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Phylodynamic reconstruction of H1N1pdm09 influenza virus transmission in Brazil: a decade of evolutionary dynamics. 巴西H1N1pdm09流感病毒传播的系统动力学重建:十年的进化动力学。
IF 7.5 2区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-12-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2026.2620237
Isabela Carvalho Brcko, Vinicius Carius de Souza, Alex Ranieri Jeronimo Lima, James Siqueira Pereira, Evaldo Stanislau Affonso de Araújo, Ana Paula Nunes Viveiros Valeiros, Melissa Palmieri, Juliana Almeida Nunes, Leandro Spalato Torres, Hazerral de Oliveira Santos, Anderson Brandão Leite, Felicidade Mota Pereira, Arabela Leal E Silva de Mello, Vanessa Brandão Nardy, Gabriela Sant'Ana Menezes de Andrade, Marcela Kelly Astete Gomez, Lucas Luiz Vieira, Mariana Matos Roll, Brenno Vinícius Martins Henrique, Lídio Gonçalves Lima Neto, Elaine Cristina de Oliveira, Júlia Deffune Profeta Cidin Almeida, Stephanni Figueiredo da Silva, Klaucia Rodrigues Vasconcelos, Talita Emile Ribeiro Adelino, Natalia Rocha Guimaraes, Luiz Marcelo Ribeiro Tomé, Lavinia Nery Villa Stangler Arend, Ciciléia Correia da Silva, Adriana Cristina Salvador Maia, Cristiane Batista Mattos, Glaucilene da Silva Costa, Luiz Carlos Alcântara, Esper G Kallás, Sandra Coccuzzo Sampaio, Svetoslav Nanev Slavov, Marta Giovanetti, Maria Carolina Elias

The H1N1pdm09 influenza virus, which emerged in 2009 following a unique reassortment of swine-origin gene segments, rapidly replaced the seasonal H1N1 strain and triggered the first influenza pandemic of the twenty-first century. In Brazil, the virus initially spread through intense community transmission before establishing a pattern of seasonal circulation. However, its long-term evolutionary dynamics in the country remain insufficiently characterized. To address this gap, we conducted a coordinated national genomic surveillance effort focused on the period from 2014 onward, when Brazil began systematic whole-genome sequencing of circulating H1N1pdm09 viruses. Through collaborative sequencing across all five Brazilian macroregions, we generated 597 complete genomes collected between 2014 and 2024. Using phylodynamic approaches, we reconstructed the spatiotemporal spread of H1N1pdm09, identified major circulating lineages, and integrated epidemiological data to assess patterns of persistence and regional transmission. Our findings reveal sustained circulation and multiple independent viral introductions over the past decade, with evidence of localized lineage maintenance, particularly in the Southeast and South regions. Phylogenetic analyses also indicate repeated seeding from international sources, underscoring the continued impact of global viral movement. In addition, genome-wide comparisons revealed reassortment events involving internal segments, which may have contributed to the persistence and adaptation of dominant lineages following the COVID-19 pandemic. This study presents the most comprehensive reconstruction of H1N1pdm09 evolutionary dynamics in Brazil to date, highlighting the critical role of integrated, nationwide genomic surveillance in enhancing public health preparedness in tropical and subtropical regions.

H1N1 - pdm09流感病毒于2009年在猪源基因片段的独特重组后出现,迅速取代了季节性H1N1毒株,引发了21世纪第一次流感大流行。在巴西,该病毒最初通过强烈的社区传播传播,然后才形成季节性传播模式。然而,其在该国的长期演变动态仍然没有得到充分的描述。为了解决这一差距,我们开展了一项协调一致的国家基因组监测工作,重点关注2014年以后的时期,当时巴西开始对流行的H1N1pdm09病毒进行系统的全基因组测序。通过对巴西所有五个大区的合作测序,我们在2014年至2024年间收集了597个完整的基因组。利用系统动力学方法,我们重建了h1n1 - pdm09的时空传播,确定了主要的流行谱系,并综合流行病学数据来评估持久性和区域传播模式。我们的研究结果揭示了在过去十年中持续的循环和多个独立的病毒引入,并有证据表明局部谱系维持,特别是在东南部和南部地区。系统发育分析还表明,国际来源的反复播撒强调了全球病毒运动的持续影响。此外,全基因组比较揭示了涉及内部片段的重组事件,这可能有助于在COVID-19大流行后优势谱系的持续和适应。这项研究提出了迄今为止巴西最全面的H1N1pdm09进化动态重建,强调了综合的全国基因组监测在加强热带和亚热带地区公共卫生准备方面的关键作用。
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引用次数: 0
Small extracellular vesicles from DENV2-infected C6/36 cells show viral infection in vitro and in vivo. denv2感染的C6/36细胞的小细胞外囊泡在体外和体内均显示病毒感染。
IF 7.5 2区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-12-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2025.2608403
Carlos D Cordero-Rivera, Magda L Benítez-Vega, Selvin N Palacios-Rápalo, José De Jesús Bravo-Silva, Ricardo Jiménez-Camacho, Jonathan Hernández-Castillo, Marcos Pérez-García, Carlos N Farfan-Morales, Luis A De Jesús-González, José M Reyes-Ruiz, Juan F Osuna-Ramos, Fernando Medina-Ramirez, Daniel Talamás-Lara, Raymundo Cruz-Pérez, Arturo Reyes-Sandoval, Rosa M Del Angel

Dengue, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, can progress to severe symptoms like hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome. While the virus and host immune response contribute to severity, other factors, such as small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), may play a role. sEVs mediate intercellular communication by transferring cellular components; however, their role in vivo infection remains unclear. We isolated and characterized sEVs from DENV-infected C6/36 mosquito cells, finding that they interact with mammalian cells and internalize the content. Using sEVs populations (with a size between 100 and 200 nm), we demonstrated enhanced infection in in vitro and in vivo murine models, including immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice, which developed severe dengue-like symptoms. Our study reveals that sEVs from DENV-infected mosquito cells contribute to dengue pathogenesis, inducing severe symptoms in in vivo models, highlighting their potential role in disease progression and severe outcomes.

登革热由伊蚊传播,可发展为出血热和休克综合征等严重症状。虽然病毒和宿主免疫反应导致了严重程度,但其他因素,如小细胞外囊泡(sev),也可能起作用。sev通过传递细胞成分介导细胞间通讯;然而,它们在体内感染中的作用尚不清楚。我们从感染denv的C6/36蚊子细胞中分离并鉴定了sev,发现它们与哺乳动物细胞相互作用并内化内容物。使用sev种群(大小在100到200纳米之间),我们在体外和体内小鼠模型中证明了增强的感染,包括免疫正常和免疫抑制的小鼠,这些小鼠出现了严重的登革热样症状。我们的研究表明,来自denv感染的蚊子细胞的sev有助于登革热的发病机制,在体内模型中诱导严重症状,突出了它们在疾病进展和严重结局中的潜在作用。
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引用次数: 0
Receptor binding domain-independent pancoronavirus vaccine design by fusion of conserved T/B Epitopes. 保守T/B表位融合设计非受体结合域的冠状病毒疫苗
IF 7.5 2区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-02-11 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2026.2631206
Yunru Yang, Yetian Chen, Mengyu Hong, Ronghua Zou, Jingxue Yao, Entao Li, Jiayi Wang, Xiaodong Ye, Yixiang Xing, Yangming Tang, Xiaojie Lu, Chengchao Ding, Hongliang He, Dali Tong, Yuhua Shang, Jian Wang, Guangyu Zhao, Xiaoxue Huang, Fuli Feng, Qingyu Cheng, Bofeng Li, Baoying Huang, Wenjie Tan, Sandra Chiu, Tengchuan Jin

The persistent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants continues to compromise current vaccine efficacy, driving the development of broad-spectrum coronavirus vaccines to address variant evasion and future outbreaks. To develop a pan-coronavirus vaccine, we identified some conserved T/B epitopes across spike proteins of human-infecting coronaviruses, focusing on two conserved long peptides, VV and VS, which demonstrated broad immunogenicity in PBMCs from COVID-19 convalescent patients. By structurally fusing the VV and VS long peptides with heptad repeat 1/2 (HR1/2) domains from the S2 subunit, we engineered a trimeric immunogen HR1-VV-HR2-VS. This design induced superior cellular and humoral immune responses compared to individual peptide components in immunized mice. The vaccine also significantly reduced viral loads and attenuated lung pathology in mice challenged with HCoV-229E, SARS-CoV-2 prototype strain, and the KP.2 variant, demonstrating cross-protective immunity. Therefore, these results indicated that HR1-VV-HR2-VS vaccine elicits cross-protective immunity, highlighting its potential as a universal coronavirus vaccine. In addition, we developed an innovative peptide vaccine platform based on the HR1-HR2 trimeric structural protein, which serves as a potent polypeptide fusion scaffold to significantly enhance peptide immunogenicity.

SARS-CoV-2变体的持续出现继续影响当前疫苗的效力,推动了广谱冠状病毒疫苗的开发,以解决变体逃避和未来疫情。为了开发一种泛冠状病毒疫苗,我们在人感染冠状病毒的刺突蛋白中鉴定了一些保守的T/B表位,重点鉴定了两个保守的长肽,VV和VS,它们在COVID-19恢复期患者的PBMCs中表现出广泛的免疫原性。通过将VV和VS长肽与S2亚基的七肽重复1/2 (HR1/2)结构域在结构上融合,我们构建了一个三聚体免疫原HR1-VV-HR2-VS。与免疫小鼠的单个肽组分相比,该设计诱导了优越的细胞和体液免疫反应。该疫苗还显著降低了感染HCoV-229E、SARS-CoV-2原型株和KP.2变体的小鼠的病毒载量和肺部病理,显示出交叉保护性免疫。因此,这些结果表明,HR1-VV-HR2-VS疫苗可引起交叉保护性免疫,突出了其作为通用冠状病毒疫苗的潜力。此外,我们开发了一种基于HR1-HR2三聚体结构蛋白的创新型肽疫苗平台,作为一种有效的多肽融合支架,可显著增强肽的免疫原性。
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引用次数: 0
Hypercoagulability and vascular proinflammatory activation promote cardiac-cerebral fibrinogenesis in a rodent model of Chagas Disease. 在恰加斯病啮齿动物模型中,高凝和血管促炎激活促进心-脑纤维蛋白生成。
IF 7.5 2区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-02-11 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2026.2631204
Subhadip Choudhuri, Nisha Jain Garg

Commonly used abbreviations: AT, IT, and CT: Acute, intermediate, and chronic stages of T. cruzi infection, respectively; APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; BCV: Bicistronic immunogen; BCVR: BCV adjuvanted with RIG-I agonist; CD: Chagas disease; EC: Endothelial cells; INR: International normalized ratio; LV: Left ventricle; PT: Prothrombin time; SMC: Smooth muscle cell; TF: Tissue factor; Tc: Trypanosoma cruzi; uPA: Urokinase plasminogen activator; VCAM1: Vascular Cell adhesion molecule 1; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.

常用缩写:AT、IT和CT:分别为克氏t型病毒感染的急性、中期和慢性阶段;APTT:活化部分凝血活素时间;BCV:双胞免疫原;BCVR:伴有rig - 1激动剂的BCV;CD:恰加斯病;EC:内皮细胞;INR:国际标准化比率;LV:左心室;PT:凝血酶原时间;SMC:平滑肌细胞;TF:组织因子;Tc:克氏锥虫;尿激酶纤溶酶原激活剂;VCAM1:血管细胞粘附分子1;VEGF:血管内皮生长因子。
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引用次数: 0
Syrian hamster is an ideal animal model for evaluating the transmissibility of emerging influenza viruses. 叙利亚仓鼠是评估新发流感病毒传播能力的理想动物模型。
IF 7.5 2区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-02-09 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2026.2629629
Jiongjie Li, Dongxue Wang, Bin Li, Jinming Ma, Xinwen He, Lei Chen, Huihui Kong, Guohua Deng, Pengfei Cui, Huanliang Yang, Fei Meng, Xianying Zeng, Guobin Tian, Jianzhong Shi, Hualan Chen

Multiple influenza virus subtypes actively circulate in nature, and assessing their transmissibility provides crucial information for predicting their pandemic potential and for pandemic preparedness. Here, we evaluated the receptor-binding preferences, replication, and transmission of five different influenza viruses (i.e., CA/07-H1N1, GX/18-H1N1, CK/S2283-H3N8, CK/SD007-H9N2, and DK/35-H5N1) in Syrian hamsters. Receptor-binding analysis using biolayer interferometry revealed that four of these viruses preferentially bound α2,6-linked sialic acid receptors, whereas the H5N1 virus bound to α2,3-linked and α2,6-linked sialic acid receptors similarly. All five viruses replicated well in the respiratory tissues of Syrian hamsters, but did not cause obvious symptoms or death, indicating that Syrian hamsters can tolerate influenza virus infection and are not suitable for influenza virus pathogenicity studies. The four viruses that bound to α2,6-linked sialic acid receptors with higher affinity than to α2,3-linked sialic acid receptors were transmissible between Syrian hamsters via direct contact or respiratory droplets; however, the H5N1 virus was not transmissible through respiratory droplets, consistent with previously reported transmission characteristics observed for these viruses in guinea pigs and ferrets. Given that Syrian hamsters and humans have similar receptor expression patterns in their nasal mucosa, our findings suggests that Syrian hamsters can be used as a suitable animal model for evaluating the transmissibility of influenza viruses that preferentially bind to α2,6-linked sialic acid receptors.

多种流感病毒亚型在自然界中活跃传播,评估其传播性为预测其大流行潜力和大流行防范提供了重要信息。在这里,我们评估了5种不同流感病毒(CA/07-H1N1、GX/18-H1N1、CK/S2283-H3N8、CK/SD007-H9N2和DK/35-H5N1)在叙利亚仓鼠中的受体结合偏好、复制和传播。采用生物层干涉法进行受体结合分析,发现其中4种病毒优先结合α2,6-链唾液酸受体,而H5N1病毒与α2,3-链和α2,6-链唾液酸受体的结合相似。5种病毒均在叙利亚仓鼠的呼吸组织中复制良好,但未引起明显症状或死亡,说明叙利亚仓鼠可耐受流感病毒感染,不适合进行流感病毒致病性研究。与α2,6-链唾液酸受体结合的4种病毒亲和力均高于与α2,3-链唾液酸受体结合的病毒,可通过直接接触或飞沫在叙利亚地鼠间传播;然而,H5N1病毒不能通过呼吸道飞沫传播,这与以前报告的在豚鼠和雪貂中观察到的这些病毒的传播特征一致。鉴于叙利亚仓鼠和人类在鼻黏膜中具有相似的受体表达模式,我们的研究结果表明,叙利亚仓鼠可以作为评估优先结合α2,6-链唾液酸受体的流感病毒的传播性的合适动物模型。
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引用次数: 0
The emergence and biological characteristics of linezolid-resistant Clostridioides difficile isolates in the Asia-Pacific Region. 亚太地区耐利奈唑胺艰难梭菌分离株的出现及其生物学特性。
IF 7.5 2区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2026.2627070
Yu Chen, Xinwei Chen, Hangcong Xu, Heng Shen, Xing Liu, Fen Wan, Yuning Han, Xiaojun Song, Jun Li, Hong Du, Xingli Fan, Yan Wu, Yun Luo, Dazhi Jin

Linezolid-resistant Clostridioides difficile, conferred by the acquisition of cfr-like genes, has been reported in Europe and America. However, the emergence of linezolid resistance in C. difficile in the Asia-Pacific region and its impacts on C. difficile pathogenicity remain unclear. In this study, 881 C. difficile isolates from the Asia-Pacific region were screened for cfr-like genes. Whole genome sequencing was performed on 16 cfr-like gene-positive isolates from four countries. Thirteen isolates possessed cfr(B), which was located within Tn6218, while three isolates possessed cfr(C), which was located within the integrative and conjugative elements (ICE) F548 and DA275. Fourteen (87.5%, 14/16) of the cfr-like gene-positive isolates were resistant to linezolid. In comparison to the two isolates susceptible to linezolid, these 14 isolates exhibited significantly higher mRNA expression levels of cfr(B) and cfr(C), along with significantly higher bacterial density at 12 h. Conversely, they demonstrated reduced abilities for sporulation and biofilm formation. After the cfr(B) gene was knocked down by the CRISPR interference, the C. difficile strain presented lower bacterial density at 12 h, higher toxin production and stronger sporulation and biofilm formation abilities. Our findings reveal the emergence of cfr-like genes C. difficile isolates in the Asia-Pacific region, highlighting that cfr-like genes not only mediate linezolid resistance but also contribute to regulating pathogenic potential. Linezolid resistance in CDI should be closely monitored in specific patients.

耐利奈唑胺艰难梭菌(clostridiides difficile),由于获得cfr样基因而产生,已在欧洲和美国报道。然而,亚太地区艰难梭菌耐利奈唑胺的出现及其对艰难梭菌致病性的影响尚不清楚。本研究对来自亚太地区的881株艰难梭菌分离株进行cfr样基因筛选。对来自4个国家的16株cfr样基因阳性分离株进行了全基因组测序。13株cfr(B)位于Tn6218内,3株cfr(C)位于整合共轭元件(ICE) F548和DA275内。14株(87.5%,14/16)cfr样基因阳性菌株对利奈唑胺耐药。与两株对利奈唑胺敏感的菌株相比,这14株菌株在12 h时cfr(B)和cfr(C) mRNA表达水平显著高于其他菌株,细菌密度也显著高于其他菌株。相反,它们的产孢和生物膜形成能力下降。通过CRISPR干扰敲除cfr(B)基因后,艰难梭菌菌株在12 h时呈现出较低的细菌密度、较高的毒素产量和较强的产孢和生物膜形成能力。我们的研究结果揭示了cfr样基因在亚太地区艰难梭菌分离株的出现,强调cfr样基因不仅介导利奈唑胺耐药性,而且有助于调节致病潜力。应密切监测CDI患者的利奈唑胺耐药情况。
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引用次数: 0
mRNA Mediated Expression of Novel Fusion Phage Tail Protein with Antimicrobial Peptides inside Macrophages for Targeted Clearance of Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 巨噬细胞内新型融合噬菌体尾部蛋白与抗菌肽的mRNA介导表达靶向清除细胞内结核分枝杆菌
IF 7.5 2区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2026.2627075
Ziwei Chen, Xueting Fan, Liying Zhou, Lihui Zou, Li Wan, Yayu Li, Chang Li, Lu Kuai, Jiahui Cai, Lili Zhang, Yifei Li, Hexin Li, Kanglin Wan, Haican Liu, Hongtao Xu, Fei Xiao

Current anti-tuberculosis treatments primarily target extracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), but exhibit limited efficacy against intracellular Mtb, leading to incomplete clearance of pathogens and an increased risk of recurrence. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) possess broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and low potential for resistance development. Here we developed an in vitro mRNA expression platform which not only facilitates intracellular AMPs expression within macrophages, but also significantly enhances their bactericidal activity against Mtb post-infection. Notably, the combination of AMPs trimers demonstrated superior anti-Mtb activity compared to individual AMPs or other combinations. Furthermore, fusion of this AMP complex with either the minor tail protein Gp6 or lysin Gp10 from Mycobacterium phage L5 substantially improved macrophage-specific targeting and intracellular Mtb elimination. Thus, our current study provides novel insights and innovative strategies for the treatment of tuberculosis or other intracellular bacterial pathogens.

目前的抗结核治疗主要针对细胞外结核分枝杆菌(Mtb),但对细胞内结核分枝杆菌的疗效有限,导致病原体的不完全清除和复发风险增加。抗菌肽具有广谱抗菌活性,耐药潜力低。本研究建立了一个体外mRNA表达平台,该平台不仅促进了巨噬细胞内amp的细胞内表达,而且显著增强了巨噬细胞对结核分枝杆菌感染后的杀菌活性。值得注意的是,与单独的amp或其他组合相比,amp三聚体的组合显示出更好的抗mtb活性。此外,该AMP复合物与分枝杆菌噬菌体L5的次要尾蛋白Gp6或溶酶Gp10融合后,可显著改善巨噬细胞特异性靶向和细胞内Mtb消除。因此,我们目前的研究为结核病或其他细胞内细菌病原体的治疗提供了新的见解和创新的策略。
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引用次数: 0
Assembling the puzzle of antimicrobial resistance in staphylococcal biofilms. 葡萄球菌生物膜抗菌素耐药性之谜的组装。
IF 7.5 2区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2026.2627073
Thuy Nguyen, David McGiffin, Bin Lou, Yao Sun, Changrui Qian, Xenia Kostoulias, Wenhong Zhang, Anton Y Peleg, Yue Qu

AbstractMultiple mechanisms underpinning biofilm antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have been studied individually. This study aimed to integrate these mechanisms, to understand their contributions to staphylococcal biofilm AMR, as a part of a whole, and to elucidate key hurdles hindering effective biofilm eradication by antimicrobial agents.Nine antibiotics were selected against microplate-based biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A. Four mechanisms, including repressed bacterial metabolism, the barrier effect of the biofilm extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) matrix, the acidic inner-biofilm pH, and inoculum effects associated with high-cell-density biofilm growth were studied. The impact of individual mechanism on biofilm AMR was quantitated by determining the fold increase of concentration that allows antibiotics to overcome the mechanism. Antibiotic concentrations were then incrementally increased from minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) to sequentially address all four mechanisms, ultimately aiming to kill at least 99.9% of biofilm cells.A simplified method was developed to evaluate the dependence of antibiotics on bacterial metabolic states for the lethality. Gentamicin, tobramycin and ciprofloxacin at 1,024 µg/mL overcame all four mechanisms and successfully killed S. aureus ATCC 25923 biofilms by at least 3 log units. Ciprofloxacin at 1,024 µg/mL effectively killed S. epidermidis RP62A biofilms. The contribution of each mechanism to biofilm AMR was strain- and drug- dependent, with low-cell-metabolism being the most important factor.This study underscores the individual contributions of each mechanism to staphylococcal biofilm AMR and highlights the necessity of targeting all four mechanisms to achieve effective biofilm eradication.

摘要生物膜抗菌素耐药性(AMR)的多种机制已被单独研究。本研究旨在整合这些机制,了解它们对葡萄球菌生物膜AMR的贡献,作为整体的一部分,并阐明抗菌药物有效根除生物膜的关键障碍。选择9种抗生素对抗金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC 25923和表皮葡萄球菌RP62A形成的微孔板生物膜。研究了细菌代谢抑制、生物膜胞外聚合物质(EPS)基质的屏障作用、生物膜内酸性pH和接种量对高密度生物膜生长的影响等4种机制。个体机制对生物膜抗菌素耐药性的影响通过测定使抗生素能够克服该机制的浓度增加的倍数来定量。然后,抗生素浓度从最低杀菌浓度(MBC)逐渐增加,依次解决所有四种机制,最终目标是杀死至少99.9%的生物膜细胞。建立了一种简化的方法来评估抗生素对细菌代谢状态的依赖性。庆大霉素、妥布霉素和环丙沙星的浓度为1024µg/mL,克服了所有四种机制,成功地杀死了金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC 25923生物膜至少3 log单位。环丙沙星1024µg/mL能有效杀伤表皮葡萄球菌RP62A生物膜。每种机制对生物膜抗菌素耐药性的贡献都是菌株和药物依赖的,其中低细胞代谢是最重要的因素。本研究强调了每种机制对葡萄球菌生物膜AMR的个体贡献,并强调了针对所有四种机制以实现有效根除生物膜的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Investigating high pathogenicity avian influenza virus incursions to remote islands: Detection of H5N1 on Gough Island in the South Atlantic Ocean. 调查高致病性禽流感病毒对偏远岛屿的入侵:在南大西洋戈夫岛发现H5N1。
IF 7.5 2区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2026.2627076
Antje Steinfurth, Joshua G Lynton-Jenkins, Jaimie Cleeland, Benjamin C Mollett, Holly A Coombes, Andrea Moores, Robyn Neal, Ben Clifton, Marco Falchieri, Christopher W Jones, Michelle M Risi, Susannah Gold, Joe James, Peter G Ryan, Jacob González Solís, Ashley C Banyard

Understanding the mechanisms underlying the emergence and spread of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is critical for tracking its global dissemination, particularly via migratory seabirds, given their role in transmission over long distances. Scavenging seabirds, such as skuas, may act as both reservoirs and vectors, and have been linked to multiple outbreaks since 2021. Here, we report the detection of HPAIV H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in three Tristan skua (Stercorarius antarcticus hamiltoni) carcasses on Gough Island in the central South Atlantic Ocean. To investigate potential incursion routes, we combined genomic analyses with year-round tracking data from global location sensors. Although migratory movement patterns suggested southern Africa as the most obvious pathway, the strain detected on Gough Island was more closely related to that identified in South Georgia, indicating that infection may have occurred during the pre-laying exodus, when skuas disperse into frontal waters south of the island. No further cases have been confirmed for Gough, but more systematic monitoring is needed to understand the dynamics of virus infection. The detection of HPAIV H5N1 in skuas on Gough Island highlights the importance of continued vigilance, proactive and geographically inclusive surveillance strategies, and biosecurity measures globally, alongside efforts to reduce other pressures on globally important seabird populations to help strengthen their resilience.

鉴于高致病性禽流感病毒(HPAIV)在远距离传播中的作用,了解其出现和传播的机制对于追踪其全球传播,特别是通过迁徙海鸟传播至关重要。贼鸥等食腐海鸟可能既是宿主又是病媒,并与2021年以来的多次疫情有关。在这里,我们报告在南大西洋中部戈夫岛的3只特里斯坦贼鸥(Stercorarius antarcticus hamiltoni)尸体中检测到HPAIV H5N1进化枝2.3.4.4b。为了研究潜在的入侵途径,我们将基因组分析与全球位置传感器的全年跟踪数据相结合。虽然迁徙模式表明南部非洲是最明显的途径,但在高夫岛检测到的菌株与在南乔治亚岛发现的菌株更接近,这表明感染可能发生在产卵前的迁徙期间,当时贼鸥分散到岛屿南部的前缘水域。没有进一步的高夫确诊病例,但需要更系统的监测,以了解病毒感染的动态。在高夫岛贼鸥中发现HPAIV H5N1突出表明,必须继续保持警惕,采取积极主动和具有地理包容性的监测战略,并在全球范围内采取生物安全措施,同时努力减少对全球重要海鸟种群的其他压力,以帮助增强其复原力。
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引用次数: 0
Age-associated differences in XBB.1.5 trivalent booster vaccine-induced adaptive responses revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing. 单细胞RNA测序揭示了XBB.1.5三价加强疫苗诱导的适应性反应的年龄相关差异。
IF 7.5 2区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2026.2627067
Shixing Chen, Tao Liu, Jing Chen, Shengxia Yin, Jinqiu Ran, Wen Zhang, Wanying Zhang, Juan Zhang, Chen Li, Xun Wang, Pengfei Wang, Chao Wu, Fan Yang, Yuxin Chen

Older adults remain highly vulnerable to severe SARS-CoV-2 outcomes despite multiple vaccinations, yet age-associated differences in immune responses to updated COVID-19 booster vaccines remain incompletely characterized. Here, we administered an XBB.1.5 trivalent recombinant protein booster (WSK-V102C) to 22 individuals (<38 years) and 20 individuals (≥73 years), all of whom had previously received 2-3 doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines. Neutralizing antibody responses against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants were quantified and compared between age groups. Meanwhile, single-cell RNA sequencing was also performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected at baseline and 28 days post-vaccination to profile age-associated immune features following boosting. Following booster immunization, both age groups achieved significantly elevated antibody titers against all tested strains. Nevertheless, the magnitude of antibody fold increase was consistently lower in elderly individuals than in younger adults. Single-cell analyses revealed age-associated differences in post-vaccination immune organization. In elderly individuals, B-cell state transitions were characterized by transcriptional signatures consistent with memory B cell-to-plasmablast differentiation, whereas younger individuals predominantly exhibited transitions from naïve B cells. CD4+ T cells from elderly individuals displayed altered transcriptional trajectories and reduced T-cell receptor diversity relative to younger adults. In contrast, younger individuals showed coordinated B- and T-cell-associated transcriptional programs, including enrichment of transcription factors such as KLF7, CEBPB, CEBPD, and MAFB. Collectively, our study describes age-associated differences in immune coordination and cellular response patterns following XBB.1.5 booster vaccination. Further longitudinal and functional studies will be required to clarify the mechanistic basis and clinical implications of these observations.

尽管多次接种疫苗,老年人仍然极易受到严重的SARS-CoV-2后果的影响,但对更新的COVID-19加强疫苗免疫反应的年龄相关差异仍未完全表征。在这里,我们给22个人注射了XBB.1.5三价重组蛋白增强剂(WSK-V102C) (
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引用次数: 0
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Emerging Microbes & Infections
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