Energy Conversion and Management最新文献_第4页

Thermohydraulic and Data-Driven–Probabilistic modelling of a Turbulator-Enhanced hybrid Solar–Gas water heater for global technoeconomic and environmental performance prediction 用于全球技术经济和环境性能预测的涡轮增强型混合太阳能-燃气热水器的热液压和数据驱动概率建模

IF 10.9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121170

Mohammad Zaboli , Seyfolah Saedodin , Seyed Soheil Mousavi Ajarostaghi , Nader Karimi

Flat-plate solar collectors (FPSCs) are widely deployable for low-carbon domestic hot-water generation, yet their adoption is limited by modest thermal efficiency and intermittent performance under variable solar irradiance. This study adopts a comprehensive, multilayered approach to address these limitations, introducing a novel turbulator-enhanced hybrid solar–gas water-heating system that is investigated through both experimental studies and numerical simulations. Helical-fin and conical turbulators generate dual-swirling flows, substantially enhancing convective heat transfer and increasing thermal efficiency by up to 79% over conventional FPSCs. Coupling the collector with a domestic gas boiler ensures continuous operation under variable irradiance, improving reliability and resilience in practical settings. As a key novelty, a probabilistic, data-driven framework combining symbolic regression, Sobol sensitivity analysis, and Monte Carlo uncertainty quantification is applied to evaluate global technoeconomic and environmental performance. The analysis identifies solar irradiance and fluid mass flow rate as dominant performance drivers, while quantifying the impact of irradiance variability on levelized cost of energy and CO₂ mitigation, an aspect rarely addressed in prior studies, providing actionable insights for design under uncertainty. Across five Sunbelt regions worldwide, the hybrid system reduces energy payback time by 58.8%, lowers levelized cost of energy by 37.3%, and avoids up to 3,826 kg CO₂ eq yr⁻¹ compared with gas-only systems. These results establish a robust, scalable pathway for designing resilient, uncertainty-aware, low-carbon domestic heating solutions that combine high efficiency, operational reliability, and substantial environmental benefits.

平板太阳能集热器（FPSCs）广泛应用于低碳家庭热水发电，但其采用受到适度热效率和可变太阳辐照度下间歇性性能的限制。本研究采用了一种全面的、多层次的方法来解决这些限制，引入了一种新型的涡轮增强型混合太阳能-燃气热水系统，该系统通过实验研究和数值模拟进行了研究。螺旋鳍和锥形湍流产生双旋流，大大增强了对流换热，热效率比传统fpsc提高了79%。将集热器与家用燃气锅炉耦合，确保在可变辐照度下连续运行，提高了实际设置中的可靠性和弹性。作为一个关键的新颖性，结合符号回归，Sobol敏感性分析和蒙特卡罗不确定性量化的概率，数据驱动的框架被应用于评估全球技术经济和环境绩效。该分析确定了太阳辐照度和流体质量流量是主要的性能驱动因素，同时量化了辐照度可变性对能源平准化成本和二氧化碳减排的影响，这是以往研究中很少涉及的一个方面，为不确定性下的设计提供了可行的见解。在全球五个阳光地带地区，混合动力系统将能源回报时间缩短了58.8%，将能源成本降低了37.3%，与纯燃气系统相比，每年可减少高达3,826 千克二氧化碳当量。这些结果为设计弹性、不确定性、低碳的家庭供暖解决方案建立了一个强大的、可扩展的途径，该解决方案结合了高效率、运行可靠性和巨大的环境效益。

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引用次数: 0

Dielectric characterisation of solar salt for volumetric heating applications in Power-to-Heat-to-Power systems 电对热对电系统中体积加热应用的太阳能盐的介电特性

IF 10.9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121205

C. Valverde , G. Link , S. Soldatov , J.M. Catalá-Civera , P. Plaza-González , G. Dimitrakis , B. Singh , A. Cachot , L. Del Campo , M. Malki , M.M. Rodriguez-Garcia , E. Rojas

Carnot batteries, or Power-to-Heat-to-Power systems, rely on solar salt as a thermal energy storage medium and require efficient and controllable heating technologies. However, conventional resistive heating is constrained by the low thermal conductivity of solar salt, leading to temperature gradients, local overheating, and material degradation, which motivates the exploration of alternative volumetric heating approaches. In this context, this study evaluates the feasibility of microwave-based volumetric heating of solar salt by analysing its dielectric behaviour across both solid and molten states. Dielectric properties were measured using the cavity perturbation method at 912 MHz and 2.45 GHz with different sample volumes and electromagnetic field configurations. Under these conditions, the sharp increase in electrical conductivity in the molten state results in high effective dielectric losses that violate the small-perturbation assumption underlying this technique. Consequently, the microwave measurements were complemented by four-electrode electrochemical impedance spectroscopy from 100 Hz to 1 MHz up to 550

° C

to confirm the dominance of ionic transport mechanisms. The results show activation energies of 0.810 eV in the solid state and 0.148 eV in the liquid state, while extrapolated conductivities of approximately 160–170 S m⁻¹ correspond to microwave penetration depths of about 1.3 mm at 912 MHz and 0.8 mm at 2.45 GHz, providing an application-relevant measure of the interaction between molten solar salt and electromagnetic fields. These findings indicate that accurate dielectric characterisation of molten solar salt at microwave frequencies requires measurement systems specifically adapted to highly conductive liquids and suggest that effective microwave heating strategies may rely on solar salt-compatible ceramic materials combined with appropriately tailored electromagnetic field distributions.

卡诺电池，或电-热-电系统，依靠太阳能盐作为热能储存介质，需要有效和可控的加热技术。然而，传统的电阻加热受到太阳盐低导热性的限制，导致温度梯度、局部过热和材料降解，这促使人们探索替代的体积加热方法。在这种情况下，本研究通过分析太阳盐在固体和熔融状态下的介电行为来评估微波体积加热太阳盐的可行性。在912 MHz和2.45 GHz频段，采用腔微扰法测量了不同样品体积和不同电磁场配置下的介电性能。在这些条件下，熔融状态下电导率的急剧增加导致高有效介电损耗，这违反了该技术的小摄动假设。因此，在100 Hz至1 MHz至550°C的四电极电化学阻抗谱中补充了微波测量，以确认离子输运机制的主导地位。结果表明，固态活化能为0.810 eV，液态活化能为0.148 eV，而外推的电导率约为160-170 S m−1，对应于912 MHz和2.45 GHz的微波穿透深度分别约为1.3 mm和0.8 mm，提供了熔融太阳盐与电磁场相互作用的应用相关测量。这些发现表明，在微波频率下准确表征熔融太阳盐的介电特性需要专门适用于高导电性液体的测量系统，并表明有效的微波加热策略可能依赖于与太阳盐兼容的陶瓷材料结合适当定制的电磁场分布。

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引用次数: 0

A Sub-Atmospheric hydrogen power generation system Combining Near-Ambient-Temperature Phase-Change heat absorption and Hydrogen-Oxygen direct combustion 近环境温度相变吸热与氢氧直接燃烧相结合的亚大气氢气发电系统

IF 10.9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121207

Enhui Sun , Qinchai Chen , Yanyu Ding , Zhenyu Leng , Wenjing Ma , Linyao Zhang , Jinliang Xu

The production and utilization of hydrogen via water electrolysis are spatially decoupled, and the associated high-pressure storage and power-generation pathways remain limited in practice, constraining overall energy efficiency. This study proposes an innovative approach that couples near-ambient-temperature phase-change heat absorption under sub-atmospheric pressure with high-temperature hydrogen–oxygen direct combustion. A semi-closed Rankine cycle, synergistically driven by hydrogen–oxygen combustion and low-grade thermal input, is constructed accordingly. Owing to its compatibility with sub-atmospheric pressure conditions and adaptability to low-grade heat, the proposed cycle is highly suitable for integration with emerging energy storage technologies such as near-atmospheric-pressure solid-state hydrogen storage. Using low-grade solar energy as an example, the system exploits the low saturation temperature (∼60 °C) of water under sub-atmospheric pressure (0.02 MPa) to achieve efficient boiling heat transfer driven by solar energy, effectively mitigating the regeneration difficulty associated with large latent heat in subcritical Rankine cycles; combined with hydrogen–oxygen combustion, a regenerative process is employed to allocate high- and low-grade heat, thereby improving hydrogen utilization. Thermodynamic analysis and numerical simulation of sub-atmospheric water phase-change heat transfer verify the feasibility of the proposed system. At main steam conditions of 0.02 MPa and 1190 °C, thermal efficiencies of 23.51% and 83.24% (hydrogen fuel utilization efficiency excluding solar heat input) are obtained when low-grade solar heat is considered and not considered, respectively. Given the abundance and negligible cost of ∼ 60 °C solar energy, the 83.24% efficiency, equivalent to the theoretical limit of hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells, acquires realistic engineering significance. Numerical results further indicate that vapor quality is inversely correlated with flow velocity and positively correlated with solar irradiance; for an 11.7 m tube, the average outlet vapor quality reaches 83%, confirming engineering feasibility. This work provides a new technical pathway for the efficient coupling of hydrogen energy and low-grade thermal energy.

水电解氢气的生产和利用在空间上是解耦的，相关的高压储存和发电途径在实践中仍然有限，制约了整体能源效率。本研究提出了一种将亚大气压下的近室温相变吸热与高温氢氧直接燃烧相结合的创新方法。一个由氢氧燃烧和低品位热输入协同驱动的半封闭朗肯循环由此构建。由于其与亚大气压条件的兼容性和对低品位热量的适应性，所提出的循环非常适合与新兴的储能技术（如近大气压固态储氢）集成。以低品位太阳能为例，该系统利用水在亚大气压（0.02 MPa）下的低饱和温度（~ 60°C）实现太阳能驱动的高效沸腾换热，有效缓解亚临界朗肯循环中潜热大带来的再生困难；结合氢氧燃烧，采用蓄热过程来分配高品位和低品位的热量，从而提高氢的利用率。对亚大气水相变传热的热力学分析和数值模拟验证了该系统的可行性。在主蒸汽工况为0.02 MPa和1190℃时，考虑和不考虑低品位太阳热时的热效率分别为23.51%和83.24%（不考虑太阳热输入的氢燃料利用效率）。考虑到~ 60°C太阳能的丰富性和可忽略不计的成本，相当于氢氧燃料电池理论极限的83.24%的效率具有现实的工程意义。数值结果进一步表明，水汽质量与流速呈负相关，与太阳辐照度呈正相关；对于11.7 m的管道，平均出口蒸汽质量达到83%，证实了工程可行性。本工作为氢能与低品位热能的高效耦合提供了一条新的技术途径。

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引用次数: 0

Multi-zone cooling strategy for dead-end proton exchange membrane fuel cells: Enhancing performance, water-thermal balance and durability 终端质子交换膜燃料电池的多区域冷却策略：提高性能、水热平衡和耐久性

IF 10.9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121151

Zhangda Liu , Zhan Gao , Houchang Pei , Qi Li , Zhengkai Tu

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells operating in dead-end mode suffer from spatially coupled water-thermal non-uniformities, which lead to inlet membrane dehydration and outlet flooding, jointly degrading performance and durability. Conventional uniform cooling strategies cannot effectively decouple these competing phenomena, which motivates the development of spatially differentiated thermal management approaches. A multi-zone cooling strategy has been developed to enable independent precision control of three temperature zones (30°C/60°C/80°C) within a single cell. This innovation achieves synergistic water-thermal regulation by actively leveraging thermal gradients: Outlet flooding is suppressed through a localized high-temperature zone (80°C) that enhances liquid water evaporation; Inlet membrane dehydration is prevented via a cooler upper zone (30°C) that promotes water retention; Compared with integral cooling at 60°C, the optimized multi-zone cooling improved current–density uniformity by 45.49%, reduced ohmic resistance by up to 26.12%, and increased cell voltage by 6.86% at 1100 mA·cm-2, while decreasing electrochemical surface area loss from 38.52% to 7.16% and suppressing the growth of hydrogen crossover by 59.57% over 120 h These results indicate that multi-zone cooling can effectively decouple water-thermal failure modes in dead-end operation and significantly enhance performance stability and durability, highlighting its potential for advanced thermal management in proton exchange membrane fuel cells.

在终端模式下运行的质子交换膜燃料电池存在空间耦合的水-热不均匀性，导致进口膜脱水和出口淹水，共同降低了性能和耐久性。传统的均匀冷却策略不能有效地解耦这些竞争现象，这促使了空间差异化热管理方法的发展。开发了多区域冷却策略，可以在单个电池内独立精确控制三个温度区域（30°C/60°C/80°C）。这一创新通过积极利用热梯度实现了水热协同调节：通过局部高温区（80°C）抑制出口注水，促进液态水蒸发；通过较冷的上部区域（30°C）防止进口膜脱水，促进水潴留；与60℃整体冷却相比，优化后的多区冷却使电流密度均匀性提高了45.49%，欧姆电阻降低了26.12%，1100 mA·cm-2时电池电压提高了6.86%；在120 h内，电化学表面积损失从38.52%降低到7.16%，氢交叉的增长降低了59.57%。这些结果表明，多区冷却可以有效地解耦合死角运行中的水热失效模式，显著提高性能的稳定性和耐久性，突出了其在质子交换膜燃料电池高级热管理方面的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental characterization and analysis of phase change material-based thermal energy storage system for refrigerated display case 基于相变材料的冷藏陈列柜蓄热系统的实验表征与分析

IF 10.9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121143

Ravi Anant Kishore , Jason Woods , Yana Galazutdinova , Monica Cook , Said Al-Hallaj , Kyle Foster , Ramin Faramarzi

Refrigerated display cases that are used to store and exhibit food products in supermarkets and retail spaces consume a significant portion of the buildings’ total electricity. Importantly, the refrigeration-related energy cost and demand charges are greatly affected by the time-of-use electricity pricing and demand rates, which are at their maximum during peak hours, typically when refrigeration energy consumption is also high. Using energy storage to shift the refrigeration load from peak to off-peak hours can greatly reduce the operational costs in the supermarket. This study demonstrates a phase change material-based thermal energy storage (TES) system, specifically designed in stackable units, that can be integrated with an open vertical refrigerated display case. We perform numerical and experimental characterization that includes finite-difference modeling for the TES, prototype fabrication, and laboratory evaluation, followed by a preliminary system-level analysis to predict the impact of TES on the refrigerated case performance, energy use, and energy cost. The results show that the dedicated latent TES for refrigerated cases can provide a specific energy of 50.4 Wh/kg and a specific power of 15.5 W/kg. The TES can be charged during 12 h of the off-peak period and discharged at various rates during 4 to 6 h of the peak period, thereby shifting the refrigeration load from the peak to the off-peak period. Consequently, annual cost savings up to 19% can be achieved, depending on the thermal load, the summer/winter peak electricity pricing, and the transition temperature of the phase change material used.

在超市和零售空间中，用于储存和展示食品的冷藏陈列柜消耗了建筑物总电力的很大一部分。重要的是，与制冷相关的能源成本和需求收费受到分时电价和需求费率的很大影响，而分时电价和需求费率在高峰时段达到最大值，而高峰时段通常也是制冷能耗较高的时段。利用储能技术将制冷负荷从高峰时段转移到非高峰时段，可以大大降低超市的运营成本。本研究展示了一种基于相变材料的热能存储（TES）系统，该系统专门设计为可堆叠单元，可与开放式垂直冷藏展示柜集成。我们进行了数值和实验表征，包括TES的有限差分建模、原型制造和实验室评估，随后进行了初步的系统级分析，以预测TES对冷藏箱性能、能源使用和能源成本的影响。结果表明，冷冻箱专用潜热TES可提供50.4 Wh/kg的比能量和15.5 W/kg的比功率。工商业污水附加费可在非高峰时段的12小时内收费，并在高峰时段的4至6小时内以不同的费率放电，从而将制冷负荷从高峰转移到非高峰时段。因此，根据热负荷、夏季/冬季峰值电价以及所使用相变材料的转变温度，每年可节省高达19%的成本。

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引用次数: 0

Techno-economic analysis of an integrated desalination-renewable-hydrogen system for zero-emission freshwater and electricity production 用于零排放淡水和电力生产的一体化脱盐-可再生氢系统的技术经济分析

IF 10.9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121231

Pranjal Kumar, Abhijit Date, Bahman Shabani

Developing a large-scale renewable hydrogen system intended to supply reliable clean electricity to remote island communities are constrained by limited freshwater availability for system itself: i.e., hydrogen production through electrolysis requires high-quality water. This study, hence, presents a detailed technoeconomic analysis of a double-pass reverse osmosis (DP-RO) arrangement integrated with a renewable hydrogen energy system, with a focus on assessing the impact of freshwater production cost on the hydrogen production cost. This arrangement is designed to supply sustainable freshwater and electricity to a remote island in southeast Australia. The proposed system comprises photovoltaic panels (3964 kW), wind turbines (3000 kW), proton exchange membrane electrolyser (1200 kW) and fuel cell stacks (1900 kW), hydrogen storage tanks (8000 kg), lithium-ion batteries (4725 kWh), and a DP-RO. The DP-RO system was modelled in MATLAB, where the specific energy consumption was determined as 5.96 kWh/m³ and 1.69 kWh/m³ for the pump used in 1st pass and in the 2^nd pass of the DP-RO system, respectively. The levelised costs of electricity and hydrogen were found to be 0.165 $/kWh and 40.5 $/kg, respectively. The electrolyser uses 4,148.9 MWh/year of excess electricity and produces 63110 kg of hydrogen annually, requiring 1073 m³ of freshwater. Sensitivity analysis revealed that variations in feed pressure of the 1st pass and the number of elements per pressure vessel in the DP-RO system can significantly influence the economics of the system. Notably, the water production cost ranged between 4.34 $/m³ and 6.90 $/m³ depending on the key parameters defining the system, while this has marginal impact on the levelised cost of hydrogen production. The findings demonstrate the feasibility of integrating a DP-RO system with a renewable hydrogen system to provide a scalable solution for simultaneous freshwater and electricity production in remote and resource-constrained regions.

开发一个旨在为偏远岛屿社区提供可靠清洁电力的大规模可再生氢系统受到系统本身有限的淡水供应的限制：即，通过电解生产氢需要高质量的水。因此，本研究对与可再生氢能源系统相结合的双重反渗透（DP-RO）安排进行了详细的技术经济分析，重点是评估淡水生产成本对氢气生产成本的影响。这种安排旨在为澳大利亚东南部的一个偏远岛屿提供可持续的淡水和电力。拟议的系统包括光伏板（3964千瓦）、风力涡轮机（3000千瓦）、质子交换膜电解槽（1200千瓦）和燃料电池堆（1900千瓦）、储氢罐（8000公斤）、锂离子电池（4725千瓦时）和一个DP-RO。在MATLAB中对DP-RO系统进行建模，确定DP-RO系统第一次和第二次使用的泵的比能耗分别为5.96 kWh/m3和1.69 kWh/m3。电力和氢气的平均成本分别为0.165美元/千瓦时和40.5美元/公斤。电解槽年剩余电量4148.9 MWh，年产氢63110 kg，需用淡水1073 m3。灵敏度分析表明，DP-RO系统中第一次进料压力和每个压力容器中元件数量的变化对系统的经济性有显著影响。值得注意的是，根据系统的关键参数，水的生产成本在4.34美元/立方米到6.90美元/立方米之间，而这对氢气生产的平均成本影响很小。研究结果证明了将DP-RO系统与可再生氢系统集成的可行性，为偏远和资源受限地区同时生产淡水和电力提供了可扩展的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Energy modeling and performance of volumetric 3D printing for multi-material efficient production 多材料高效生产的体积3D打印的能量建模和性能

IF 10.9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121186

Zhisi Xie , Zuke Yiyang , Jiaochang Wu , Yongchao Liao , Yan’e Gao , Kee-hung Lai , Wei Cai

Volumetric 3D printing has emerged as an effective approach to overcome the low efficiency and interlayer defects associated with conventional layer-by-layer additive manufacturing processes. However, the energy consumption and efficiency of this technique, particularly in multi-material printing scenarios, have not yet been quantified. In this study, a volumetric 3D printing method is proposed, with a bilayer structure selected as a representative case to investigate energy-efficient fabrication. First, the principles of volumetric 3D printing are systematically described, followed by an analysis of its performance characterization and energy efficiency. An energy consumption basic database and a full-process energy consumption model for bilayer multi-material volumetric 3D printing are established. The performance characteristics and their influencing factors are further examined. The results indicate that the proposed model achieves a prediction accuracy of up to 98.2%. In addition, volumetric 3D printing reduces manufacturing time to approximately one-ninth to one-twenty-second of that required by conventional digital light processing 3D printing, while the associated energy consumption is reduced to approximately one-half to one-sixth. These findings demonstrate the high efficiency of volumetric 3D printing in multi-material manufacturing and provide a reliable framework for energy-aware evaluation of advanced manufacturing processes.

体积3D打印已经成为克服传统逐层增材制造工艺相关的低效率和层间缺陷的有效方法。然而，这种技术的能耗和效率，特别是在多材料印刷场景中，还没有被量化。本文提出了一种体积3D打印方法，并以双层结构为代表研究了节能制造方法。首先，系统地描述了体积3D打印的原理，然后分析了其性能表征和能源效率。建立了双层多材料体积3D打印的能耗基础数据库和全过程能耗模型。进一步研究了其性能特点及其影响因素。结果表明，该模型的预测精度可达98.2%。此外，体积3D打印将制造时间减少到传统数字光处理3D打印所需的大约九分之一到二十分之一，而相关的能源消耗减少到大约二分之一到六分之一。这些发现证明了体积3D打印在多材料制造中的高效率，并为先进制造工艺的能源意识评估提供了可靠的框架。

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引用次数: 0

Optimising the transition of Swedish energy systems through sector coupling of power and district heating 通过电力和区域供热的部门耦合优化瑞典能源系统的过渡

IF 10.9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121165

Mohammad Saeid Atabaki, Helge Averfalk, Kristian Widén, Erik Möllerström, Henrik Gadd, Urban Persson

The future energy systems dominated by variable renewable energy sources require system flexibility for balancing fluctuating supply and demand. This study is motivated by the need to investigate how sector coupling between the power and district heating sectors can enhance flexibility. It is hypothesised that a partially disaggregated sector-coupling approach can efficiently capture interactions between energy generation, conversion, and storage technologies. A mathematical optimisation framework is developed to analyse cost-optimal and environmentally benign energy system transitions in Sweden up to 2050. The model accounts for the ten largest Swedish district heating systems integrated within the national power system. Results reveal that wind turbines, with a 56% share, supported by electricity storage dominate electricity generation in 2050. Electricity storage enables demand to be met with 7% lower installed power generation capacity. The resulting generation mix drives a shift in district heating supply, with the heat generation share of combined heat and power plants declining to 24% and that of heat pumps increasing to 61% by 2050. Seasonal thermal storage systems play an important role in this shift, supplying 11% of district heating demand. However, transitions towards low-temperature district heating reduce the seasonal storage share while further favouring heat pumps (up to 80% of heat generation). Increased availability of stable waste heat for direct district heating supply also diminishes the role of seasonal heat storage. Overall, the results highlight that district heating provides a flexibility service for the energy system, but multiple flexibility solutions are needed to fully exploit electricity oversupply.

以多变的可再生能源为主导的未来能源系统需要系统的灵活性来平衡波动的供需。本研究的动机是需要调查电力和区域供热部门之间的部门耦合如何提高灵活性。假设部分分解的部门耦合方法可以有效地捕获能源生成、转换和存储技术之间的相互作用。开发了一个数学优化框架来分析瑞典到2050年的成本优化和环境友好型能源系统转型。该模型考虑了整合在国家电力系统中的十个最大的瑞典区域供热系统。结果显示，到2050年，由电力储存支持的风力涡轮机将以56%的份额主导发电。电力存储能够以7%的装机容量来满足需求。由此产生的发电组合推动了区域供热供应的转变，到2050年，热电联产电厂的产热份额下降到24%，热泵的产热份额增加到61%。季节性储热系统在这一转变中发挥了重要作用，提供了11%的区域供热需求。然而，向低温区域供热的过渡减少了季节性储存份额，同时进一步有利于热泵（高达80%的热量产生）。增加可用的稳定余热直接区域供热供应也减少了季节性储热的作用。总体而言，结果强调区域供热为能源系统提供了灵活的服务，但需要多种灵活的解决方案来充分利用电力供应过剩。

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引用次数: 0

Exposing the hidden inefficiencies of electric quadricycles: An exergy-based analysis of real-world HVAC and battery thermal management under extreme weather conditions 揭露电动四轮车隐藏的低效率：在极端天气条件下对现实世界HVAC和电池热管理的基于火用的分析

IF 10.9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121214

Barbara Mendecka, Simone Lombardi, Laura Tribioli, Daniele Chiappini

This study presents a dynamic, second-law assessment of an integrated HVAC-battery thermal management system implemented on a prototype fully electric L7e-C quadricycle developed with commercially available components. A dynamic physics-based co-simulation framework combining MATLAB/Simulink and GT-SUITE was used to reproduce real driving cycles under summer conditions, enabling the identification of time-resolved exergy flows and irreversibilities. Results show that HVAC subsystems, originally designed for larger vehicles and not optimized for compact architectures, dominate the system’s thermodynamic degradation, accounting for approximately 84% of the total exergy destruction, with the compressor alone responsible for about 44%. The refrigeration loop achieves an energetic COP of 0.93 and an exergy COP of 0.14, while the overall system energetic COP is around 0.48 and the global exergy efficiency reaches only 1.6%. Moreover, dynamic temperature fluctuations, as well as changes in the system configuration, have a significant impact on the performance of some of the most critical components, such as the evaporator or the battery. Compared with steady-state evaluations, the dynamic exergy approach captures degradation patterns and reveals hidden inefficiencies that energy-only analyses cannot detect. In particular, the study shows that the implemented control strategy compromises the instantaneous efficiency of key components such as the compressor and the evaporator, thereby indicating where improvement efforts should be directed. As most existing exergy studies on thermal management systems are limited to steady-state evaluations, this work advances the field by delivering the first dynamic exergy-based analysis of an integrated HVAC-battery system in a light electric quadricycle. The study provides a realistic benchmark for future improvements in low-cost electric vehicles, supporting the optimization of component selection, system layout, and control strategies toward higher second-law efficiency.

本研究展示了一种集成的hvac -电池热管理系统的动态第二定律评估，该系统在一辆由市售组件开发的全电动L7e-C四轮车上实现。结合MATLAB/Simulink和GT-SUITE的基于动态物理的联合仿真框架用于再现夏季条件下的真实驾驶循环，从而识别时间分辨的火用流和不可逆性。结果表明，最初为大型车辆设计且未针对紧凑型架构进行优化的暖通空调子系统主导了系统的热力学退化，约占总火能破坏的84%，仅压缩机就占约44%。制冷回路的能量COP为0.93，火用COP为0.14，而整个系统的能量COP约为0.48，全球火用效率仅为1.6%。此外，动态温度波动以及系统配置的变化对一些最关键部件（如蒸发器或电池）的性能产生重大影响。与稳态评估相比，动态火用方法捕获了退化模式，并揭示了仅能量分析无法检测到的隐藏的低效率。特别是，研究表明，所实施的控制策略损害了压缩机和蒸发器等关键部件的瞬时效率，从而表明了改进工作的方向。由于大多数现有的热管理系统的火用研究仅限于稳态评估，这项工作通过提供第一个基于动态火用分析的轻型电动四轮车集成hvac -电池系统，推动了该领域的发展。该研究为未来低成本电动汽车的改进提供了现实的基准，支持组件选择、系统布局和控制策略的优化，以实现更高的第二定律效率。

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引用次数: 0

Design, optimization, and fabrication of a leaf-inspired roll-bond large-area vapor chamber for thermal performance enhancement 设计、优化和制造一种以叶片为灵感的滚动粘合大面积蒸汽室，以增强热性能

IF 10.9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121183

Shitong Chai , Longsheng Lu , Wenbin Yi , Yilin Zhong , Renpeng Yang , Le Li , Yingxi Xie , Shu Yang

With the increasing energy consumption of electronic devices in aerospace and other fields, vapor chambers (VCs), which offer high thermal conductivity, thin profiles, and excellent temperature uniformity, have emerged as an effective solution to current heat dissipation challenges. In this work, flow channel features of leaf veins were extracted and simulation-based optimization was applied to design a bio-inspired gas–liquid channel. Utilizing a comprehensive design theory for gas–liquid separation channels and an innovative aluminum roll-bond process, an aluminum-based leaf-inspired vapor chamber (ALVC) was fabricated (covering an area of 174,000 mm² and a maximum thickness of only 2.06 mm). Experimental investigations were conducted to examine the effects of different inclination angles, filling ratios, and cooling temperatures on the heat transfer performance of the ALVC. The results revealed that the leaf vein channel structure enabled unidirectional enhancement of gas–liquid transport efficiency. At a 90° inclination, the ALVC achieved a maximum power output of 300 W, with a thermal resistance as low as 0.022°C/W and an equivalent thermal conductivity of up to 43,188 W/(m·K). Furthermore, the cost-effective, lightweight design, and efficient large-area heat dissipation capabilities of the ALVC demonstrate significant potential for applications in fields such as aerospace.

随着航空航天和其他领域电子设备能耗的增加，具有高导热性、薄型材和优异温度均匀性的蒸汽室（VCs）已成为解决当前散热挑战的有效解决方案。本文通过提取叶脉的流道特征，采用仿真优化的方法设计了仿生气液通道。利用气液分离通道的综合设计理论和创新的铝滚粘工艺，制造了铝基叶片启发蒸汽室（ALVC）（占地面积为17.4万平方毫米，最大厚度仅为2.06毫米）。实验研究了不同倾角、填充率和冷却温度对ALVC换热性能的影响。结果表明，叶脉通道结构可以单向提高气液输运效率。当倾角为90°时，ALVC的最大输出功率为300 W，热阻低至0.022°C/W，等效导热系数高达43188 W/（m·K）。此外，ALVC的低成本、轻量化设计和高效大面积散热能力在航空航天等领域显示出巨大的应用潜力。

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引用次数: 0