Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-06-27DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2369193
Anke Chen, Ning Fang, Zhifei Zhang, Yiqing Wen, Yajie Shen, Yanjie Zhang, Lu Zhang, Guoping Zhao, Jin Ding, Jixi Li
The global outbreak of Mpox, caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), has attracted international attention and become another major infectious disease event after COVID-19. The mRNA cap N7 methyltransferase (RNMT) of MPXV methylates the N7 position of the added guanosine to the 5'-cap structure of mRNAs and plays a vital role in evading host antiviral immunity. MPXV RNMT is composed of the large subunit E1 and the small subunit E12. How E1 and E12 of MPXV assembly remains unclear. Here, we report the crystal structures of E12, the MTase domain of E1 with E12 (E1CTD-E12) complex, and the E1CTD-E12-SAM ternary complex, revealing the detailed conformations of critical residues and the structural changes upon E12 binding to E1. Functional studies suggest that E1CTD N-terminal extension (Asp545-Arg562) and the small subunit E12 play an essential role in the binding process of SAM. Structural comparison of the AlphaFold2-predicted E1, E1CTD-E12 complex, and the homologous D1-D12 complex of vaccinia virus (VACV) indicates an allosteric activating effect of E1 in MPXV. Our findings provide the structural basis for the MTase activity stimulation of the E1-E12 complex and suggest a potential interface for screening the anti-poxvirus inhibitors.
{"title":"Structural basis of the monkeypox virus mRNA cap N7 methyltransferase complex.","authors":"Anke Chen, Ning Fang, Zhifei Zhang, Yiqing Wen, Yajie Shen, Yanjie Zhang, Lu Zhang, Guoping Zhao, Jin Ding, Jixi Li","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2369193","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2369193","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The global outbreak of Mpox, caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), has attracted international attention and become another major infectious disease event after COVID-19. The mRNA cap N7 methyltransferase (RNMT) of MPXV methylates the N7 position of the added guanosine to the 5'-cap structure of mRNAs and plays a vital role in evading host antiviral immunity. MPXV RNMT is composed of the large subunit E1 and the small subunit E12. How E1 and E12 of MPXV assembly remains unclear. Here, we report the crystal structures of E12, the MTase domain of E1 with E12 (E1<sub>CTD</sub>-E12) complex, and the E1<sub>CTD</sub>-E12-SAM ternary complex, revealing the detailed conformations of critical residues and the structural changes upon E12 binding to E1. Functional studies suggest that E1<sub>CTD</sub> N-terminal extension (Asp545-Arg562) and the small subunit E12 play an essential role in the binding process of SAM. Structural comparison of the AlphaFold2-predicted E1, E1<sub>CTD</sub>-E12 complex, and the homologous D1-D12 complex of vaccinia virus (VACV) indicates an allosteric activating effect of E1 in MPXV. Our findings provide the structural basis for the MTase activity stimulation of the E1-E12 complex and suggest a potential interface for screening the anti-poxvirus inhibitors.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11212559/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141317169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-05-26DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2353292
Taeyong Kwon, Jessie D Trujillo, Mariano Carossino, Eu Lim Lyoo, Chester D McDowell, Konner Cool, Franco S Matias-Ferreyra, Trushar Jeevan, Igor Morozov, Natasha N Gaudreault, Udeni B R Balasuriya, Richard J Webby, Nikolaus Osterrieder, Juergen A Richt
ABSTRACTRapid evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) is driven by antigenic drift but also by reassortment, which might result in robust replication in and transmission to mammals. Recently, spillover of clade 2.3.4.4b HPAIV to mammals including humans, and their transmission between mammalian species has been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the pathogenicity and transmissibility of a mink-derived clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV isolate from Spain in pigs. Experimental infection caused interstitial pneumonia with necrotizing bronchiolitis with high titers of virus present in the lower respiratory tract and 100% seroconversion. Infected pigs shed limited amount of virus, and importantly, there was no transmission to contact pigs. Notably, critical mammalian-like adaptations such as PB2-E627 K and HA-Q222L emerged at low frequencies in principal-infected pigs. It is concluded that pigs are highly susceptible to infection with the mink-derived clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV and provide a favorable environment for HPAIV to acquire mammalian-like adaptations.
{"title":"Pigs are highly susceptible to but do not transmit mink-derived highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b.","authors":"Taeyong Kwon, Jessie D Trujillo, Mariano Carossino, Eu Lim Lyoo, Chester D McDowell, Konner Cool, Franco S Matias-Ferreyra, Trushar Jeevan, Igor Morozov, Natasha N Gaudreault, Udeni B R Balasuriya, Richard J Webby, Nikolaus Osterrieder, Juergen A Richt","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2353292","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2353292","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>ABSTRACT</b>Rapid evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) is driven by antigenic drift but also by reassortment, which might result in robust replication in and transmission to mammals. Recently, spillover of clade 2.3.4.4b HPAIV to mammals including humans, and their transmission between mammalian species has been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the pathogenicity and transmissibility of a mink-derived clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV isolate from Spain in pigs. Experimental infection caused interstitial pneumonia with necrotizing bronchiolitis with high titers of virus present in the lower respiratory tract and 100% seroconversion. Infected pigs shed limited amount of virus, and importantly, there was no transmission to contact pigs. Notably, critical mammalian-like adaptations such as PB2-E627 K and HA-Q222L emerged at low frequencies in principal-infected pigs. It is concluded that pigs are highly susceptible to infection with the mink-derived clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV and provide a favorable environment for HPAIV to acquire mammalian-like adaptations.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11132737/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140856489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-05-26DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2350164
Zhenzhou Huang, Yanjun Li, Keyi Yu, Lizhi Ma, Bo Pang, Qin Qin, Jie Li, Duochun Wang, He Gao, Biao Kan
Vibrio alginolyticus, an emergent species of Vibrio genus, exists in aquatic and marine environments. It has undergone genetic diversification, but its detailed genomic diversity is still unclear. Here, we performed a multi-dimensional comparative genomic analysis to explore the population phylogeny, virulence-related genes and potential drug resistance genes of 184 V. alginolyticus isolates. Although genetic diversity is complex, we analysed the population structure using three sub-datasets, including the subdivision for three lineages into sublineages and the distribution of strains in the marine ecological niche. Accessory genes, most of which reclassified V. alginolyticus genomes as different but with relatively close affinities, were nonuniformly distributed among these isolates. We demonstrated that the spread of some post-evolutionary isolates (mainly L3 strains isolated from Chinese territorial seas) was likely to be closely related to human activities, whereas other more ancestral strains (strains in the L1 and L2) tended to be locally endemic and formed clonal complex groups. In terms of pathogenicity, the potential virulence factors were mainly associated with toxin, adherence, motility, chemotaxis, and the type III secretion system (T3SS). We also found five types of antibacterial drug resistance genes. The prevalence of β-lactam resistance genes was 100%, which indicated that there may be a potential risk of natural resistance to β-lactam drugs. Our study reveals insights into genomic characteristics, evolution and potential virulence-associated gene profiles of V. alginolyticus.
溶藻弧菌是弧菌属的一个新出现的物种,存在于水生和海洋环境中。它经历了基因多样化,但其详细的基因组多样性仍不清楚。在此,我们进行了多维比较基因组分析,以探索 184 个藻类弧菌分离物的种群系统发育、毒力相关基因和潜在耐药基因。虽然遗传多样性很复杂,但我们还是利用三个子数据集分析了种群结构,包括三个系的亚系细分和菌株在海洋生态位中的分布。附属基因在这些分离株中的分布并不均匀,其中大部分基因将溶藻病毒基因组重新分类为不同的基因组,但具有相对接近的亲缘关系。我们证明,一些进化后分离株(主要是分离自中国领海的 L3 株)的传播可能与人类活动密切相关,而其他更古老的菌株(L1 和 L2 株)则倾向于在当地流行并形成克隆复合群。在致病性方面,潜在的致病因子主要与毒素、粘附性、运动性、趋化性和 III 型分泌系统(T3SS)有关。我们还发现了五种抗菌药耐药基因。β-内酰胺类耐药基因的流行率为100%,这表明可能存在对β-内酰胺类药物产生天然耐药性的潜在风险。我们的研究揭示了溶藻病毒的基因组特征、进化和潜在的毒力相关基因谱。
{"title":"Genome-wide expanding of genetic evolution and potential pathogenicity in <i>Vibrio alginolyticus</i>.","authors":"Zhenzhou Huang, Yanjun Li, Keyi Yu, Lizhi Ma, Bo Pang, Qin Qin, Jie Li, Duochun Wang, He Gao, Biao Kan","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2350164","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2350164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Vibrio alginolyticus</i>, an emergent species of <i>Vibrio</i> genus, exists in aquatic and marine environments. It has undergone genetic diversification, but its detailed genomic diversity is still unclear. Here, we performed a multi-dimensional comparative genomic analysis to explore the population phylogeny, virulence-related genes and potential drug resistance genes of 184 <i>V. alginolyticus</i> isolates. Although genetic diversity is complex, we analysed the population structure using three sub-datasets, including the subdivision for three lineages into sublineages and the distribution of strains in the marine ecological niche. Accessory genes, most of which reclassified <i>V. alginolyticus</i> genomes as different but with relatively close affinities, were nonuniformly distributed among these isolates. We demonstrated that the spread of some post-evolutionary isolates (mainly L3 strains isolated from Chinese territorial seas) was likely to be closely related to human activities, whereas other more ancestral strains (strains in the L1 and L2) tended to be locally endemic and formed clonal complex groups. In terms of pathogenicity, the potential virulence factors were mainly associated with toxin, adherence, motility, chemotaxis, and the type III secretion system (T3SS). We also found five types of antibacterial drug resistance genes. The prevalence of β-lactam resistance genes was 100%, which indicated that there may be a potential risk of natural resistance to β-lactam drugs. Our study reveals insights into genomic characteristics, evolution and potential virulence-associated gene profiles of <i>V. alginolyticus</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11132748/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140862440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-07-05DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2368217
Yulong Wang, Linjin Fan, Pengfei Ye, Zequn Wang, Chudan Liang, Quan Liu, Xiaofeng Yang, Zhenyu Long, Wendi Shi, Yuandong Zhou, Jingyan Lin, Huijun Yan, Hongxin Huang, Linna Liu, Jun Qian
Nipah virus (NiV), a highly pathogenic Henipavirus in humans, has been responsible for annual outbreaks in recent years. Experiments involving live NiV are highly restricted to biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) laboratories, which impedes NiV research. In this study, we developed transcription and replication-competent NiV-like particles (trVLP-NiV) lacking N, P, and L genes. This trVLP-NiV exhibited the ability to infect and continuously passage in cells ectopically expressing N, P, and L proteins while maintaining stable genetic characteristics. Moreover, the trVLP-NiV displayed a favourable safety profile in hamsters. Using the system, we found the NiV nucleoprotein residues interacting with viral RNA backbone affected viral replication in opposite patterns. This engineered system was sensitive to well-established antiviral drugs, innate host antiviral factors, and neutralizing antibodies. We then established a high-throughput screening platform utilizing the trVLP-NiV, leading to the identification of tunicamycin as a potential anti-NiV compound. Evidence showed that tunicamycin inhibited NiV replication by decreasing the infectivity of progeny virions. In conclusion, this trVLP-NiV system provided a convenient and versatile molecular tool for investigating NiV molecular biology and conducting antiviral drug screening under BSL-2 conditions. Its application will contribute to the development of medical countermeasures against NiV infections.
{"title":"Novel transcription and replication-competent virus-like particles system modelling the Nipah virus life cycle.","authors":"Yulong Wang, Linjin Fan, Pengfei Ye, Zequn Wang, Chudan Liang, Quan Liu, Xiaofeng Yang, Zhenyu Long, Wendi Shi, Yuandong Zhou, Jingyan Lin, Huijun Yan, Hongxin Huang, Linna Liu, Jun Qian","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2368217","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2368217","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nipah virus (NiV), a highly pathogenic Henipavirus in humans, has been responsible for annual outbreaks in recent years. Experiments involving live NiV are highly restricted to biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) laboratories, which impedes NiV research. In this study, we developed transcription and replication-competent NiV-like particles (trVLP-NiV) lacking N, P, and L genes. This trVLP-NiV exhibited the ability to infect and continuously passage in cells ectopically expressing N, P, and L proteins while maintaining stable genetic characteristics. Moreover, the trVLP-NiV displayed a favourable safety profile in hamsters. Using the system, we found the NiV nucleoprotein residues interacting with viral RNA backbone affected viral replication in opposite patterns. This engineered system was sensitive to well-established antiviral drugs, innate host antiviral factors, and neutralizing antibodies. We then established a high-throughput screening platform utilizing the trVLP-NiV, leading to the identification of tunicamycin as a potential anti-NiV compound. Evidence showed that tunicamycin inhibited NiV replication by decreasing the infectivity of progeny virions. In conclusion, this trVLP-NiV system provided a convenient and versatile molecular tool for investigating NiV molecular biology and conducting antiviral drug screening under BSL-2 conditions. Its application will contribute to the development of medical countermeasures against NiV infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11229746/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141310343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Herpes zoster remains an important global health issue and mainly occurs in aged and immunocompromised individuals with an early exposure history to Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV). Although the licensed vaccine Shingrix has remarkably high efficacy, undesired reactogenicity and increasing global demand causing vaccine shortage urged the development of improved or novel VZV vaccines. In this study, we developed a novel VZV mRNA vaccine candidate (named as ZOSAL) containing sequence-optimized mRNAs encoding full-length glycoprotein E encapsulated in an ionizable lipid nanoparticle. In mice and rhesus macaques, ZOSAL demonstrated superior immunogenicity and safety in multiple aspects over Shingrix, especially in the induction of strong T-cell immunity. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that both ZOSAL and Shingrix could robustly activate innate immune compartments, especially Type-I IFN signalling and antigen processing/presentation. Multivariate correlation analysis further identified several early factors of innate compartments that can predict the magnitude of T-cell responses, which further increased our understanding of the mode of action of two different VZV vaccine modalities. Collectively, our data demonstrated the superiority of VZV mRNA vaccine over licensed subunit vaccine. The mRNA platform therefore holds prospects for further investigations in next-generation VZV vaccine development.
带状疱疹仍然是一个重要的全球健康问题,主要发生在有水痘带状疱疹病毒(VZV)早期接触史的老年人和免疫力低下的人身上。尽管已获许可的 Shingrix 疫苗疗效显著,但其不良的致反应性和日益增长的全球需求导致疫苗短缺,这促使人们开发改良型或新型 VZV 疫苗。在这项研究中,我们开发了一种新型 VZV mRNA 候选疫苗(命名为 ZOSAL),其中包含编码全长糖蛋白 E 的序列优化的 mRNA,封装在可离子化的脂质纳米颗粒中。在小鼠和猕猴体内,ZOSAL 在多个方面都表现出优于 Shingrix 的免疫原性和安全性,尤其是在诱导强大的 T 细胞免疫方面。转录组分析表明,ZOSAL 和 Shingrix 都能强有力地激活先天性免疫分区,尤其是 I 型 IFN 信号转导和抗原处理/递呈。多变量相关分析进一步确定了先天区系中可预测 T 细胞反应程度的几个早期因素,这进一步加深了我们对两种不同 VZV 疫苗作用模式的理解。总之,我们的数据证明了 VZV mRNA 疫苗优于已获许可的亚单位疫苗。因此,mRNA 平台在下一代 VZV 疫苗开发中具有进一步研究的前景。
{"title":"Herpes zoster mRNA vaccine induces superior vaccine immunity over licensed vaccine in mice and rhesus macaques.","authors":"Lulu Huang, Tongyi Zhao, Weijun Zhao, Andong Shao, Huajun Zhao, Wenxuan Ma, Yingfei Gong, Xianhuan Zeng, Changzhen Weng, Lingling Bu, Zhenhua Di, Shiyu Sun, Qinsheng Dai, Minhui Sun, Limei Wang, Zhenguang Liu, Leilei Shi, Jiesen Hu, Shentong Fang, Cheng Zhang, Jian Zhang, Guan Wang, Karin Loré, Yong Yang, Ang Lin","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2309985","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2309985","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Herpes zoster remains an important global health issue and mainly occurs in aged and immunocompromised individuals with an early exposure history to Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV). Although the licensed vaccine Shingrix has remarkably high efficacy, undesired reactogenicity and increasing global demand causing vaccine shortage urged the development of improved or novel VZV vaccines. In this study, we developed a novel VZV mRNA vaccine candidate (named as ZOSAL) containing sequence-optimized mRNAs encoding full-length glycoprotein E encapsulated in an ionizable lipid nanoparticle. In mice and rhesus macaques, ZOSAL demonstrated superior immunogenicity and safety in multiple aspects over Shingrix, especially in the induction of strong T-cell immunity. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that both ZOSAL and Shingrix could robustly activate innate immune compartments, especially Type-I IFN signalling and antigen processing/presentation. Multivariate correlation analysis further identified several early factors of innate compartments that can predict the magnitude of T-cell responses, which further increased our understanding of the mode of action of two different VZV vaccine modalities. Collectively, our data demonstrated the superiority of VZV mRNA vaccine over licensed subunit vaccine. The mRNA platform therefore holds prospects for further investigations in next-generation VZV vaccine development.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10860463/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139519394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) is associated with a range of acute and chronic diseases such as hand, foot, and mouth disease, myocarditis, meningitis, pancreatitis, and type 1 diabetes, affecting millions of young children annually around the world. However, no vaccine is currently available for preventing CVB4 infection. Here, we report the development of inactivated viral particle vaccines for CVB4. Two types of inactivated CVB4 particles were prepared from CVB4-infected cell cultures as vaccine antigens, including F-particle (also called mature virion) consisting of VP1, VP3, VP2, and VP4 subunit proteins, and E-particle (also called empty capsid) which is made of VP1, VP3, and uncleaved VP0. Both the inactivated CVB4 F-particle and E-particle were able to potently elicit neutralizing antibodies in mice, despite slightly lower neutralizing antibody titres seen with the E-particle vaccine after the third immunization. Importantly, we demonstrated that passive transfer of either anti-F-particle or anti-E-particle sera could completely protect the recipient mice from lethal CVB4 challenge. Our study not only defines the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of inactivated CVB4 F-particle and E-particle but also reveals the central role of neutralizing antibodies in anti-CVB4 protective immunity, thus providing important information that may accelerate the development of inactivated CVB4 vaccines.
摘要ABSTRACTCoxsackievirus B4(CVB4)与手足口病、心肌炎、脑膜炎、胰腺炎和 1 型糖尿病等一系列急性和慢性疾病有关,每年影响着全球数百万幼儿。然而,目前还没有预防 CVB4 感染的疫苗。在此,我们报告了 CVB4 病毒颗粒灭活疫苗的研发情况。我们从CVB4感染的细胞培养物中制备了两种灭活的CVB4颗粒作为疫苗抗原,包括由VP1、VP3、VP2和VP4亚基蛋白组成的F颗粒(又称成熟病毒体)和由VP1、VP3和未分化VP0组成的E颗粒(又称空壳)。灭活的 CVB4 F 颗粒和 E 颗粒都能有效激发小鼠体内的中和抗体,尽管在第三次免疫后,E 颗粒疫苗的中和抗体滴度略低。重要的是,我们证明了被动转移抗 F 粒子或抗 E 粒子血清可完全保护受体小鼠免受致命的 CVB4 挑战。我们的研究不仅确定了 CVB4 F 颗粒和 E 颗粒灭活疫苗的免疫原性和保护效力,还揭示了中和抗体在抗 CVB4 保护性免疫中的核心作用,从而为加速 CVB4 灭活疫苗的开发提供了重要信息。
{"title":"Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of inactivated coxsackievirus B4 viral particles.","authors":"Tingfeng Wang, Chiyuan Wang, Lili Pang, Yujie Zhang, Shuxia Wang, Xiaozhen Liang, Zhong Huang","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2337665","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2337665","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) is associated with a range of acute and chronic diseases such as hand, foot, and mouth disease, myocarditis, meningitis, pancreatitis, and type 1 diabetes, affecting millions of young children annually around the world. However, no vaccine is currently available for preventing CVB4 infection. Here, we report the development of inactivated viral particle vaccines for CVB4. Two types of inactivated CVB4 particles were prepared from CVB4-infected cell cultures as vaccine antigens, including F-particle (also called mature virion) consisting of VP1, VP3, VP2, and VP4 subunit proteins, and E-particle (also called empty capsid) which is made of VP1, VP3, and uncleaved VP0. Both the inactivated CVB4 F-particle and E-particle were able to potently elicit neutralizing antibodies in mice, despite slightly lower neutralizing antibody titres seen with the E-particle vaccine after the third immunization. Importantly, we demonstrated that passive transfer of either anti-F-particle or anti-E-particle sera could completely protect the recipient mice from lethal CVB4 challenge. Our study not only defines the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of inactivated CVB4 F-particle and E-particle but also reveals the central role of neutralizing antibodies in anti-CVB4 protective immunity, thus providing important information that may accelerate the development of inactivated CVB4 vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11000607/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140318030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2382235
Wai Hon Chooi, Winanto, Yingying Zeng, Cheryl Yi-Pin Lee, Ze Qin Lim, Pradeep Gautam, Justin Jang Hann Chu, Yuin-Han Loh, Sylvie Alonso, Shi-Yan Ng
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) causes Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease and has been clinically associated with neurological complications. However, there is a lack of relevant models to elucidate the neuropathology of EV-A71 and its mechanism, as the current models mainly utilize animal models or immortalized cell lines. In this study, we established a human motor neuron model for EV-A71 infection. Single cell transcriptomics of a mixed neuronal population reveal higher viral RNA load in motor neurons, suggesting higher infectivity and replication of EV-A71 in motor neurons. The elevated RNA load in motor neurons correlates with the downregulation of ferritin-encoding genes. Subsequent analysis confirms that neurons infected with EV-A71 undergo ferroptosis, as evidenced by increased levels of labile Fe2+ and peroxidated lipids. Notably, the Fe2+ chelator Deferoxamine improves mitochondrial function and promotes survival of motor neurons by 40% after EV-A71 infection. These findings deepen understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of EV-A71 infection, providing insights which suggest that improving mitochondrial respiration and inhibition of ferroptosis can mitigate the impact of EV-A71 infection in the central nervous system.
{"title":"Enterovirus-A71 preferentially infects and replicates in human motor neurons, inducing neurodegeneration by ferroptosis.","authors":"Wai Hon Chooi, Winanto, Yingying Zeng, Cheryl Yi-Pin Lee, Ze Qin Lim, Pradeep Gautam, Justin Jang Hann Chu, Yuin-Han Loh, Sylvie Alonso, Shi-Yan Ng","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2382235","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2382235","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) causes Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease and has been clinically associated with neurological complications. However, there is a lack of relevant models to elucidate the neuropathology of EV-A71 and its mechanism, as the current models mainly utilize animal models or immortalized cell lines. In this study, we established a human motor neuron model for EV-A71 infection. Single cell transcriptomics of a mixed neuronal population reveal higher viral RNA load in motor neurons, suggesting higher infectivity and replication of EV-A71 in motor neurons. The elevated RNA load in motor neurons correlates with the downregulation of ferritin-encoding genes. Subsequent analysis confirms that neurons infected with EV-A71 undergo ferroptosis, as evidenced by increased levels of labile Fe<sup>2+</sup> and peroxidated lipids. Notably, the Fe<sup>2+</sup> chelator Deferoxamine improves mitochondrial function and promotes survival of motor neurons by 40% after EV-A71 infection. These findings deepen understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of EV-A71 infection, providing insights which suggest that improving mitochondrial respiration and inhibition of ferroptosis can mitigate the impact of EV-A71 infection in the central nervous system.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11285248/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141626315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2396865
Maria Casares-Jimenez, Diana Corona-Mata, Transito Garcia-Garcia, Leticia Manchado-Lopez, Lucia Rios-Muñoz, Maria de Guia-Castro, Pedro Lopez-Lopez, David Caceres-Anillo, Angela Camacho, Javier Caballero-Gomez, Ignacio Perez-Valero, Marina Gallo-Marin, Ana Belen Perez, Rainer G Ulrich, Antonio Rivero-Juarez, Antonio Rivero
ABSTRACTRat hepatitis E virus (ratHEV) is an emerging cause of acute hepatitis of zoonotic origin. Since seroprevalence studies are scarce, at-risk groups are almost unknown. Because blood-borne infections frequently occur in people with drug use, who are particularly vulnerable to infection due to lack of housing and homelessness, this population constitutes a priority in which ratHEV infection should be evaluated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the ratHEV seroprevalence and RNA detection rate in drug users as a potential at-risk population. We designed a retrospective study involving individuals that attended drug rehabilitation centres. Exposure to ratHEV was assessed by specific antibody detection using ELISA and dot blot (DB) assay and the presence of active infection by ratHEV RNA detection using RT-qPCR. Three-hundred and forty-one individuals were included, the most of them being men (67.7%) with an average age of 45 years. A total of 17 individuals showed specific IgG antibodies against ratHEV (4.6%; 95% CI; 3.1%-7.9%). One case of active ratHEV infection was identified (0.3%; 95% CI: 0.1%-1.8%). This was a 57-year-old homeless woman with limited financial resources, who had active cocaine and heroin use via parenteral route. In conclusion, we identified a potential exposure to ratHEV among drug users. Targeted studies in drug users with proper control groups are necessary to evaluate high-risk populations and transmission routes more accurately.
{"title":"Serological and molecular survey of rat hepatitis E virus (<i>Rocahepevirus ratti</i>) in drug users.","authors":"Maria Casares-Jimenez, Diana Corona-Mata, Transito Garcia-Garcia, Leticia Manchado-Lopez, Lucia Rios-Muñoz, Maria de Guia-Castro, Pedro Lopez-Lopez, David Caceres-Anillo, Angela Camacho, Javier Caballero-Gomez, Ignacio Perez-Valero, Marina Gallo-Marin, Ana Belen Perez, Rainer G Ulrich, Antonio Rivero-Juarez, Antonio Rivero","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2396865","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2396865","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>ABSTRACT</b>Rat hepatitis E virus (ratHEV) is an emerging cause of acute hepatitis of zoonotic origin. Since seroprevalence studies are scarce, at-risk groups are almost unknown. Because blood-borne infections frequently occur in people with drug use, who are particularly vulnerable to infection due to lack of housing and homelessness, this population constitutes a priority in which ratHEV infection should be evaluated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the ratHEV seroprevalence and RNA detection rate in drug users as a potential at-risk population. We designed a retrospective study involving individuals that attended drug rehabilitation centres. Exposure to ratHEV was assessed by specific antibody detection using ELISA and dot blot (DB) assay and the presence of active infection by ratHEV RNA detection using RT-qPCR. Three-hundred and forty-one individuals were included, the most of them being men (67.7%) with an average age of 45 years. A total of 17 individuals showed specific IgG antibodies against ratHEV (4.6%; 95% CI; 3.1%-7.9%). One case of active ratHEV infection was identified (0.3%; 95% CI: 0.1%-1.8%). This was a 57-year-old homeless woman with limited financial resources, who had active cocaine and heroin use via parenteral route. In conclusion, we identified a potential exposure to ratHEV among drug users. Targeted studies in drug users with proper control groups are necessary to evaluate high-risk populations and transmission routes more accurately.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11376293/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142079676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-09-08DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2396869
Ehab A Salama, Yehia Elgammal, Aruna Wijeratne, Nadia A Lanman, Sagar M Utturkar, Atena Farhangian, Jianing Li, Brigitte Meunier, Tony R Hazbun, Mohamed N Seleem
{"title":"Response to the letter to the editor: Lansoprazole interferes with fungal respiration and acts synergistically with amphotericin B against multidrug-resistant <i>Candida auris</i>.","authors":"Ehab A Salama, Yehia Elgammal, Aruna Wijeratne, Nadia A Lanman, Sagar M Utturkar, Atena Farhangian, Jianing Li, Brigitte Meunier, Tony R Hazbun, Mohamed N Seleem","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2396869","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2396869","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11382729/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142079675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2399268
Ariful Islam, Michelle Wille, Mohammed Ziaur Rahman, Ashleigh F Porter, Mohammed Enayet Hosaain, Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan, Tahmina Shirin, Jonathan H Epstein, Marcel Klaassen
High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) virus H5N1 first emerged in Bangladesh in 2007. Despite the use of vaccines in chickens since 2012 to control HPAI, HPAI H5Nx viruses have continued to infect poultry, and wild birds, resulting in notable mass mortalities in house crows (Corvus splendens). The first HPAI H5Nx viruses in Bangladesh belonged to clade 2.2.2, followed by clade 2.3.4.2 and 2.3.2.1 viruses in 2011. After the implementation of chicken vaccination in 2012, these viruses were mostly replaced by clade 2.3.2.1a viruses and more recently clade 2.3.4.4b and h viruses. In this study, we reconstruct the phylogenetic history of HPAI H5Nx viruses in Bangladesh to evaluate the role of major host species in the maintenance and evolution of HPAI H5Nx virus in Bangladesh and reveal the role of heavily impacted crows in virus epidemiology. Epizootic waves caused by HPAI H5N1 and H5N6 viruses amongst house crows occurred annually in winter. Bayesian phylodynamic analysis of clade 2.3.2.1a revealed frequent bidirectional viral transitions between domestic ducks, chickens, and house crows that was markedly skewed towards ducks; domestic ducks might be the source, or reservoir, of HPAI H5Nx in Bangladesh, as the number of viral transitions from ducks to chickens and house crows was by far more numerous than the other transitions. Our results suggest viral circulation in domestic birds despite vaccination, with crow epizootics acting as a sentinel. The vaccination strategy needs to be updated to use more effective vaccinations, assess vaccine efficacy, and extension of vaccination to domestic ducks, the key reservoir.
{"title":"Phylodynamics of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus in Bangladesh identifying domestic ducks as the amplifying host reservoir.","authors":"Ariful Islam, Michelle Wille, Mohammed Ziaur Rahman, Ashleigh F Porter, Mohammed Enayet Hosaain, Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan, Tahmina Shirin, Jonathan H Epstein, Marcel Klaassen","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2399268","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2399268","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) virus H5N1 first emerged in Bangladesh in 2007. Despite the use of vaccines in chickens since 2012 to control HPAI, HPAI H5Nx viruses have continued to infect poultry, and wild birds, resulting in notable mass mortalities in house crows (<i>Corvus splendens</i>). The first HPAI H5Nx viruses in Bangladesh belonged to clade 2.2.2, followed by clade 2.3.4.2 and 2.3.2.1 viruses in 2011. After the implementation of chicken vaccination in 2012, these viruses were mostly replaced by clade 2.3.2.1a viruses and more recently clade 2.3.4.4b and h viruses. In this study, we reconstruct the phylogenetic history of HPAI H5Nx viruses in Bangladesh to evaluate the role of major host species in the maintenance and evolution of HPAI H5Nx virus in Bangladesh and reveal the role of heavily impacted crows in virus epidemiology. Epizootic waves caused by HPAI H5N1 and H5N6 viruses amongst house crows occurred annually in winter. Bayesian phylodynamic analysis of clade 2.3.2.1a revealed frequent bidirectional viral transitions between domestic ducks, chickens, and house crows that was markedly skewed towards ducks; domestic ducks might be the source, or reservoir, of HPAI H5Nx in Bangladesh, as the number of viral transitions from ducks to chickens and house crows was by far more numerous than the other transitions. Our results suggest viral circulation in domestic birds despite vaccination, with crow epizootics acting as a sentinel. The vaccination strategy needs to be updated to use more effective vaccinations, assess vaccine efficacy, and extension of vaccination to domestic ducks, the key reservoir.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11389634/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142105493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}