Pub Date : 2025-02-07DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119607
Zengwei She , Changhong Wang , Xianyi Chen , Xiaodong Jian
Microscale thermoelectric generators (TEGs) have garnered significant attention due to their potential applications in the Internet of Things (IoT) devices, particularly in wearable and medical monitoring equipment. The cross-plane Y-shaped structure demonstrates superior performance compared to the π-shaped structure, yet its application is limited by the complexities in manufacturing processes and structural research. Traditional copper ingots were replaced with the liquid metal EGaIn (Eutectic Gallium-Indium) as an electrical connecting element, effectively addressing contact issues during flexible bending and optimizing circuit transmission. Finite element modeling was utilized to conduct an optimization analysis of the Y-shaped structure, revealing its complex thermal conduction characteristics and predicting device performance. Under a temperature difference of 20 K, the power density of the Y-shaped thermoelectric generator is approximately 4 μW/cm2, with the optimized structure exhibiting a 231 % increase in output power density compared to the original structure.
{"title":"Investigation on the structural design and performance optimization of micro Y-type thermoelectric devices utilizing flexible electrical connections of liquid metal","authors":"Zengwei She , Changhong Wang , Xianyi Chen , Xiaodong Jian","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119607","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microscale thermoelectric generators (TEGs) have garnered significant attention due to their potential applications in the Internet of Things (IoT) devices, particularly in wearable and medical monitoring equipment. The cross-plane Y-shaped structure demonstrates superior performance compared to the π-shaped structure, yet its application is limited by the complexities in manufacturing processes and structural research. Traditional copper ingots were replaced with the liquid metal EGaIn (Eutectic Gallium-Indium) as an electrical connecting element, effectively addressing contact issues during flexible bending and optimizing circuit transmission. Finite element modeling was utilized to conduct an optimization analysis of the Y-shaped structure, revealing its complex thermal conduction characteristics and predicting device performance. Under a temperature difference of 20 K, the power density of the Y-shaped thermoelectric generator is approximately 4 μW/cm<sup>2</sup>, with the optimized structure exhibiting a 231 % increase in output power density compared to the original structure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"327 ","pages":"Article 119607"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143347864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-07DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119619
Jiamin Yin , Wen Zhong Shen , Zhenye Sun , Wei Jun Zhu , Haeseong Cho
The growing trend towards more efficient and cost-effective wind turbines boosting blade length and tip speed. The conventional Blade Element Momentum theory becomes inaccurate due to the assumption of air incompressibility, thus presents an error in predicting aerodynamic loads for extremely large wind turbines. We propose a new Blade Element Momentum theory based on isentropic relations and the Euler equation for accurately calculating the aerodynamic loads of extremely large wind turbines. The new method is validated against computational fluid dynamics on the IEA 15 MW wind turbine at various wind and operational scenarios and an excellent agreement is achieved. Implementing into an aeroelastic code, the study reveals that the air compressibility increases the flap-wise tip displacement, flap-wise root moment, and power up to 4.33 %, 3.49 %, and 1.52 %, respectively, depending on the blade tip speed and pitch orientation. The method provides a new technique to accurately calculate and assess the aerodynamic loads, enabling a more accurate design, safety assessment and power prediction for extremely large wind turbines.
{"title":"A new Blade Element Momentum theory for both compressible and incompressible wind turbine flow computations","authors":"Jiamin Yin , Wen Zhong Shen , Zhenye Sun , Wei Jun Zhu , Haeseong Cho","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing trend towards more efficient and cost-effective wind turbines boosting blade length and tip speed. The conventional Blade Element Momentum theory becomes inaccurate due to the assumption of air incompressibility, thus presents an error in predicting aerodynamic loads for extremely large wind turbines. We propose a new Blade Element Momentum theory based on isentropic relations and the Euler equation for accurately calculating the aerodynamic loads of extremely large wind turbines. The new method is validated against computational fluid dynamics on the IEA 15 MW wind turbine at various wind and operational scenarios and an excellent agreement is achieved. Implementing into an aeroelastic code, the study reveals that the air compressibility increases the flap-wise tip displacement, flap-wise root moment, and power up to 4.33 %, 3.49 %, and 1.52 %, respectively, depending on the blade tip speed and pitch orientation. The method provides a new technique to accurately calculate and assess the aerodynamic loads, enabling a more accurate design, safety assessment and power prediction for extremely large wind turbines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 119619"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143348857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Improving the dynamic response of fuel injectors is crucial for enhancing internal combustion engine performance, as it is a prerequisite for implementing advanced injection strategies. However, traditional injectors often encounter increased cavitation and return fuel quantity within the control valve during the enhancement of dynamic response. This study introduces a novel electric injector featuring a closable inflowing control-orifice in the control valve, designed to improve dynamic response while reducing cavitation and fuel return. Performance comparisons were conducted using validated 1D and 3D CFD models. These comparisons indicate that, with the same outflowing control-orifice area, the novel injector improves opening and closing responses by 36.76 % and 19.23 %, respectively, while reducing return fuel quantity by 82.68 %. Additionally, during a single injection cycle, the novel injector’s control valve achieves significant reductions in average cavitation volume and bubble condensation rate by 64.49 % and 60.77 %, respectively, at critical locations. This enhancement improves the flow coefficient and durability of the control valve. Moreover, during the injection process, the novel injector reduces the average hydraulic pressure on the upper end face of the needle valve by 79.22 % and achieves a more uniform hydraulic pressure distribution on this surface. These improvements enhance the axial and radial stability of the needle valve, effectively reducing the degree of torque imbalance experienced by the needle valve.
{"title":"Investigation of injection and flow characteristics in an electronic injector featuring a novel control valve","authors":"Dianhao Zhang, Bo Li, Yunpeng Wei, Hanwen Zhang, Gangao Lu, Liyun Fan, Jing Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119609","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119609","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Improving the dynamic response of fuel injectors is crucial for enhancing internal combustion engine performance, as it is a prerequisite for implementing advanced injection strategies. However, traditional injectors often encounter increased cavitation and return fuel quantity within the control valve during the enhancement of dynamic response. This study introduces a novel electric injector featuring a closable inflowing control-orifice in the control valve, designed to improve dynamic response while reducing cavitation and fuel return. Performance comparisons were conducted using validated 1D and 3D CFD models. These comparisons indicate that, with the same outflowing control-orifice area, the novel injector improves opening and closing responses by 36.76 % and 19.23 %, respectively, while reducing return fuel quantity by 82.68 %. Additionally, during a single injection cycle, the novel injector’s control valve achieves significant reductions in average cavitation volume and bubble condensation rate by 64.49 % and 60.77 %, respectively, at critical locations. This enhancement improves the flow coefficient and durability of the control valve. Moreover, during the injection process, the novel injector reduces the average hydraulic pressure on the upper end face of the needle valve by 79.22 % and achieves a more uniform hydraulic pressure distribution on this surface. These improvements enhance the axial and radial stability of the needle valve, effectively reducing the degree of torque imbalance experienced by the needle valve.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"327 ","pages":"Article 119609"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143347195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-07DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119559
Shanshan Cai , Ling Yang , Juncheng Yang , Song Li , Houchang Pei , Zhengkai Tu
This study proposed an ammonia-to-hydrogen- proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and hydrogen-doped internal combustion engine (ICE) hybrid system and investigated its application of this system in a large-scale mobile power scenario. The study analyzed how the total hydrogen supply to the PEMFC and ICE, as well as the distribution ratio of the PEMFC, affects the hybrid system’s performance by simulation. Two regulation strategies—constant and step regulation were proposed, and 12 regulation schemes were formulated. Seven performance indices are used to evaluate and optimize these schemes: system efficiency, battery work time, battery capacity, peak power of the battery, remaining battery power, ammonia consumption, and work efficiency. Compared to the baseline scheme, optimization using the constant regulation strategy improved system efficiency from 48.3 % to 54.57 % and reduced battery capacity by 3.46kWh. Optimization using the step regulation strategy results in a battery capacity reduction of up to 7.08kWh and a decrease in remaining battery power by 7.38kWh. Comprehensive evaluation shows that the step regulation strategy has a more significant impact on overall system performance than the constant regulation strategy.
{"title":"Regulating of a hybrid system using ammonia-reformed hydrogen for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell integrated with an internal combustion engine: A large-scale power supply scenario","authors":"Shanshan Cai , Ling Yang , Juncheng Yang , Song Li , Houchang Pei , Zhengkai Tu","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposed an ammonia-to-hydrogen- proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and hydrogen-doped internal combustion engine (ICE) hybrid system and investigated its application of this system in a large-scale mobile power scenario. The study analyzed how the total hydrogen supply to the PEMFC and ICE, as well as the distribution ratio of the PEMFC, affects the hybrid system’s performance by simulation. Two regulation strategies—constant and step regulation were proposed, and 12 regulation schemes were formulated. Seven performance indices are used to evaluate and optimize these schemes: system efficiency, battery work time, battery capacity, peak power of the battery, remaining battery power, ammonia consumption, and work efficiency. Compared to the baseline scheme, optimization using the constant regulation strategy improved system efficiency from 48.3 % to 54.57 % and reduced battery capacity by 3.46kWh. Optimization using the step regulation strategy results in a battery capacity reduction of up to 7.08kWh and a decrease in remaining battery power by 7.38kWh. Comprehensive evaluation shows that the step regulation strategy has a more significant impact on overall system performance than the constant regulation strategy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"327 ","pages":"Article 119559"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143349421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-07DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119575
Abolfazl Abdolahifar, Amir Zanj
Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) face challenges related to startup performance, relatively lower power output, and significant cyclic torque fluctuation amplitude. Despite numerous proposed solutions, these issues remain unresolved, hindering the full realization of VAWT potential. This study critically evaluates the effectiveness of existing solutions in addressing these challenges, aiming to identify solution strengths, weaknesses, and associated research gaps. To this aim, the solutions are categorized into five groups: turbine configuration modification, blade shape modification, passive and active techniques, and flow augmentation. The performance desirability of the solutions is then evaluated based on defined criteria reflecting their ability to address the aerodynamic challenges. Additionally, different practical aspects of the solutions are considered to assess their applicability in real-world situations. The findings reveal that while some designs show promise in addressing specific challenges, they often introduce new issues of poor off-design performance and practicality concerns such as increased complexity, maintenance requirements, and cost. This highlights a trade-off between practicality and performance desirability, reflected in the relatively low Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) of the available solutions. This finding emphasizes the need to investigate the root causes of existing challenges, which are tied to the complex aerodynamics inherent in VAWT systems. The insights and recommendations provided aim to guide future Darrieus VAWT development by balancing between performance improvements and practical feasibility.
{"title":"A review of available solutions for enhancing aerodynamic performance in Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbines: A comparative discussion","authors":"Abolfazl Abdolahifar, Amir Zanj","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) face challenges related to startup performance, relatively lower power output, and significant cyclic torque fluctuation amplitude. Despite numerous proposed solutions, these issues remain unresolved, hindering the full realization of VAWT potential. This study critically evaluates the effectiveness of existing solutions in addressing these challenges, aiming to identify solution strengths, weaknesses, and associated research gaps. To this aim, the solutions are categorized into five groups: turbine configuration modification, blade shape modification, passive and active techniques, and flow augmentation. The performance desirability of the solutions is then evaluated based on defined criteria reflecting their ability to address the aerodynamic challenges. Additionally, different practical aspects of the solutions are considered to assess their applicability in real-world situations. The findings reveal that while some designs show promise in addressing specific challenges, they often introduce new issues of poor off-design performance and practicality concerns such as increased complexity, maintenance requirements, and cost. This highlights a trade-off between practicality and performance desirability, reflected in the relatively low Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) of the available solutions. This finding emphasizes the need to investigate the root causes of existing challenges, which are tied to the complex aerodynamics inherent in VAWT systems. The insights and recommendations provided aim to guide future Darrieus VAWT development by balancing between performance improvements and practical feasibility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"327 ","pages":"Article 119575"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143347861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-07DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119611
Zhiting Chen, Qitai Eri, Liwei Yang
To reach the Net Zero target, the aviation industry requires low-carbon development strategies. Hydrogen-driven solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) present a promising green power source, offering zero-carbon emissions and high energy efficiency. However, most current SOFC studies focus on maximizing efficiency in ground applications, which limits their applicability in aviation due to their low power-to-weight ratio. This paper explores a hybrid power system combining SOFCs and gas turbines for long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In this system, the SOFC enables highly efficient power generation while also supplying waste heat for recovery by the gas turbine, thereby improving both system efficiency and the power-to-weight ratio. Four configurations of the hybrid power system are compared during both the takeoff and cruise phases. The optimal setup is further analyzed to assess the effects of operational parameters, such as SOFC fuel utilization and compressor pressure ratio. Simulation results indicate that the SOFC-based hybrid power system achieves a system efficiency of 42.25 % during the takeoff phase and 52.01 % during the cruise phase, significantly higher than conventional micro gas turbine power systems. The power-to-weight ratio is 0.7747 kW∙kg−1, a substantial improvement over conventional SOFC-based UAV power systems (approximately 0.3 kW∙kg−1). Compared to traditional UAV power systems, the hybrid system—utilizing natural gas steam reforming and carbon capture and storage technology for hydrogen generation—can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 72.47 %.
{"title":"Study on the comprehensive performance of a hybrid power system based on hydrogen-driven solid oxide fuel cells for green unmanned aerial vehicles","authors":"Zhiting Chen, Qitai Eri, Liwei Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119611","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119611","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To reach the Net Zero target, the aviation industry requires low-carbon development strategies. Hydrogen-driven solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) present a promising green power source, offering zero-carbon emissions and high energy efficiency. However, most current SOFC studies focus on maximizing efficiency in ground applications, which limits their applicability in aviation due to their low power-to-weight ratio. This paper explores a hybrid power system combining SOFCs and gas turbines for long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In this system, the SOFC enables highly efficient power generation while also supplying waste heat for recovery by the gas turbine, thereby improving both system efficiency and the power-to-weight ratio. Four configurations of the hybrid power system are compared during both the takeoff and cruise phases. The optimal setup is further analyzed to assess the effects of operational parameters, such as SOFC fuel utilization and compressor pressure ratio. Simulation results indicate that the SOFC-based hybrid power system achieves a system efficiency of 42.25 % during the takeoff phase and 52.01 % during the cruise phase, significantly higher than conventional micro gas turbine power systems. The power-to-weight ratio is 0.7747 kW∙kg<sup>−1</sup>, a substantial improvement over conventional SOFC-based UAV power systems (approximately 0.3 kW∙kg<sup>−1</sup>). Compared to traditional UAV power systems, the hybrid system—utilizing natural gas steam reforming and carbon capture and storage technology for hydrogen generation—can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 72.47 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"327 ","pages":"Article 119611"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143349422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-07DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119592
Bo Chen , Yangfeng Chen , Hanxin Yang , Rongxiang Luo , Julian Gonzalez-Ayala , A. Calvo Hernandez , Juncheng Guo
Low-grade thermal energy utilization plays an important role in addressing escalating energy demand and environmental challenges. However, primary low-grade thermal energy harvesting technologies are currently only capable of their own single and fixed energy conversion and transport modes, which limits their further application. To break this bottleneck, we innovatively propose an electrochemical energy converter (EEC(s)) cycle model, which consists of three isothermal processes and three open-circuit heating (or cooling) processes and operates between three heat reservoirs. Notably, the proposed EEC(s) integrates and enables flexible switching of thermal-to-electricity and thermal-to-refrigeration harvesting strategies. Moreover, the complementary roles of thermal energy and electricity are enabled to meet different levels of cooling demand. Significantly, its extraordinary thermal-to-refrigeration conversion efficiency and great potential as an alternative to conventional thermally driven refrigerators are emphasized. Specifically, when the EEC(s) operates at maximum cooling power density, a thermal-to-refrigeration conversion performance coefficient of 0.498 and a Carnot-relative efficiency of 32.3% are predicted for the given operating temperatures. Additionally, the different roles of the cell parameters in enhancing the EECs performance are specified. This work demonstrates the feasibility of integrating multiple energy conversion and transport modes into a novel electrochemical cycle configuration and provides a promising solution for efficient and comprehensive low-grade thermal energy utilizations.
{"title":"An electrochemical energy converter integrating multiple energy conversion and transport modes","authors":"Bo Chen , Yangfeng Chen , Hanxin Yang , Rongxiang Luo , Julian Gonzalez-Ayala , A. Calvo Hernandez , Juncheng Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119592","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119592","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low-grade thermal energy utilization plays an important role in addressing escalating energy demand and environmental challenges. However, primary low-grade thermal energy harvesting technologies are currently only capable of their own single and fixed energy conversion and transport modes, which limits their further application. To break this bottleneck, we innovatively propose an electrochemical energy converter (EEC(s)) cycle model, which consists of three isothermal processes and three open-circuit heating (or cooling) processes and operates between three heat reservoirs. Notably, the proposed EEC(s) integrates and enables flexible switching of thermal-to-electricity and thermal-to-refrigeration harvesting strategies. Moreover, the complementary roles of thermal energy and electricity are enabled to meet different levels of cooling demand. Significantly, its extraordinary thermal-to-refrigeration conversion efficiency and great potential as an alternative to conventional thermally driven refrigerators are emphasized. Specifically, when the EEC(s) operates at maximum cooling power density, a thermal-to-refrigeration conversion performance coefficient of 0.498 and a Carnot-relative efficiency of 32.3% are predicted for the given operating temperatures. Additionally, the different roles of the cell parameters in enhancing the EECs performance are specified. This work demonstrates the feasibility of integrating multiple energy conversion and transport modes into a novel electrochemical cycle configuration and provides a promising solution for efficient and comprehensive low-grade thermal energy utilizations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"327 ","pages":"Article 119592"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143347863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ammonia and hydrogen have garnered widespread attention as potential zero-carbon energy carriers. However, challenges such as the high cost of hydrogen transportation and the difficulty of ammonia combustion hinder their application. The combined utilization of ammonia and hydrogen offers a promising solution to their respective shortcomings. This review focuses on the technical aspects and provides a detailed overview of the current progress from the production to application of ammonia and hydrogen. Case studies are analyzed to assess the feasibility and challenges of their combined application. By considering multiple factors, including technology, economics, efficiency, and policy, the review concludes that using ammonia for hydrogen storage and the integrated application of ammonia and hydrogen at the end-user level represents a highly promising pathway for a future zero-carbon energy system. This comprehensive review elaborates on the key technologies and factors to be considered for the combined utilization of ammonia and hydrogen, aiming to provide guidance for the development of a green energy system based on these two carriers.
{"title":"Research status and advances of ammonia and hydrogen in the field of energy: Combined utilization","authors":"Chenyu Zhu, Bin Guan, Zhongqi Zhuang, Junyan Chen, Zeren Ma, Xuehan Hu, Sikai Zhao, Kaiyou Shu, Hongtao Dang, Junjie Gao, Tiankui Zhu, Zhen Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119610","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119610","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia and hydrogen have garnered widespread attention as potential zero-carbon energy carriers. However, challenges such as the high cost of hydrogen transportation and the difficulty of ammonia combustion hinder their application. The combined utilization of ammonia and hydrogen offers a promising solution to their respective shortcomings. This review focuses on the technical aspects and provides a detailed overview of the current progress from the production to application of ammonia and hydrogen. Case studies are analyzed to assess the feasibility and challenges of their combined application. By considering multiple factors, including technology, economics, efficiency, and policy, the review concludes that using ammonia for hydrogen storage and the integrated application of ammonia and hydrogen at the end-user level represents a highly promising pathway for a future zero-carbon energy system. This comprehensive review elaborates on the key technologies and factors to be considered for the combined utilization of ammonia and hydrogen, aiming to provide guidance for the development of a green energy system based on these two carriers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"327 ","pages":"Article 119610"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143347194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-06DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119613
Abdul Hai Alami , Kaj Jansson , Adnan Alashkar , Montaser Mahmoud , Ahmad Yasin , Siren Khuri
This paper proposes a pneumatic propulsion system as a sustainable replacement for an existing diesel-driven ferry boat, based in Finland. The proposed system studies all key components of a pneumatic system and the technical, economical, and enviromental benefits of utilizing them for maritime propulsion. These components include air motors, air storage tanks, air compressors, heat exchangers (for thermal management), electric charger, and a battery bank. The current diesel-powered system delivers a maximum output of 250 kW per side of the ferry, consuming approximately 55,201 L of diesel annually. To meet the energy demands, calculated at 3.58 GJ per day, the pneumatic system includes four 60 kW air motors on each side, paired with a 50 m3 storage tank pressurized to 150 bars. A 132-kW compressor is used to recharge the tank within 6.2 h, ensuring operational efficiency. Economic and environmental analyses reveal that transitioning to the proposed pneumatic propulsion system would yield significant annual cost and emissions savings of $73051 and 120 tons of CO2 respectively, with a payback period of 8.1 years. This highlights the system’s potential not only for reducing operational costs but also for contributing to more sustainable maritime transport solutions. The results can be a stepping stone towards achieving global decarbonization goals as the transportation sector is responsible for 20–30 % of total emissions around the world.
{"title":"A techno-economic-environmental investigation of replacing diesel engines with pneumatic motors for ferry boats","authors":"Abdul Hai Alami , Kaj Jansson , Adnan Alashkar , Montaser Mahmoud , Ahmad Yasin , Siren Khuri","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119613","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119613","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes a pneumatic propulsion system as a sustainable replacement for an existing diesel-driven ferry boat, based in Finland. The proposed system studies all key components of a pneumatic system and the technical, economical, and enviromental benefits of utilizing them for maritime propulsion. These components include air motors, air storage tanks, air compressors, heat exchangers (for thermal management), electric charger, and a battery bank. The current diesel-powered system delivers a maximum output of 250 kW per side of the ferry, consuming approximately 55,201 L of diesel annually. To meet the energy demands, calculated at 3.58 GJ per day, the pneumatic system includes four 60 kW air motors on each side, paired with a 50 m<sup>3</sup> storage tank pressurized to 150 bars. A 132-kW compressor is used to recharge the tank within 6.2 h, ensuring operational efficiency. Economic and environmental analyses reveal that transitioning to the proposed pneumatic propulsion system would yield significant annual cost and emissions savings of $73051 and 120 tons of CO<sub>2</sub> respectively, with a payback period of 8.1 years. This highlights the system’s potential not only for reducing operational costs but also for contributing to more sustainable maritime transport solutions. The results can be a stepping stone towards achieving global decarbonization goals as the transportation sector is responsible for 20–30 % of total emissions around the world.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"327 ","pages":"Article 119613"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143347379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-06DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119597
Yue Cao , Ning Zhang , Xiaopeng Zhang , Junjiang Bao , Gaohong He
Ammonia production is associated with voracious energy consumption. A significant amount of waste heat is generated during ammonia production which can be harnessed using a waste heat recovery (WHR) subsystem. However, limited attention has been paid to the cycle configuration design with multiple waste heat feeds. This study proposes an ammonia production system with an integrated WHR subsystem based on the organic Rankine cycle (ORC). Seven waste heat feeds from ammonia production are considered. Two newly designed ORC configurations are proposed: a four-stage ORC (Scenario 1) and a preheated three-stage ORC (Scenario 2). Following working fluid selection using the genetic algorithm, cyclohexane is identified as the optimal choice from 27 organic fluids, yielding the lowest levelized cost of ammonia (397.44 and 397.39 $/t NH3 in Scenarios 1 and 2, respectively). Thermal efficiencies of 15.19 and 16.55 % and exergy efficiencies of 57.04 and 57.93 % are observed for Scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. In comparison, the WHR subsystem significantly improves the economic benefits of ammonia production. This study presents a comprehensive design for a WHR system that considers multiple waste heat feeds, cycle configurations, and working fluids. Through detailed fluid selection and configuration design, the levelized cost of ammonia is < 400 $/t NH3, which is an improvement upon existing research. This study provides an effective method to mitigate energy consumption in the energy-intensive ammonia industry.
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