic stroke gene sets compared to other groups, consistent with its pronounced neuropathology. Transcriptomic profiling demonstrated significant alterations across all three organs in GX19-6-infected mice, showing suppression of T-cell immunity in the lungs and brain alongside elevated systemic inflammation. In the heart, increased inflammation and apoptosis were accompanied by impaired energy metabolism and reduced cardiac function, potentially contributing to the observed hypoxic responses in the heart, lungs, and brain. Collectively, these findings reveal an inflammation-driven lung-heart-brain axis in influenza virus pathogenicity.","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":"9 1","pages":"2608406"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145907840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2025.2608395
Long Hoang Tran,Anh Ngoc Bui,Hyeok-Il Kwon,Tung Duy Dao,Asela Weerawardhana,Trang Mai Tran,Hoa Thi Vu,Quy Duy Nguyen,Nuwan Gamage,Min Ho Kim,Ji-Yoon Moon,Ji-Hyeon Hong,Jin Kim,Yongkwan Kim,Yeonji Kim,Wonjun Kim,Garam Kim,Song-I Lee,Young-Sik Kim,Hu Suk Lee,Joo Young Lee,In-Joong Yoon,In Pil Mo,Weonhwa Jheong,Sung-Sik Yoo,Vuong Nghia Bui,Jong-Soo Lee
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and often fatal disease that poses a serious threat to global pig farming and food security. Despite decades of research, a safe and effective vaccine has not yet been widely implemented. In our previous study, we introduced ASFV-MEC-01, a novel live attenuated vaccine candidate developed through serial passaging of a field isolate in CA-CAS-01-A cells and subsequently characterized. In the present study, we further evaluated the safety parameters of ASFV-MEC-01. Specifically, we reaffirmed the safety and protective efficacy of ASFV-MEC-01 against a highly virulent Vietnamese ASFV strain. Notably, safety assessments were also conducted in pregnant sows. Furthermore, ASFV-MEC-01 showed no evidence of horizontal transmission to sentinel pigs and did not revert to virulence after consecutive in vivo passages, confirming its phenotypic stability. The vaccine also induced a sustained immune response in vaccinated pigs. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that ASFV-MEC-01 is a promising and safe live attenuated vaccine candidate, offering a valuable tool for effective ASF control.
{"title":"Evaluation of the vaccine candidate ASFV-MEC-01: safety, efficacy, transmission dynamics, and assessment of reversion to virulence.","authors":"Long Hoang Tran,Anh Ngoc Bui,Hyeok-Il Kwon,Tung Duy Dao,Asela Weerawardhana,Trang Mai Tran,Hoa Thi Vu,Quy Duy Nguyen,Nuwan Gamage,Min Ho Kim,Ji-Yoon Moon,Ji-Hyeon Hong,Jin Kim,Yongkwan Kim,Yeonji Kim,Wonjun Kim,Garam Kim,Song-I Lee,Young-Sik Kim,Hu Suk Lee,Joo Young Lee,In-Joong Yoon,In Pil Mo,Weonhwa Jheong,Sung-Sik Yoo,Vuong Nghia Bui,Jong-Soo Lee","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2608395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2025.2608395","url":null,"abstract":"African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and often fatal disease that poses a serious threat to global pig farming and food security. Despite decades of research, a safe and effective vaccine has not yet been widely implemented. In our previous study, we introduced ASFV-MEC-01, a novel live attenuated vaccine candidate developed through serial passaging of a field isolate in CA-CAS-01-A cells and subsequently characterized. In the present study, we further evaluated the safety parameters of ASFV-MEC-01. Specifically, we reaffirmed the safety and protective efficacy of ASFV-MEC-01 against a highly virulent Vietnamese ASFV strain. Notably, safety assessments were also conducted in pregnant sows. Furthermore, ASFV-MEC-01 showed no evidence of horizontal transmission to sentinel pigs and did not revert to virulence after consecutive in vivo passages, confirming its phenotypic stability. The vaccine also induced a sustained immune response in vaccinated pigs. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that ASFV-MEC-01 is a promising and safe live attenuated vaccine candidate, offering a valuable tool for effective ASF control.","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":"42 1","pages":"2608395"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145907841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2025.2608405
Xiao Hu,Yu Geng,Lingyan Shen,Chenyu Tao,Feng Wang,Hongyuan Guo,Xi Chen,Yuxin Chen,Zheng Fu
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a highly fatal infectious disease caused by the SFTS virus (SFTSV). Reliable prognostic biomarkers are essential for early intervention, yet specific markers for SFTSV infection remain unidentified. In this study, we identified SFTSV-encoded microRNA-like small RNAs (milRNAs) in patients' sera and evaluated their potential as prognosis biomarker. A multi-phase study involving 170 laboratory-confirmed SFTS patients, 40 patients with other infection and 80 healthy controls was conducted. Small RNA deep sequencing was performed, followed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and TA cloning for individual validation. The expression dynamics of identified milRNAs were analyzed across different disease stages, and their prognostic potential was assessed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression. Three SFTSV-encoded milRNAs - SFTSV-S-1480 (S-1480), SFTSV-M-692 (M-692), and SFTSV-L-4706 (L-4706) - were significantly elevated in the sera of severe patients but were nearly undetectable in mild cases and healthy controls. Their expression levels increased notably during the multiple organ dysfunction (MOD) stage, correlating with disease progression. Patients with higher milRNA expression had significantly shorter survival compared to those with lower expression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated that the three-milRNA panel outperformed traditional blood immune cell indicators in predicting disease severity. Our study identifies a panel of three SFTSV-encoded milRNAs as novel prognostic biomarkers for SFTS. Their strong correlation with disease progression and clinical outcomes suggests their potential utility for early risk stratification and targeted intervention.
{"title":"SFTSV-encoded microRNA-like small RNA as prognostic biomarkers in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome.","authors":"Xiao Hu,Yu Geng,Lingyan Shen,Chenyu Tao,Feng Wang,Hongyuan Guo,Xi Chen,Yuxin Chen,Zheng Fu","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2608405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2025.2608405","url":null,"abstract":"Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a highly fatal infectious disease caused by the SFTS virus (SFTSV). Reliable prognostic biomarkers are essential for early intervention, yet specific markers for SFTSV infection remain unidentified. In this study, we identified SFTSV-encoded microRNA-like small RNAs (milRNAs) in patients' sera and evaluated their potential as prognosis biomarker. A multi-phase study involving 170 laboratory-confirmed SFTS patients, 40 patients with other infection and 80 healthy controls was conducted. Small RNA deep sequencing was performed, followed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and TA cloning for individual validation. The expression dynamics of identified milRNAs were analyzed across different disease stages, and their prognostic potential was assessed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression. Three SFTSV-encoded milRNAs - SFTSV-S-1480 (S-1480), SFTSV-M-692 (M-692), and SFTSV-L-4706 (L-4706) - were significantly elevated in the sera of severe patients but were nearly undetectable in mild cases and healthy controls. Their expression levels increased notably during the multiple organ dysfunction (MOD) stage, correlating with disease progression. Patients with higher milRNA expression had significantly shorter survival compared to those with lower expression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated that the three-milRNA panel outperformed traditional blood immune cell indicators in predicting disease severity. Our study identifies a panel of three SFTSV-encoded milRNAs as novel prognostic biomarkers for SFTS. Their strong correlation with disease progression and clinical outcomes suggests their potential utility for early risk stratification and targeted intervention.","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":"125 1","pages":"2608405"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145907698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-29DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2025.2610855
Niranjana Nair, Julia Friese, Paul J. Wichgers Schreur, Albert D.M.E. Osterhaus, Guus F Rimmelzwaan, Chittappen Kandiyil Prajeeth
{"title":"Differential innate immune activation by wild-type and NSs-deficient RVFV strains in human blood monocytes","authors":"Niranjana Nair, Julia Friese, Paul J. Wichgers Schreur, Albert D.M.E. Osterhaus, Guus F Rimmelzwaan, Chittappen Kandiyil Prajeeth","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2610855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2025.2610855","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145847260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Balkan Peninsula is a hotspot for sand fly-borne phleboviruses (SbPVs), yet Kosovo had no confirmed viral detection in vectors despite serological evidence of human and animal exposure. This study reports the discovery, genetic characterization, and seroprevalence of a novel phlebovirus, Grapi virus (GRPV), in Kosovo. Entomological surveys (2022-2023) collected 3,575 sand flies across seven districts. Morphological and molecular identification revealed Phlebotomus perfiliewi as the dominant species. Pan-phlebovirus RT-PCR screening identified GRPV in seven pools. Complete genome sequencing confirmed its tripartite genome, sharing 97.55-98.70% nucleotide identity with Bregalaka virus, classifying it within the Phlebovirus adanaense species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed segment-specific ancestry, suggesting recombination events between Bregalaka virus, Adana virus, and Medjerda Valley virus.Seroprevalence studies using neutralization assays detected GRPV-specific antibodies in 13.0% of humans and 2.7% of dogs. Human seropositivity peaked in adolescents and declined with age, while dogs showed higher rates in purebred and unhealthy ones. No cross-reactivity with Toscana or Sicilian viruses was observed, indicating distinct immunological responses. GRPV replicated efficiently in Vero cells and more slowly in mosquito cells, suggesting mammalian adaptation.GRPV detection in Kosovo underscores the role of the Balkan region in SbPV emergence. GRPV zoonotic potential is supported by the anthropophilic feeding behavior of Ph. perfiliewi and by the significant seroprevalence rates in dogs and humans. Limitations include biased human/dog sampling and sparse northern Kosovo coverage. Future studies should address GRPV pathogenicity, clinical relevance and ecological drivers of transmission. Integrated vector surveillance and diagnostics are essential to mitigate emerging arboviruses in the Balkans.
{"title":"Sand Fly-Associated Phlebovirus with Evidence of Neutralizing Antibodies in Humans and Dogs in Kosovo.","authors":"Elif Kurum,Xhevat Jakupi,Betim Xhekaj,Katharina Platzgummer,Ina Hoxha,Julia Walochnik,Vít Dvorák,Donjeta Hajdari,Pranvera Abazi,Adelheid G Obwaller,Jovana Stefanovska,Aleksandar Cvetkovikj,Kurtesh Sherifi,Remi Charrel,Edwin Kniha,Nazli Ayhan","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2608407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2025.2608407","url":null,"abstract":"The Balkan Peninsula is a hotspot for sand fly-borne phleboviruses (SbPVs), yet Kosovo had no confirmed viral detection in vectors despite serological evidence of human and animal exposure. This study reports the discovery, genetic characterization, and seroprevalence of a novel phlebovirus, Grapi virus (GRPV), in Kosovo. Entomological surveys (2022-2023) collected 3,575 sand flies across seven districts. Morphological and molecular identification revealed Phlebotomus perfiliewi as the dominant species. Pan-phlebovirus RT-PCR screening identified GRPV in seven pools. Complete genome sequencing confirmed its tripartite genome, sharing 97.55-98.70% nucleotide identity with Bregalaka virus, classifying it within the Phlebovirus adanaense species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed segment-specific ancestry, suggesting recombination events between Bregalaka virus, Adana virus, and Medjerda Valley virus.Seroprevalence studies using neutralization assays detected GRPV-specific antibodies in 13.0% of humans and 2.7% of dogs. Human seropositivity peaked in adolescents and declined with age, while dogs showed higher rates in purebred and unhealthy ones. No cross-reactivity with Toscana or Sicilian viruses was observed, indicating distinct immunological responses. GRPV replicated efficiently in Vero cells and more slowly in mosquito cells, suggesting mammalian adaptation.GRPV detection in Kosovo underscores the role of the Balkan region in SbPV emergence. GRPV zoonotic potential is supported by the anthropophilic feeding behavior of Ph. perfiliewi and by the significant seroprevalence rates in dogs and humans. Limitations include biased human/dog sampling and sparse northern Kosovo coverage. Future studies should address GRPV pathogenicity, clinical relevance and ecological drivers of transmission. Integrated vector surveillance and diagnostics are essential to mitigate emerging arboviruses in the Balkans.","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":"24 1","pages":"2608407"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145800997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Currently, 9-valent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are recommended for males aged 16-26 years in China. Herein, we evaluated the impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) on the prevalence of multiple HPV infections across different age groups of males, including men who have sex with men (MSM), to inform future vaccination strategies. A cohort of 5,033 HPV-infected males were selected from Shenzhen Third People's Hospital between 2018 and 2023. HIV status and basic clinical information were collected. Among this cohort, 766 individuals were identified as MSM. Increasing age was associated with a higher prevalence of multiple HPV infections among HIV+ males. In contrast, among HIV- males, the prevalence of multiple HPV infections demonstrated a bimodal distribution with age. The highest prevalence was observed in the ≤20 years group (49.3%), followed by a second peak in the >50 years group (47.3%). Among HPV-infected individuals over 50 years old, the prevalence of infection with at least one vaccine-covered HPV type was higher in HIV+ men (97.8%) than the average level across all groups. Our analysis revealed distinct age-related patterns of multiple HPV infections between HIV+ and HIV- males. Furthermore, HPV types covered by the vaccine remained highly prevalent among older adults in both HIV+ and HIV- males. These findings support expanding the age eligibility criteria for male HPV vaccination programs in China and underscore the need to prioritize vaccination for high-risk groups, including HIV+ men, MSM, and older males.
{"title":"Age-Specific Prevalence of Multiple Human Papillomavirus Infections in a Clinical Cohort of Men: A Cross-Sectional Study in Shenzhen, China.","authors":"Huan Liu,Siyu Duan,Wenzhu Chu,Rongqing Yang,Lanlan Wei,Siwei Zhang","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2608402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2025.2608402","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, 9-valent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are recommended for males aged 16-26 years in China. Herein, we evaluated the impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) on the prevalence of multiple HPV infections across different age groups of males, including men who have sex with men (MSM), to inform future vaccination strategies. A cohort of 5,033 HPV-infected males were selected from Shenzhen Third People's Hospital between 2018 and 2023. HIV status and basic clinical information were collected. Among this cohort, 766 individuals were identified as MSM. Increasing age was associated with a higher prevalence of multiple HPV infections among HIV+ males. In contrast, among HIV- males, the prevalence of multiple HPV infections demonstrated a bimodal distribution with age. The highest prevalence was observed in the ≤20 years group (49.3%), followed by a second peak in the >50 years group (47.3%). Among HPV-infected individuals over 50 years old, the prevalence of infection with at least one vaccine-covered HPV type was higher in HIV+ men (97.8%) than the average level across all groups. Our analysis revealed distinct age-related patterns of multiple HPV infections between HIV+ and HIV- males. Furthermore, HPV types covered by the vaccine remained highly prevalent among older adults in both HIV+ and HIV- males. These findings support expanding the age eligibility criteria for male HPV vaccination programs in China and underscore the need to prioritize vaccination for high-risk groups, including HIV+ men, MSM, and older males.","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":"45 1","pages":"2608402"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145800995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
African swine fever (ASF), a pig disease caused by ASFV, is highly contagious and often lethal. The recent emergence of novel ASFV with I/II genomic recombination has posed significant challenges to global ASF prevention and control. In this study, we used the Chinese I/II genomic recombinant virulent strain ASFV-HN10005 (ASFV-HN) to construct two gene-deleted viruses. ASFV-HNΔMGF lacks the MGF505-1R-MGF360-14L genes cluster (including MGF505-1R, -2R, -3R, and MGF360-12L, -13L, -14L), and ASFV-HNΔCD2vΔMGF lacks both EP402R and the MGF505-1R-MGF360-14L genes cluster. ASFV-HNΔMGF still showed pathogenicity in domestic pigs, while ASFV-HNΔCD2vΔMGF showed markedly attenuated virulence, with all inoculated pigs surviving. However, these pigs did not gain complete protection against subsequent lethal challenge from the parental ASFV-HN strain or the virulent II-type strain ASFV-GZ. This implies that I/II genomic recombinant ASFV may have unique biological traits and immune evasion mechanisms. Our findings indicate the need to reassess current ASFV control strategies and provide a basis for future vaccine target selection.
{"title":"The Deletion of the EP402R and MGF505/360 Genes Attenuates a Genotype I/II Recombinant ASFV but Fails to Confer Complete Protection against Homologous or Genotype II Challenge in Pigs.","authors":"Yao Li,Yingnan Liu,Zhuyun Sun,Zhenhua Xie,Chuanwen Tian,Rongrong Wang,Jun Gao,Maomao Wang,Jingyi Liu,Heng Wang,Guihong Zhang,Jie Li,Dongdong Di,Lang Gong,Hongjun Chen","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2608396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2025.2608396","url":null,"abstract":"African swine fever (ASF), a pig disease caused by ASFV, is highly contagious and often lethal. The recent emergence of novel ASFV with I/II genomic recombination has posed significant challenges to global ASF prevention and control. In this study, we used the Chinese I/II genomic recombinant virulent strain ASFV-HN10005 (ASFV-HN) to construct two gene-deleted viruses. ASFV-HNΔMGF lacks the MGF505-1R-MGF360-14L genes cluster (including MGF505-1R, -2R, -3R, and MGF360-12L, -13L, -14L), and ASFV-HNΔCD2vΔMGF lacks both EP402R and the MGF505-1R-MGF360-14L genes cluster. ASFV-HNΔMGF still showed pathogenicity in domestic pigs, while ASFV-HNΔCD2vΔMGF showed markedly attenuated virulence, with all inoculated pigs surviving. However, these pigs did not gain complete protection against subsequent lethal challenge from the parental ASFV-HN strain or the virulent II-type strain ASFV-GZ. This implies that I/II genomic recombinant ASFV may have unique biological traits and immune evasion mechanisms. Our findings indicate the need to reassess current ASFV control strategies and provide a basis for future vaccine target selection.","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":"22 1","pages":"2608396"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145800996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2025.2572676
Marc-Antoine de La Vega,Ara Xiii,Courtney Woolsey,Gary P Kobinger
Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, has shifted from a regional concern to a global health priority. Progress toward targeted antivirals and vaccines, however, still hinges on a complex array of animal models developed over the last sixty years. This review distills all literature regarding Mpox animal models-from rodent to non-human primate species-into a clear, comparative narrative. We outline how host species, viral clade, and inoculation route shape clinical course and immune responses, and we identify which models best address questions of pathogenesis, transmission, and medical countermeasure efficacy. The resulting roadmap is designed to help researchers, funders, and regulators select the most informative tools and streamline mpox drug discovery pipelines.
{"title":"Mpox animal models: A comprehensive evaluation of susceptible species for pathogenesis studies and drug discovery.","authors":"Marc-Antoine de La Vega,Ara Xiii,Courtney Woolsey,Gary P Kobinger","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2572676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2025.2572676","url":null,"abstract":"Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, has shifted from a regional concern to a global health priority. Progress toward targeted antivirals and vaccines, however, still hinges on a complex array of animal models developed over the last sixty years. This review distills all literature regarding Mpox animal models-from rodent to non-human primate species-into a clear, comparative narrative. We outline how host species, viral clade, and inoculation route shape clinical course and immune responses, and we identify which models best address questions of pathogenesis, transmission, and medical countermeasure efficacy. The resulting roadmap is designed to help researchers, funders, and regulators select the most informative tools and streamline mpox drug discovery pipelines.","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":"9 1","pages":"2572676"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145752716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infections have raised increasing global concern. Recurrent outbreaks across diverse regions underscore the urgent need for proactive measures to prevent further epidemic spread. Key drivers-including high vector density, viral adaptive mutations, and delayed early intervention-have been addressed as critical factors promoting CHIKV emergence and transmission. Prompt case detection, integrated vector management, real-time genomic tracking, and water surveillance are pivotal to effective containment. Additionally, the availability of two licensed vaccines and several candidates in advanced clinical development offers new opportunities to protect vulnerable populations. We here emphasized the need to address the drivers of outbreaks and implement timely prevention and control measures, alongside deploying available vaccines to protect at-risk populations.
{"title":"Global Resurgence of Chikungunya Virus: Outbreak Drivers and Emerging Solutions.","authors":"Yi Zhang,Jing Wu,Xiaoyang Cheng,Yuxuan Yang,Xinyu Wang,Xiaoyu Zhao,Xiaoyan Wang,Huiling Ouyang,Jingwen Ai,Wenhong Zhang","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2603714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2025.2603714","url":null,"abstract":"Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infections have raised increasing global concern. Recurrent outbreaks across diverse regions underscore the urgent need for proactive measures to prevent further epidemic spread. Key drivers-including high vector density, viral adaptive mutations, and delayed early intervention-have been addressed as critical factors promoting CHIKV emergence and transmission. Prompt case detection, integrated vector management, real-time genomic tracking, and water surveillance are pivotal to effective containment. Additionally, the availability of two licensed vaccines and several candidates in advanced clinical development offers new opportunities to protect vulnerable populations. We here emphasized the need to address the drivers of outbreaks and implement timely prevention and control measures, alongside deploying available vaccines to protect at-risk populations.","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":"145 1","pages":"2603714"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145752717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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