Cluster analysis of HIV sequence can provide insights into viral transmission patterns in border regions. This study aims to illuminate the HIV-1 subtype distribution and transmission dynamics among newly diagnosed individuals in Dehong prefecture, a region along the China-Myanmar border. Among 948 participants with pol gene sequences, 36 HIV-1 subtypes were identified, with URFs (18.8%, 178/948) being the dominant strain, followed by CRF01_AE (18.5%, 175/948) and CRF07_BC (10.9%, 103/948). Additionally, 287 sequences (30.3%, 287/948) were grouped into 91 clusters, 31 of which contained both Chinese and Burmese individuals. Multivariable logistic regression indicated that men who have sex with men (MSM), CD4 + cell count of 200∼499, and 500 cells/μl and above, and CRF01_AE were risk factors for entering the network. Through the Chord diagram, we found frequent transmission relationships among heterosexual China male group, especially those over 35 years of age. Additionally, the correlation between heterosexual Myanmar female group and heterosexual China male group among cross-risk groups deserved to be emphasized. Furthermore, the network exhibited a growing trend over time, with the largest active transmission cluster identified in Ruili county. In conclusion, the HIV-1 subtype landscape in Dehong has become increasingly complex, and the region has faced risks of transmission from both domestic and international sources. Targeted intervention strategies should be implemented for MSM, heterosexual Chinese middle-aged and elderly men, and heterosexual Burmese young adults to mitigate these risks. These findings provided evidence-based insights for local government to formulate coordinated transnational intervention approaches.
{"title":"Characterizing HIV-1 transmission by genetic cluster analysis among newly diagnosed patients in the China-Myanmar border region from 2020 to 2023.","authors":"Huan Liu, Yichen Jin, Yuecheng Yang, Xing Duan, Yanfen Cao, Duo Shan, Chang Cai, Houlin Tang","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2409319","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2409319","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cluster analysis of HIV sequence can provide insights into viral transmission patterns in border regions. This study aims to illuminate the HIV-1 subtype distribution and transmission dynamics among newly diagnosed individuals in Dehong prefecture, a region along the China-Myanmar border. Among 948 participants with <i>pol</i> gene sequences, 36 HIV-1 subtypes were identified, with URFs (18.8%, 178/948) being the dominant strain, followed by CRF01_AE (18.5%, 175/948) and CRF07_BC (10.9%, 103/948). Additionally, 287 sequences (30.3%, 287/948) were grouped into 91 clusters, 31 of which contained both Chinese and Burmese individuals. Multivariable logistic regression indicated that men who have sex with men (MSM), CD4 + cell count of 200∼499, and 500 cells/μl and above, and CRF01_AE were risk factors for entering the network. Through the Chord diagram, we found frequent transmission relationships among heterosexual China male group, especially those over 35 years of age. Additionally, the correlation between heterosexual Myanmar female group and heterosexual China male group among cross-risk groups deserved to be emphasized. Furthermore, the network exhibited a growing trend over time, with the largest active transmission cluster identified in Ruili county. In conclusion, the HIV-1 subtype landscape in Dehong has become increasingly complex, and the region has faced risks of transmission from both domestic and international sources. Targeted intervention strategies should be implemented for MSM, heterosexual Chinese middle-aged and elderly men, and heterosexual Burmese young adults to mitigate these risks. These findings provided evidence-based insights for local government to formulate coordinated transnational intervention approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2409319"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11443545/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142307367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2426481
Chao Liu, Juan Yi, Ping Yang, Chunjing Du, Fan Jiang, Ming Lu, Pengcheng Du, Ning Shen
We identified a novel ceftazidime/avibactam (CAZ/AVI) resistance mechanism in endemic sequence type 11 hypervirulent and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from a patient who had not been exposed CAZ/AVI. Overexpression of blaSHV-12 caused by tandem gene amplification contributed to CAZ/AVI resistance instead of the carriage of blaKPC-2. Enhanced genomic surveillance is essential to identify emerging variants.
{"title":"Overexpression of <i>bla</i><sub>SHV-12</sub> caused by tandem amplification contributed to ceftazidime/avibactam resistance in hypervirulent and carbapenem-resistant <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>.","authors":"Chao Liu, Juan Yi, Ping Yang, Chunjing Du, Fan Jiang, Ming Lu, Pengcheng Du, Ning Shen","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2426481","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2426481","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We identified a novel ceftazidime/avibactam (CAZ/AVI) resistance mechanism in endemic sequence type 11 hypervirulent and carbapenem-resistant <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> isolated from a patient who had not been exposed CAZ/AVI. Overexpression of <i>bla</i><sub>SHV-12</sub> caused by tandem gene amplification contributed to CAZ/AVI resistance instead of the carriage of <i>bla</i><sub>KPC-2</sub>. Enhanced genomic surveillance is essential to identify emerging variants.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2426481"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11565672/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142582514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-10-22DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2412631
Chae-Eun Lee, Yoonsik Park, Hyunjae Park, Kiwoong Kwak, Hyeonmin Lee, Jiwon Yun, Donghyun Lee, Jung Hun Lee, Sang Hee Lee, Lin-Woo Kang
The extensive use of β-lactam antibiotics has led to significant resistance, primarily due to hydrolysis by β-lactamases. OXA class D β-lactamases can hydrolyze a wide range of β-lactam antibiotics, rendering many treatments ineffective. We investigated the effects of single amino acid substitutions in OXA-10 on its substrate spectrum. Broad-spectrum variants with point mutations were searched and biochemically verified. Three key residues, G157D, A124T, and N73S, were confirmed in the variants, and their crystal structures were determined. Based on an enzyme kinetics study, the hydrolytic activity against broad-spectrum cephalosporins, particularly ceftazidime, was significantly enhanced by the G157D mutation in loop 2. The A124T or N73S mutation close to loop 2 also resulted in higher ceftazidime activity. All structures of variants with point mutations in loop 2 or nearby exhibited increased loop 2 flexibility, which facilitated the binding of ceftazidime. These results highlight the effect of a single amino acid substitution in OXA-10 on broad-spectrum drug resistance. Structure-activity relationship studies will help us understand the drug resistance spectrum of β-lactamases, enhance the effectiveness of existing β-lactam antibiotics, and develop new drugs.
{"title":"Structural insights into alterations in the substrate spectrum of serine-β-lactamase OXA-10 from <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> by single amino acid substitutions.","authors":"Chae-Eun Lee, Yoonsik Park, Hyunjae Park, Kiwoong Kwak, Hyeonmin Lee, Jiwon Yun, Donghyun Lee, Jung Hun Lee, Sang Hee Lee, Lin-Woo Kang","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2412631","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2412631","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The extensive use of β-lactam antibiotics has led to significant resistance, primarily due to hydrolysis by β-lactamases. OXA class D β-lactamases can hydrolyze a wide range of β-lactam antibiotics, rendering many treatments ineffective. We investigated the effects of single amino acid substitutions in OXA-10 on its substrate spectrum. Broad-spectrum variants with point mutations were searched and biochemically verified. Three key residues, G157D, A124T, and N73S, were confirmed in the variants, and their crystal structures were determined. Based on an enzyme kinetics study, the hydrolytic activity against broad-spectrum cephalosporins, particularly ceftazidime, was significantly enhanced by the G157D mutation in loop 2. The A124T or N73S mutation close to loop 2 also resulted in higher ceftazidime activity. All structures of variants with point mutations in loop 2 or nearby exhibited increased loop 2 flexibility, which facilitated the binding of ceftazidime. These results highlight the effect of a single amino acid substitution in OXA-10 on broad-spectrum drug resistance. Structure-activity relationship studies will help us understand the drug resistance spectrum of β-lactamases, enhance the effectiveness of existing β-lactam antibiotics, and develop new drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2412631"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11497580/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142371333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-10-15DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2412623
Ayijiang Yisimayi, Weiliang Song, Jing Wang, Fanchong Jian, Yuanling Yu, Xiaosu Chen, Yanli Xu, Ran An, Yao Wang, Jing Wang, Haiyan Sun, Peng Wang, Lingling Yu, Fei Shao, Ronghua Jin, Zhongyang Shen, Youchun Wang, Yunlong Cao
SARS-CoV-2 ancestral strain-induced immune imprinting poses great challenges to updating vaccines for new variants. Studies showed that repeated Omicron exposures could override immune imprinting induced by inactivated vaccines but not mRNA vaccines, a disparity yet to be understood. Here, we analyzed the immune imprinting alleviation in inactivated vaccine (CoronaVac) cohorts after a long-term period following breakthrough infections (BTI). We observed in CoronaVac-vaccinated individuals who experienced BA.5/BF.7 BTI, the proportion of Omicron-specific memory B cells (MBCs) substantially increased after an extended period post-Omicron BTI, with their antibodies displaying enhanced somatic hypermutation and neutralizing potency. Consequently, the neutralizing antibody epitope distribution encoded by MBCs post-BA.5/BF.7 BTI after prolonged maturation closely mirrors that in BA.5/BF.7-infected unvaccinated individuals. Together, these results indicate the activation and expansion of Omicron-specific naïve B cells generated by first-time Omicron exposure helped to alleviate CoronaVac-induced immune imprinting, and the absence of this process should have caused the persistent immune imprinting seen in mRNA vaccine recipients.
{"title":"Prolonged Omicron-specific B cell maturation alleviates immune imprinting induced by SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine.","authors":"Ayijiang Yisimayi, Weiliang Song, Jing Wang, Fanchong Jian, Yuanling Yu, Xiaosu Chen, Yanli Xu, Ran An, Yao Wang, Jing Wang, Haiyan Sun, Peng Wang, Lingling Yu, Fei Shao, Ronghua Jin, Zhongyang Shen, Youchun Wang, Yunlong Cao","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2412623","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2412623","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SARS-CoV-2 ancestral strain-induced immune imprinting poses great challenges to updating vaccines for new variants. Studies showed that repeated Omicron exposures could override immune imprinting induced by inactivated vaccines but not mRNA vaccines, a disparity yet to be understood. Here, we analyzed the immune imprinting alleviation in inactivated vaccine (CoronaVac) cohorts after a long-term period following breakthrough infections (BTI). We observed in CoronaVac-vaccinated individuals who experienced BA.5/BF.7 BTI, the proportion of Omicron-specific memory B cells (MBCs) substantially increased after an extended period post-Omicron BTI, with their antibodies displaying enhanced somatic hypermutation and neutralizing potency. Consequently, the neutralizing antibody epitope distribution encoded by MBCs post-BA.5/BF.7 BTI after prolonged maturation closely mirrors that in BA.5/BF.7-infected unvaccinated individuals. Together, these results indicate the activation and expansion of Omicron-specific naïve B cells generated by first-time Omicron exposure helped to alleviate CoronaVac-induced immune imprinting, and the absence of this process should have caused the persistent immune imprinting seen in mRNA vaccine recipients.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2412623"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11486138/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142364852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Increased CD4+GNLY+ T cells have been confirmed to be inversely associated with CD4+ T cell count in immunological non-responders (INRs), however, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the characteristics of CD4+GNLY+ T cells and their relationship with immune restoration. Single-cell RNA sequencing, single-cell TCR sequencing, and flow cytometry were used to analyze the frequency, phenotypes, and function of CD4+GNLY+ T cells. Moreover, Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was performed to detect plasma cytokines production in patients. CD4+GNLY+ T cells were found to be highly clonally expanded, characterized by higher levels of cytotoxicity, senescence, P24, and HIV-1 DNA than CD4+GNLY- T cells. Additionally, the frequency of CD4+GNLY+ T cells increased after ART, and further increased in INRs, and were positively associated with the antiretroviral therapy duration in INR. Furthermore, increased IL-15 levels in INRs positively correlated with the frequency and senescence of CD4+GNLY+ T cells, suggesting that CD4+GNLY+ T cells may provide new insights for understanding the poor immune reconstitution of INRs. In conclusion, increased, highly clonally expanded, and senescent CD4+GNLY+ T cells may contribute to poor immune reconstitution in HIV-1 infection.
在免疫学无应答者(INRs)中,CD4 + GNLY+ T细胞的增加已被证实与CD4 + T细胞数量成反比关系,但其潜在机制尚不清楚。本研究旨在阐明 CD4 + GNLY+ T 细胞的特征及其与免疫恢复的关系。研究采用单细胞 RNA 测序、单细胞 TCR 测序和流式细胞术分析了 CD4 + GNLY+ T 细胞的频率、表型和功能。此外,还采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测患者血浆细胞因子的产生。与 CD4 + GNLY- T 细胞相比,CD4 + GNLY+ T 细胞高度克隆扩增,细胞毒性、衰老、P24 和 HIV-1 DNA 水平较高。此外,抗逆转录病毒疗法后,CD4 + GNLY+ T 细胞的频率增加,在 INR 中进一步增加,并且与 INR 的抗逆转录病毒疗法持续时间呈正相关。此外,INRs 中 IL-15 水平的增加与 CD4 + GNLY+ T 细胞的频率和衰老呈正相关,这表明 CD4 + GNLY+ T 细胞可为了解 INRs 免疫重建不良提供新的见解。总之,CD4 + GNLY+T细胞的增加、高度克隆扩增和衰老可能是导致HIV-1感染免疫重建不良的原因。
{"title":"Implications of accumulation of clonally expanded and senescent CD4<sup>+</sup>GNLY<sup>+</sup> T cells in immunological non-responders of HIV-1 infection.","authors":"Xiuhan Yang, Cheng Zhen, Huihuang Huang, Yanmei Jiao, Xing Fan, Chao Zhang, Jinwen Song, Songshan Wang, Chunbao Zhou, XinXin Yang, Jinhong Yuan, Jiyuan Zhang, Ruonan Xu, Fu-Sheng Wang","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2396868","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2396868","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Increased CD4<sup>+</sup>GNLY<sup>+</sup> T cells have been confirmed to be inversely associated with CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell count in immunological non-responders (INRs), however, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the characteristics of CD4<sup>+</sup>GNLY<sup>+</sup> T cells and their relationship with immune restoration. Single-cell RNA sequencing, single-cell TCR sequencing, and flow cytometry were used to analyze the frequency, phenotypes, and function of CD4<sup>+</sup>GNLY<sup>+</sup> T cells. Moreover, Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was performed to detect plasma cytokines production in patients. CD4<sup>+</sup>GNLY<sup>+</sup> T cells were found to be highly clonally expanded, characterized by higher levels of cytotoxicity, senescence, P24, and HIV-1 DNA than CD4<sup>+</sup>GNLY<sup>-</sup> T cells. Additionally, the frequency of CD4<sup>+</sup>GNLY<sup>+</sup> T cells increased after ART, and further increased in INRs, and were positively associated with the antiretroviral therapy duration in INR. Furthermore, increased IL-15 levels in INRs positively correlated with the frequency and senescence of CD4<sup>+</sup>GNLY<sup>+</sup> T cells, suggesting that CD4<sup>+</sup>GNLY<sup>+</sup> T cells may provide new insights for understanding the poor immune reconstitution of INRs. In conclusion, increased, highly clonally expanded, and senescent CD4<sup>+</sup>GNLY<sup>+</sup> T cells may contribute to poor immune reconstitution in HIV-1 infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2396868"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11441045/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142139637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-03-05DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2322655
Farnaz Daneshnia, Daniel J Floyd, Adam P Ryan, Pegah Mosharaf Ghahfarokhy, Arefeh Ebadati, Sebastian Jusuf, Julieta Munoz, Nathan Elias Jeffries, Emma Elizabeth Yvanovich, Anna Apostolopoulou, Austin M Perry, Cornelia Lass-Flörl, Asuman Birinci, Süleyha Hilmioğlu-Polat, Macit Ilkit, Geraldine Butler, Clarissa J Nobile, Amir Arastehfar, Michael K Mansour
Candida parapsilosis is known to cause severe and persistent outbreaks in clinical settings. Patients infected with multidrug-resistant C. parapsilosis (MDR Cp) isolates were identified in a large Turkish hospital from 2017-2020. We subsequently identified three additional patients infected with MDR Cp isolates in 2022 from the same hospital and two echinocandin-resistant (ECR) isolates from a single patient in another hospital. The increasing number of MDR and ECR isolates contradicts the general principle that the severe fitness cost associated with these phenotypes could prevent their dominance in clinical settings. Here, we employed a multidimensional approach to systematically assess the fitness costs of MDR and ECR C. parapsilosis isolates. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a novel MDR genotype infecting two patients in 2022. Despite severe in vitro defects, the levels and tolerances of the biofilms of our ECR and MDR isolates were generally comparable to those of susceptible wild-type isolates. Surprisingly, the MDR and ECR isolates showed major alterations in their cell wall components, and some of the MDR isolates consistently displayed increased tolerance to the fungicidal activities of primary human neutrophils and were more immunoevasive during exposure to primary human macrophages. Our systemic infection mouse model showed that MDR and ECR C. parapsilosis isolates had comparable fungal burden in most organs relative to susceptible isolates. Overall, we observed a notable increase in the genotypic diversity and frequency of MDR isolates and identified MDR and ECR isolates potentially capable of causing persistent outbreaks in the future.
{"title":"Evaluation of outbreak persistence caused by multidrug-resistant and echinocandin-resistant <i>Candida parapsilosis</i> using multidimensional experimental and epidemiological approaches.","authors":"Farnaz Daneshnia, Daniel J Floyd, Adam P Ryan, Pegah Mosharaf Ghahfarokhy, Arefeh Ebadati, Sebastian Jusuf, Julieta Munoz, Nathan Elias Jeffries, Emma Elizabeth Yvanovich, Anna Apostolopoulou, Austin M Perry, Cornelia Lass-Flörl, Asuman Birinci, Süleyha Hilmioğlu-Polat, Macit Ilkit, Geraldine Butler, Clarissa J Nobile, Amir Arastehfar, Michael K Mansour","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2322655","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2322655","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Candida parapsilosis</i> is known to cause severe and persistent outbreaks in clinical settings. Patients infected with multidrug-resistant <i>C. parapsilosis</i> (MDR Cp) isolates were identified in a large Turkish hospital from 2017-2020. We subsequently identified three additional patients infected with MDR Cp isolates in 2022 from the same hospital and two echinocandin-resistant (ECR) isolates from a single patient in another hospital. The increasing number of MDR and ECR isolates contradicts the general principle that the severe fitness cost associated with these phenotypes could prevent their dominance in clinical settings. Here, we employed a multidimensional approach to systematically assess the fitness costs of MDR and ECR <i>C. parapsilosis</i> isolates. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a novel MDR genotype infecting two patients in 2022. Despite severe <i>in vitro</i> defects, the levels and tolerances of the biofilms of our ECR and MDR isolates were generally comparable to those of susceptible wild-type isolates. Surprisingly, the MDR and ECR isolates showed major alterations in their cell wall components, and some of the MDR isolates consistently displayed increased tolerance to the fungicidal activities of primary human neutrophils and were more immunoevasive during exposure to primary human macrophages. Our systemic infection mouse model showed that MDR and ECR <i>C. parapsilosis</i> isolates had comparable fungal burden in most organs relative to susceptible isolates. Overall, we observed a notable increase in the genotypic diversity and frequency of MDR isolates and identified MDR and ECR isolates potentially capable of causing persistent outbreaks in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2322655"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10916928/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139912343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-01-30DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2307511
Bernard Anyebe Onoja, Judith Uche Oguzie, Uwem Etop George, Kaego Emmanuel Asoh, Philip Ajayi, Toluwanimi Faithful Omofaye, Imafidon Oluwatoyin Igeleke, Philomena Eromon, Soumare Harouna, Edyth Parker, Adekunle Johnson Adeniji, Christian T Happi
Dengue is often misclassified and underreported in Africa due to inaccurate differential diagnoses of nonspecific febrile illnesses such as malaria, sparsity of diagnostic testing and poor clinical and genomic surveillance. There are limited reports on the seroprevalence and genetic diversity of dengue virus (DENV) in humans and vectors in Nigeria. In this study, we investigated the epidemiology and genetic diversity of dengue in the rainforest region of Nigeria. We screened 515 febrile patients who tested negative for malaria and typhoid fever in three hospitals in Oyo and Ekiti States in southern Nigeria with a combination of anti-dengue IgG/IgM/NS1 rapid test kits and metagenomic sequencing. We found that approximately 28% of screened patients had previous DENV exposure, with the highest prevalence in persons over sixty. Approximately 8% of the patients showed evidence of recent or current infection, and 2.7% had acute infection. Following sequencing of sixty samples, we assembled twenty DENV-1 genomes (3 complete and 17 partial). We found that all assembled genomes belonged to DENV-1 genotype III. Our phylogenetic analyses showed evidence of prolonged cryptic circulation of divergent DENV lineages in Oyo state. We were unable to resolve the source of DENV in Nigeria owing to limited sequencing data from the region. However, our sequences clustered closely with sequences in Tanzania and sequences reported in Chinese with travel history to Tanzania in 2019. This may reflect the wider unsampled bidirectional transmission of DENV-1 in Africa, which strongly emphasizes the importance of genomic surveillance in monitoring ongoing DENV transmission in Africa.
{"title":"Whole genome sequencing unravels cryptic circulation of divergent dengue virus lineages in the rainforest region of Nigeria.","authors":"Bernard Anyebe Onoja, Judith Uche Oguzie, Uwem Etop George, Kaego Emmanuel Asoh, Philip Ajayi, Toluwanimi Faithful Omofaye, Imafidon Oluwatoyin Igeleke, Philomena Eromon, Soumare Harouna, Edyth Parker, Adekunle Johnson Adeniji, Christian T Happi","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2307511","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2307511","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dengue is often misclassified and underreported in Africa due to inaccurate differential diagnoses of nonspecific febrile illnesses such as malaria, sparsity of diagnostic testing and poor clinical and genomic surveillance. There are limited reports on the seroprevalence and genetic diversity of dengue virus (DENV) in humans and vectors in Nigeria. In this study, we investigated the epidemiology and genetic diversity of dengue in the rainforest region of Nigeria. We screened 515 febrile patients who tested negative for malaria and typhoid fever in three hospitals in Oyo and Ekiti States in southern Nigeria with a combination of anti-dengue IgG/IgM/NS1 rapid test kits and metagenomic sequencing. We found that approximately 28% of screened patients had previous DENV exposure, with the highest prevalence in persons over sixty. Approximately 8% of the patients showed evidence of recent or current infection, and 2.7% had acute infection. Following sequencing of sixty samples, we assembled twenty DENV-1 genomes (3 complete and 17 partial). We found that all assembled genomes belonged to DENV-1 genotype III. Our phylogenetic analyses showed evidence of prolonged cryptic circulation of divergent DENV lineages in Oyo state. We were unable to resolve the source of DENV in Nigeria owing to limited sequencing data from the region. However, our sequences clustered closely with sequences in Tanzania and sequences reported in Chinese with travel history to Tanzania in 2019. This may reflect the wider unsampled bidirectional transmission of DENV-1 in Africa, which strongly emphasizes the importance of genomic surveillance in monitoring ongoing DENV transmission in Africa.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2307511"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10829817/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139490988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Herpes zoster remains an important global health issue and mainly occurs in aged and immunocompromised individuals with an early exposure history to Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV). Although the licensed vaccine Shingrix has remarkably high efficacy, undesired reactogenicity and increasing global demand causing vaccine shortage urged the development of improved or novel VZV vaccines. In this study, we developed a novel VZV mRNA vaccine candidate (named as ZOSAL) containing sequence-optimized mRNAs encoding full-length glycoprotein E encapsulated in an ionizable lipid nanoparticle. In mice and rhesus macaques, ZOSAL demonstrated superior immunogenicity and safety in multiple aspects over Shingrix, especially in the induction of strong T-cell immunity. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that both ZOSAL and Shingrix could robustly activate innate immune compartments, especially Type-I IFN signalling and antigen processing/presentation. Multivariate correlation analysis further identified several early factors of innate compartments that can predict the magnitude of T-cell responses, which further increased our understanding of the mode of action of two different VZV vaccine modalities. Collectively, our data demonstrated the superiority of VZV mRNA vaccine over licensed subunit vaccine. The mRNA platform therefore holds prospects for further investigations in next-generation VZV vaccine development.
带状疱疹仍然是一个重要的全球健康问题,主要发生在有水痘带状疱疹病毒(VZV)早期接触史的老年人和免疫力低下的人身上。尽管已获许可的 Shingrix 疫苗疗效显著,但其不良的致反应性和日益增长的全球需求导致疫苗短缺,这促使人们开发改良型或新型 VZV 疫苗。在这项研究中,我们开发了一种新型 VZV mRNA 候选疫苗(命名为 ZOSAL),其中包含编码全长糖蛋白 E 的序列优化的 mRNA,封装在可离子化的脂质纳米颗粒中。在小鼠和猕猴体内,ZOSAL 在多个方面都表现出优于 Shingrix 的免疫原性和安全性,尤其是在诱导强大的 T 细胞免疫方面。转录组分析表明,ZOSAL 和 Shingrix 都能强有力地激活先天性免疫分区,尤其是 I 型 IFN 信号转导和抗原处理/递呈。多变量相关分析进一步确定了先天区系中可预测 T 细胞反应程度的几个早期因素,这进一步加深了我们对两种不同 VZV 疫苗作用模式的理解。总之,我们的数据证明了 VZV mRNA 疫苗优于已获许可的亚单位疫苗。因此,mRNA 平台在下一代 VZV 疫苗开发中具有进一步研究的前景。
{"title":"Herpes zoster mRNA vaccine induces superior vaccine immunity over licensed vaccine in mice and rhesus macaques.","authors":"Lulu Huang, Tongyi Zhao, Weijun Zhao, Andong Shao, Huajun Zhao, Wenxuan Ma, Yingfei Gong, Xianhuan Zeng, Changzhen Weng, Lingling Bu, Zhenhua Di, Shiyu Sun, Qinsheng Dai, Minhui Sun, Limei Wang, Zhenguang Liu, Leilei Shi, Jiesen Hu, Shentong Fang, Cheng Zhang, Jian Zhang, Guan Wang, Karin Loré, Yong Yang, Ang Lin","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2309985","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2309985","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Herpes zoster remains an important global health issue and mainly occurs in aged and immunocompromised individuals with an early exposure history to Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV). Although the licensed vaccine Shingrix has remarkably high efficacy, undesired reactogenicity and increasing global demand causing vaccine shortage urged the development of improved or novel VZV vaccines. In this study, we developed a novel VZV mRNA vaccine candidate (named as ZOSAL) containing sequence-optimized mRNAs encoding full-length glycoprotein E encapsulated in an ionizable lipid nanoparticle. In mice and rhesus macaques, ZOSAL demonstrated superior immunogenicity and safety in multiple aspects over Shingrix, especially in the induction of strong T-cell immunity. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that both ZOSAL and Shingrix could robustly activate innate immune compartments, especially Type-I IFN signalling and antigen processing/presentation. Multivariate correlation analysis further identified several early factors of innate compartments that can predict the magnitude of T-cell responses, which further increased our understanding of the mode of action of two different VZV vaccine modalities. Collectively, our data demonstrated the superiority of VZV mRNA vaccine over licensed subunit vaccine. The mRNA platform therefore holds prospects for further investigations in next-generation VZV vaccine development.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2309985"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10860463/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139519394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rapid proliferation of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens poses a serious threat to healthcare worldwide. Carbapenem-resistant (CR) Enterobacteriaceae, which have near-universal resistance to available antimicrobials, represent a particularly concerning issue. Herein, we report the identification of AMXT-1501, a polyamine transport system inhibitor with antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and -negative MDR bacteria. We observed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)50/MIC90 values for AMXT-1501 in the range of 3.13-12.5 μM (2.24-8.93 μg /mL), including for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), CR Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. AMXT-1501 was more effective against MRSA and CR E. coli than vancomycin and tigecycline, respectively. Subinhibitory concentrations of AMXT-1501 reduced the biofilm formation of S. aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Mechanistically, AMXT-1501 exposure damaged microbial membranes and increased membrane permeability and membrane potential by binding to cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). Importantly, AMXT-1501 pressure did not induce resistance readily in the tested pathogens.
{"title":"AMXT-1501 targets membrane phospholipids against Gram-positive and -negative multidrug-resistant bacteria.","authors":"Jinxin Zheng, Xiaoju Liu, Yanpeng Xiong, Qingyin Meng, Peiyu Li, Fan Zhang, Xiaoming Liu, Zhiwei Lin, Qiwen Deng, Zewen Wen, Zhijian Yu","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2321981","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2321981","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rapid proliferation of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens poses a serious threat to healthcare worldwide. Carbapenem-resistant (CR) Enterobacteriaceae, which have near-universal resistance to available antimicrobials, represent a particularly concerning issue. Herein, we report the identification of AMXT-1501, a polyamine transport system inhibitor with antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and -negative MDR bacteria. We observed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)<sub>50</sub>/MIC<sub>90</sub> values for AMXT-1501 in the range of 3.13-12.5 μM (2.24-8.93 μg /mL), including for methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA), CR <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. AMXT-1501 was more effective against MRSA and CR <i>E. coli</i> than vancomycin and tigecycline, respectively. Subinhibitory concentrations of AMXT-1501 reduced the biofilm formation of <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>. Mechanistically, AMXT-1501 exposure damaged microbial membranes and increased membrane permeability and membrane potential by binding to cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). Importantly, AMXT-1501 pressure did not induce resistance readily in the tested pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":"13 1","pages":"2321981"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10906134/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139995917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}