Energy Conversion and Management最新文献_第6页

Multi-objective optimization of multi-energy complementary systems integrated biomass-solar-wind energy utilization in rural areas 农村地区生物质-太阳能-风能综合利用多能互补系统的多目标优化

IF 9.9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management

Pub Date : 2024-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119241

Min Chen , Jiayuan Wei , Xianting Yang , Qiang Fu , Qingyu Wang , Sijia Qiao

Rural areas possess abundant renewable energy sources, such as solar and biomass energy; however, the current methods of energy utilization suffer from low efficiency and serious pollution issues. As rural residents’ living standards continue to improve, there is an urgent need to optimize and adjust the structure of rural energy systems. Multi-energy complementary systems (MECS) have the potential to enhance energy utilization efficiency, achieve high efficiency and energy savings, significantly reduce carbon emissions, and effectively address the challenges faced by rural energy development. This study explores a typical framework for rural MECS that integrates photovoltaic, wind turbine, and biomass biogas combined cooling, heating, and power technology while considering the partial load ratio of equipment components and coupling characteristics between different energy sources. Based on various scenarios of valley electricity utilization, multi-objective optimization models are established to determine the capacity of MECS with economy, environment, and primary energy saving rate as objective functions. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) along with Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution decision-making method is adopted to obtain optimal solutions from the Pareto solution set. The case study conducted in a rural area of central China has demonstrated the effective enhancement of coupling capacity in MECS through battery storage. By actively storing energy during off-peak electricity periods, battery storage strengthens the complementary capabilities of photovoltaic systems, wind turbines, and itself. This approach allows for a reduction in planned capacity for photovoltaic and wind power systems within MECS while increasing the planned capacity for internal combustion engines, resulting in respective decreases in system investment costs by 16.19% and 13.18%. Furthermore, incorporating more biogas-fired cogeneration during off-peak electricity periods improves the system’s performance economically, environmentally, and with regards to primary energy saving rate.

农村地区拥有丰富的可再生能源，如太阳能、生物质能等，但目前的能源利用方式存在效率低、污染严重等问题。随着农村居民生活水平的不断提高，农村能源系统结构亟待优化调整。多能互补系统（MECS）有望提高能源利用效率，实现高效节能，大幅减少碳排放，有效应对农村能源发展面临的挑战。本研究探索了一种典型的农村 MECS 框架，该框架集成了光伏、风力涡轮机和生物质沼气冷热电三联供技术，同时考虑了设备组件的部分负载率和不同能源之间的耦合特性。根据不同的谷电利用场景，建立多目标优化模型，以经济、环境和一次能源节约率为目标函数，确定 MECS 的容量。采用非支配排序遗传算法（NSGA-II）以及与理想解相似的排序偏好技术决策方法，从帕累托解集中获得最优解。在中国中部农村地区进行的案例研究表明，通过电池储能可有效提高 MECS 的耦合能力。通过在非用电高峰期主动储存能量，电池储能增强了光伏系统、风力涡轮机和自身的互补能力。这种方法可以减少 MECS 中光伏发电系统和风力发电系统的计划发电量，同时增加内燃机的计划发电量，从而使系统投资成本分别降低 16.19% 和 13.18%。此外，在非用电高峰期增加沼气热电联产，可提高系统的经济、环保和一次能源节约率。

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引用次数: 0

Thermal performance of concentrically arranged two interconnected single-loop pulsating heat pipes 同心布置的两个相互连接的单回路脉动热管的热性能

IF 9.9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119205

Est Dev Patel, Anoop Kumar Shukla, Subrata Kumar

Pulsating heat pipes (PHPs) have garnered significant attention due to their complex thermo-hydrodynamic behavior and their broad applicability in heat transfer. This study focuses on enhancing the two-phase flow startup characteristics of PHPs under concentrated heat loads. A novel concentric-loop PHP configuration was investigated, consisting of two single-turn loops arranged concentrically. The heat pipe has an interconnection between the loops, with the heater positioned on the opposite side to utilize both heating and flow-path asymmetry. The performance was evaluated using pure water as the working fluid, with varying filling ratios, heat loads, and inclination angles. The setup was fabricated with the pure copper capillary tube loops with bend radii of 10 mm and 16 mm, an adiabatic section length of 165 mm, and a condenser section length of 40 mm. The condenser was cooled using a fluid at 20 °

C

with a flow rate of 20 kg/h. Thermal performance was assessed through measured temperature and thermal resistance under transient conditions. The results showed successful startup at a minimal heat load of 5 W, with the evaporator reaching a lower temperature of 40 °

C

, leading to a rapid temperature drop and early establishment of a pseudo-steady state. The evaporator was capable of handling a heat flux of up to 22.5 W/cm² in vertical bottom heat mode with a 70% filling ratio. These findings suggest that this new PHP configuration is highly effective for versatile heat transfer applications, including thermal energy storage, power electronics, and electronic systems.

脉动热管（PHPs）因其复杂的热流体力学行为及其在热传递中的广泛应用而备受关注。本研究的重点是在集中热负荷下增强 PHP 的两相流启动特性。研究了一种新型同心环 PHP 配置，它由两个同心布置的单匝环路组成。热管在环路之间相互连接，加热器位于环路的另一侧，以利用加热和流动路径的不对称性。性能评估使用纯水作为工作流体，填充比、热负荷和倾斜角度各不相同。该装置采用纯铜毛细管环路，弯曲半径分别为 10 毫米和 16 毫米，绝热段长度为 165 毫米，冷凝器段长度为 40 毫米。冷凝器使用流速为 20 公斤/小时、温度为 20 °C 的流体进行冷却。通过测量瞬态条件下的温度和热阻，对热性能进行了评估。结果表明，在 5 W 最小热负荷下成功启动，蒸发器达到 40 °C的较低温度，温度迅速下降，并提前建立了假稳定状态。在垂直底部加热模式下，蒸发器能够处理高达 22.5 W/cm² 的热通量，填充率为 70%。这些研究结果表明，这种新型 PHP 配置对于热能储存、电力电子和电子系统等多种传热应用非常有效。

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引用次数: 0

Peak-shaving investigation of a novel flexible two-stage heat pump for heating 新型灵活双级供暖热泵的削峰研究

IF 9.9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119236

Narges H. Mokarram , Yiji Lu , Zhibin Yu

Since buildings account for a large portion of global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, several nations are expecting to install net-zero emission buildings. The governors have set a carbon–neutral objective for 2050, which requires that all new construction have net-zero emissions. As heat pumps are considered a substitution for gas boilers, in this study, a thermal energy storage system is introduced to a two-stage heat pump system in a novel configuration. The novel flexible two-stage heat pump has been studied and compared with a baseline two-stage heat pump, as well as the same flexible and baseline single-stage heat pump, in the same working conditions. A control strategy has been defined based on the heating duty, hour of the day, and storage tank status to run the system in different modes: 1- Normal operation, 2- Charging, 3- discharging, and 4- stand by modes. The weather data of Glasgow and Birmingham cities, UK have been used to acquire the variable hourly heating loads of a typical 4-story residential block via IESVE software. Also, to study the effect of heating load profile shape, a sinusoidal daily heating load profile has been created with the same maximum duty of variable load from IESVE. The results show that a flexible two-stage system shows 1.67%, and 5.31% higher seasonal COP (seasonal coefficient of performance) with real variable loads, and sinusoidal loads, respectively. While the maximum 2.1% cut price has been shown with sinusoidal loads, the price cut for the real variable loads is less than that.

由于建筑物在全球能源消耗和温室气体排放中占很大比重，一些国家正在期待安装净零排放建筑物。这些国家的州长制定了 2050 年的碳中和目标，要求所有新建建筑实现净零排放。由于热泵被认为是燃气锅炉的替代品，因此在本研究中，将热能储存系统引入到新颖配置的双级热泵系统中。在相同的工作条件下，对新型柔性双级热泵进行了研究，并与基准双级热泵以及相同的柔性和基准单级热泵进行了比较。根据加热任务、一天中的时间和储气罐状态确定了控制策略，使系统在不同模式下运行：1- 正常运行模式、2- 充电模式、3- 放电模式和 4- 待机模式。英国格拉斯哥和伯明翰城市的气象数据被用于通过 IESVE 软件获取典型四层住宅区的每小时可变供热负荷。此外，为了研究供热负荷曲线形状的影响，还创建了一个正弦波日供热负荷曲线，其最大占空比与 IESVE 中的可变负荷相同。结果显示，灵活的两级系统在实际可变负荷和正弦负荷下的季节性 COP（季节性性能系数）分别高出 1.67% 和 5.31%。正弦负荷的最大降价幅度为 2.1%，而实际可变负荷的降价幅度则小于此值。

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引用次数: 0

Insight into the moderate interaction between the metal and support and reinforcing of Ni/SiO2-based catalysts efficiency with the manganese integration in thermal catalytic methane decomposition 深入探讨金属与载体之间的适度相互作用，以及在热催化甲烷分解过程中通过锰的整合提高 Ni/SiO2 基催化剂的效率

IF 9.9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119229

Mina Karaminejad , Reza Golhosseini , Fereshteh Meshkani , Patrick Da Costa

Developing an environmentally friendly and highly efficient catalyst is crucial for generating clean hydrogen without CO_x and structured carbon. The catalytic decomposition of methane encourages technology to convert natural gas into these valuable products. For this purpose, surface defects in activating CH₄ have garnered much interest in developing silica-supported nickel catalysts by maintaining active sites and modulating metal-support interaction (MSI). Thus, It is shown here that the presence of Mn improved the reducibility of superficial NiO and created a moderate interaction between Ni and the support, decreasing the electron density around the Ni atom and elevating surface oxygen species’ presence by introducing lattice defects, thus facilitating the reduction, promoting the dissociation of methane on the nickel surface and enhancing the reactivity of the reaction Consequently, this MSI modulate stabilized the active sites, preventing quick sintering under reaction conditions. Based on TEM analysis, the surface morphology revealed well-dispersed metallic Ni and the restriction of Ni crystal growth. The strong metal-support interaction resulted in a high carbon diffusion driving force, providing more sites for growth in carbon nanofiber (CNFs). Maintaining the balance between the infiltration of dissolved carbon and the expansion of CNFs while also preventing the deactivation of the catalyst due to the covering of active sites by channeling carbon deposits towards the edges of the active sites and oxidation of coke produced by active oxygen species, all showed the effective presence of manganese in the catalyst’s configuration.

开发一种环境友好型高效催化剂对于生成无 COx 和结构碳的清洁氢气至关重要。甲烷的催化分解技术有助于将天然气转化为这些有价值的产品。为此，通过保持活性位点和调节金属-支撑相互作用（MSI）来开发二氧化硅支撑镍催化剂，激活 CH4 的表面缺陷引起了人们的极大兴趣。因此，本文表明，锰的存在提高了表层 NiO 的还原性，并在镍和支撑物之间产生了适度的相互作用，降低了镍原子周围的电子密度，并通过引入晶格缺陷提高了表面氧物种的存在，从而促进了还原，促进了甲烷在镍表面的解离，提高了反应的活性。根据 TEM 分析，表面形貌显示金属镍分散良好，镍晶体生长受到限制。金属与支撑物之间的强相互作用产生了较高的碳扩散驱动力，为碳纳米纤维（CNF）的生长提供了更多的位点。在保持溶解碳的渗入和 CNFs 的膨胀之间的平衡的同时，通过将碳沉积物引向活性位点的边缘，防止活性位点被覆盖而导致催化剂失活，以及活性氧产生的焦炭氧化，这些都表明锰在催化剂构型中的有效存在。

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引用次数: 0

Analysis of large-scale (1GW) off-grid agrivoltaic solar farm for hydrogen-powered fuel cell electric vehicle (HFCEV) charging station 用于氢动力燃料电池电动汽车（HFCEV）充电站的大规模（1GW）离网农业光伏太阳能发电场分析

IF 9.9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119184

Jack Baker, Mustafa Guler, Acquilin Medonna, Ziliang Li, Aritra Ghosh

The tendency towards solar energy is increasing daily due to the high increase in net energy demand and recent efforts to reduce high carbon emissions. This causes invasions of agricultural lands and forest areas. Photovoltaic (PV) systems combined with agricultural production (agrivoltaics) are being developed as a potential solution.

In addition to creating extra areas for solar energy, agrivoltaic systems can increase land equivalent ratios. This leads to higher efficiency land use and additional income for farmers and entrepreneurs. Therefore, agrivoltaic systems have the potential to make the food and energy supply chain sustainable. Although both systems have many advantages, few projects have been done to use the land under ground-mounted PV systems. In addition, thanks to the development of Hydrogen-Powered Vehicle (HPV) technologies, studies to meet the need for Hydrogen from these combined systems will significantly impact the development of such projects in the future.

As a result, this project designed and simulated a 1GW off-grid combined crop (tomatoes) and solar farm (agrivoltaic farm) for Australia, California, China, Nigeria and Spain. The hydrogen generation potential was found and compared with five different refuelling patterns for HPV. Furthermore, five levels of hydrogen storage were investigated to find optimal site configurations for each location. Following this, thorough financial analyses were completed for each of the 125 unique site configurations. This analysis found that the Nigerian site location had the highest number of HPV refuelling at 3.75 million per year, assuming 8 kg of hydrogen is required per refuelling. The Spanish site location had the least, at 3.11 million per year. The optimal level of hydrogen storage, with regard to financial viability, was when the number of cars refuelled was 90 % of the maximum refuelling potential of the site configuration. The levelised cost of hydrogen ranged from £3.06/kg (Nigeria) to £6.38 (Spain), consistent with IEA estimates for low-carbon green hydrogen. The financial analyses also demonstrated the necessity of both hydrogen and crop incomes to be financially sound for the overall project to be financially viable.

由于净能源需求的高增长和最近为减少高碳排放所做的努力，太阳能的使用趋势与日俱增。这就造成了对农田和林区的侵占。光伏（PV）系统与农业生产相结合（农业光伏）是一个潜在的解决方案。这将提高土地使用效率，为农民和企业家带来额外收入。因此，农业光伏系统具有使粮食和能源供应链可持续发展的潜力。虽然这两种系统都有很多优点，但很少有项目利用地面光伏系统下的土地。此外，由于氢动力汽车（HPV）技术的发展，为满足这些组合系统对氢的需求而进行的研究将对未来此类项目的发展产生重大影响。因此，本项目为澳大利亚、加利福尼亚、中国、尼日利亚和西班牙设计并模拟了一个 1GW 离网作物（番茄）和太阳能组合农场（农业光伏农场）。发现了氢气产生的潜力，并与 HPV 的五种不同加氢模式进行了比较。此外，还研究了五种级别的氢储存，以找到每个地点的最佳地点配置。随后，对 125 个独特的地点配置进行了全面的财务分析。分析发现，假设每次加氢需要 8 千克氢气，尼日利亚地点的 HPV 加氢次数最多，每年达 375 万次。西班牙的地点最少，每年 311 万次。就财务可行性而言，最佳储氢水平是当加氢汽车数量占场地配置最大加氢潜力的 90% 时。氢气的平准化成本从每公斤 3.06 英镑（尼日利亚）到 6.38 英镑（西班牙）不等，与国际能源机构对低碳绿色氢气的估算一致。财务分析还表明，要使整个项目在财务上可行，氢气和作物收入都必须在财务上稳健。

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引用次数: 0

A green ammonia and solar-driven multi-generation system: Thermo-economic model and optimization considering molten salt thermal energy storage, fuel cell vehicles, and power-to-gas 绿色氨和太阳能驱动的多发电系统：考虑熔盐热能储存、燃料电池汽车和电转燃气的热经济模型与优化

IF 9.9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119226

Mohammad Karrabi , Farkhondeh Jabari , Asghar Akbari Foroud

In this paper, an ammonia-fueled combined heat and power generation system is modeled and analyzed from thermodynamic and economic points of view for application in large industrial sectors. Moreover, solar parabolic trough collectors and molten salt thermal energy storage are used to preheat water entering a bottoming steam-driven power generation cycle. An electrolizer is installed to separate water into hydrogen and oxygen for charging a hydrogen storage tank, procuring hydrogen for fuel cell vehicles, and producing methane by combining hydrogen and captured carbo dioxide. A mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem is solved to supply the natural gas, heat and electrical demands of a steel industry while minimizing the cost of the electrical power purchased from the local distribution grid during two extremely-hot summer days. It is found that ammonia-solar fueled poly-generation system is not only applicable for industrial sectors with maximum 10 MW electricity, 14 MW heat, and 11 MW natural gas demands under at least 52 % energy efficiency, but also supplies hydrogen for transportation electrification using fuel cell vehicles. The total cost of the electrical power purchased from the upstream distribution company during 48-h study horizon is obtained as 300 $, which proves the economic feasibility of the proposed gas-energy nexus model.

本文从热力学和经济学角度对以氨为燃料的热电联产系统进行了建模和分析，该系统适用于大型工业部门。此外，太阳能抛物槽集热器和熔盐热能储存器用于预热进入蒸汽驱动发电循环的水。此外，还安装了一个电解器，将水分离成氢气和氧气，以便为储氢罐充电，为燃料电池汽车获取氢气，并通过氢气和捕获的二氧化碳产生甲烷。解决了一个混合整数非线性编程问题，即在两个酷热的夏季，既要满足钢铁工业对天然气、热能和电力的需求，又要最大限度地降低从当地配电网购买电力的成本。研究发现，以氨和太阳能为燃料的多联产系统不仅适用于最大电力需求为 10 兆瓦、热力需求为 14 兆瓦、天然气需求为 11 兆瓦且能效至少为 52% 的工业部门，而且还能为使用燃料电池汽车的交通电气化提供氢气。在 48 小时的研究期限内，从上游配电公司购买电力的总成本为 300 美元，这证明了所建议的天然气-能源关系模型的经济可行性。

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引用次数: 0

From sewage sludge to Hydrogen: Life cycle Techno-Environment-Economic assessment of combined system with supercritical water Gasification, organic Rankine cycle and carbon capture and storage 从污水污泥到氢气：超临界水气化、有机朗肯循环和碳捕获与储存组合系统的生命周期技术-环境-经济评估

IF 9.9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119221

Jingmin Deng , Yuting Tang , Jiehong Tang , Hongyu Liu , Weilong Chen , Ziwei Sun , Songbin Peng , Xiaoqian Ma

Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) technology has attracted significant attention due to its advantages in efficiently treating high-moisture materials and producing hydrogen-rich gas, offering an attractive option for sewage sludge (SS) treatment. This study develops an efficient hydrogen production system that integrates SCWG, Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), and carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies. A comprehensive life cycle techno-environmental-economic assessment of SS to hydrogen (SStH) process with SCWG technology is conducted. The results indicate that gasification temperature and moisture content are the primary factors affecting H₂ yield and system efficiency, while gasification pressure has a minor impact. The system demonstrates favorable exergy efficiency (30.93 %) and a certain advantage in overall environmental impact (66.99 mPE). Electricity and natural gas particularly contributed to the environmental impact indicators. Reducing energy consumption or seeking alternative low-emission renewable energy sources will further reduce its environmental impact. The economic feasibility of SStH is sensitive to energy prices, with the cost of natural gas and the selling price of H₂ being critical factors. Strategies such as reducing reliance on natural gas, increasing hydrogen sales prices, and leveraging carbon tax credits and sludge subsidies are vital for enhancing the economic viability of SStH with SCWG technology. Renewable energy utilization and co-gasification are expected to further reduce the operating costs of SCWG.

超临界水气化（SCWG）技术因其在高效处理高水分材料和生产富氢气体方面的优势而备受关注，为污水污泥（SS）处理提供了一个极具吸引力的选择。本研究开发了一种集成 SCWG、有机郎肯循环 (ORC) 和碳捕集与封存 (CCS) 技术的高效制氢系统。采用 SCWG 技术对 SS 制氢（SStH）工艺进行了全面的生命周期技术-环境-经济评估。结果表明，气化温度和水分含量是影响氢气产量和系统效率的主要因素，而气化压力的影响较小。该系统表现出良好的放能效率（30.93 %），并在总体环境影响（66.99 mPE）方面具有一定优势。电力和天然气对环境影响指标的贡献尤为突出。减少能源消耗或寻找低排放的可再生能源将进一步减少对环境的影响。SStH 的经济可行性对能源价格很敏感，天然气成本和 H2 的销售价格是关键因素。减少对天然气的依赖、提高氢气销售价格、利用碳税减免和污泥补贴等策略对于提高采用超临界水处理技术的 SStH 的经济可行性至关重要。可再生能源利用和联合气化有望进一步降低 SCWG 的运营成本。

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引用次数: 0

Process optimisation and enviro-economic assessment of carbon-negative hydrogen production from biomass co-gasification 生物质联合气化负碳制氢的工艺优化和环境经济评估

IF 9.9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119211

Pushpraj Patel , Ioanna Dimitriou , Prasenjit Mondal , Omvir Singh , Shubhi Gupta

Biomass wastes are abundantly available, yet leveraging these resources for large-scale green energy production requires a comprehensive and strategic evaluation. In this study, an environmentally sustainable and economically viable gasification process for generating pure hydrogen gas from waste biomass was developed. Switchgrass was combined with two co-feeds: low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and high ash coal to improve hydrogen production efficiency. Two process configurations for biomass gasification/co-gasification were investigated: (1) baseline scenario without addition of key units towards sustainability, including carbon-capture (CC), waste heat recovery (WHR) and in-plant power & steam generation (PSG), and (2) integrated scenario with the addition of CC, WHR and PSG. The integrated gasification scenario achieved over 99 % hydrogen purity and high carbon capture efficiency, leading to negative carbon emissions of –323.55, −465.84, and −68.28 kg CO₂ eq. for biomass, biomass-LDPE and biomass-coal gasification, respectively. Besides this, integrated scenarios also displayed negative emissions in most of the other impact categories like ecotoxicity, acidification, eutrophication and many more. The corresponding net present value (NPV) for biomass, biomass-LDPE and biomass-coal gasification integrated scenario was $69.7 million, $108 million, and $76.4 million, respectively. The results indicate that biomass co-fed with LDPE in integrated gasification scenario represents the most environmentally and economically sustainable case with the highest hydrogen production, lowest environmental emissions and highest economic returns. It was also shown that process energy requirements were the key driver of environmental emissions and production costs. This research provides a comprehensive evaluation framework for waste-to-hydrogen technologies by identifying critical process hotspots and necessary policy measures for large-scale implementation of sustainable hydrogen.

生物质废弃物资源丰富，但利用这些资源进行大规模绿色能源生产需要进行全面的战略评估。本研究开发了一种环境可持续且经济可行的气化工艺，用于从废弃生物质中产生纯氢气。为提高制氢效率，将斯维奇草与低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）和高灰分煤这两种辅助原料相结合。研究了生物质气化/协同气化的两种工艺配置：(1) 未添加碳捕集（CC）、余热回收（WHR）和厂内发电&；蒸汽发电（PSG）等可持续发展关键装置的基准方案，以及 (2) 添加了 CC、WHR 和 PSG 的综合方案。综合气化方案实现了超过 99% 的氢纯度和较高的碳捕获效率，使生物质、生物质-低密度聚乙烯和生物质-煤气化的碳排放量分别为-323.55、-465.84 和-68.28 千克二氧化碳当量。除此之外，综合方案在生态毒性、酸化、富营养化等大多数其他影响类别中也显示出负排放。生物质、生物质-低密度聚乙烯和生物质-煤气化综合方案的相应净现值分别为 6970 万美元、1.08 亿美元和 7640 万美元。结果表明，在综合气化方案中，生物质与低密度聚乙烯混合气化在环境和经济上最具可持续性，制氢量最高，环境排放最低，经济回报最高。研究还表明，工艺能源需求是环境排放和生产成本的主要驱动因素。这项研究为废物制氢技术提供了一个全面的评估框架，为大规模实施可持续制氢确定了关键的工艺热点和必要的政策措施。

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引用次数: 0

Optimal operating strategy of hybrid heat pump − boiler systems with photovoltaics and battery storage 带光伏和电池储能的热泵-锅炉混合系统的最佳运行策略

IF 9.9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119233

Francesco Nicoletti, Giuseppe Ramundo, Natale Arcuri

The growing need to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions is driving the search for more efficient heating solutions in buildings. Hybrid heating systems, which combine air-to-water heat pumps (AWHP) with traditional gas boilers, are a common solution after refurbishment investments. However, managing these systems effectively, particularly when integrated with photovoltaic (PV) panels and battery energy storage systems (BESS), remains a complex task. For instance, heat pumps perform poorly in very cold conditions, making boilers a more efficient option; however, it might be advantageous to use it to increase electricity self-consumption. Optimal management depends on multiple factors, including future forecast data. In this paper, a daily optimization program is developed by means of a brute-force approach using forecast data. The core innovation of this paper is the use of an artificial neural network (ANN) that, trained on predictive optimization results, can determine the optimal solution in real-time without the need for future forecasts. The ANN achieved a 99.16% accuracy in new scenarios, successfully optimizing costs, CO₂ emissions, and primary energy use. Results indicate up to 19% cost savings in colder cities, a 12% reduction in CO₂ emissions, and a 3% decrease in primary energy consumption. This approach holds significant potential for enhancing the integration of renewable energy sources, contributing to long-term sustainability goals.

减少能源消耗和温室气体排放的需求日益增长，推动了人们寻求更高效的楼宇供暖解决方案。将空气-水热泵（AWHP）与传统燃气锅炉相结合的混合供热系统是翻新投资后的常见解决方案。然而，如何有效管理这些系统，尤其是与光伏（PV）电池板和电池储能系统（BESS）相结合时，仍然是一项复杂的任务。例如，热泵在非常寒冷的条件下表现不佳，使锅炉成为更有效的选择；然而，使用热泵来增加电力的自我消耗可能是有利的。优化管理取决于多种因素，包括未来预测数据。本文通过使用预测数据的 "蛮力 "方法开发了一个日常优化程序。本文的核心创新点在于使用了人工神经网络（ANN），该网络根据预测优化结果进行训练，可实时确定最佳解决方案，而无需进行未来预测。人工神经网络在新方案中的准确率达到 99.16%，成功优化了成本、二氧化碳排放和一次能源使用。结果表明，在寒冷的城市，成本最多可节省 19%，二氧化碳排放量减少 12%，一次能源消耗量减少 3%。这种方法在加强可再生能源整合方面具有巨大潜力，有助于实现长期可持续发展目标。

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引用次数: 0

Development of an optimized proton exchange membrane fuel cell model based on the artificial neural network 基于人工神经网络开发质子交换膜燃料电池优化模型

IF 9.9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119215

Ceyuan Chen , Jingsi Wei , Cong Yin , Zemin Qiao , Wenfeng Zhan

Numerical studies have been considered as a vital method to optimize the system design and the control strategy of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells practically. Given that the engineering application of multi-dimensional physics-based simulations is very challenging in terms of efficiency, this presents a unique opportunity for modeling approaches based on the artificial neural network (ANN). As a supplement to traditional statistical methods, the ANN technique demonstrates advantages in dealing with arbitrary nonlinear relations between the independent and dependent variables. In the present study, an optimized model using a feed-forward back-propagation (BP) network has been developed. By integrating with the genetic algorithm, the risk of overfitting could be reduced. The automatic process of searching for the most suitable network structure algorithm has also been adopted. Moreover, to figure out appropriate input variables, a feature dimension reduction methodology has been implemented in the proposed input variable determination (IVD) sub-model during the pre-processing procedure. The data points required for training, validating, and testing are obtained from comprehensive sensitivity tests. The active area of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) in the present experiment is around 220 cm² which is the same order of magnitude as commercial products. The optimized model has been thoroughly validated against experimental measurements, results show that simulations could accurately reproduce the effect of multiple operating parameters on the fuel cell performance. This new model is applicable to both interpolation and extrapolation. Furthermore, by activating the IVD sub-model, the maximum and average relative errors of extrapolation simulation results could be reduced up to 63 % and 37 %, respectively. In addition, by reasonably selecting the input variables in the order of priority, the mean relative error remains under 1 % with fewer input variables. The number of required training data points could be reduced up to 53 %.

数值研究被认为是实际优化质子交换膜燃料电池的系统设计和控制策略的重要方法。鉴于基于多维物理模拟的工程应用在效率方面极具挑战性，这为基于人工神经网络（ANN）的建模方法提供了独特的机会。作为传统统计方法的补充，人工神经网络技术在处理自变量和因变量之间的任意非线性关系方面具有优势。本研究利用前馈反向传播（BP）网络开发了一个优化模型。通过与遗传算法相结合，可以降低过度拟合的风险。此外，还采用了自动搜索最合适网络结构算法的过程。此外，为了找出合适的输入变量，在预处理过程中，在拟议的输入变量确定（IVD）子模型中实施了特征维度缩减方法。训练、验证和测试所需的数据点是从综合灵敏度测试中获得的。在本实验中，膜电极组件（MEA）的有效面积约为 220 平方厘米，与商业产品的数量级相同。根据实验测量结果对优化模型进行了全面验证，结果表明模拟能够准确再现多个操作参数对燃料电池性能的影响。这种新模型适用于内插法和外推法。此外，通过激活 IVD 子模型，外推法模拟结果的最大和平均相对误差可分别降低 63% 和 37%。此外，通过合理选择输入变量的优先顺序，在输入变量较少的情况下，平均相对误差仍能保持在 1 % 以下。所需的训练数据点数量最多可减少 53%。

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引用次数: 0