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Influence of packing height on the pyrolysis products of Jimsar (China) oil shale 填料高度对中国吉木萨尔油页岩热解产物的影响
IF 3.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1002/ese3.1859
Zeyue Wang, Luwei Pan, Hao Lu, Fangqin Dai

The effect of particle packing height (10, 30, 50, 70 mm) on the yield and composition of oil shale pyrolysis products is investigated. The results show that the oil yield could decrease 1.0% and the noncondensable gases yield could increase 0.5% as the oil shale packing height increased from 10 to 70 mm. The main hydrocarbon gases are C1–C6 gases, and the increase of packing bed height could decrease the relative content ratio of alkanes to alkenes in hydrocarbon gases. The primary components of the derived oil are aliphatic compounds, aromatic compounds, and compounds containing heteroatoms in the carbon atoms range of C6–C28. And the hydrogen type of shale oil is mainly composed of methylene groups (about 70%) with longer alkyl chains, and CH3 in aromatics, cycloalkanes, and alkanes. The chemical composition and hydrogen type have certain regularity changes with the changing of packing height, attributing to the effect of temperature gradients between surface and center of packing bed, and the diffusing time of products through the packing bed.

研究了颗粒填料高度(10、30、50、70 毫米)对油页岩热解产物产量和成分的影响。结果表明,当油页岩填料高度从 10 毫米增加到 70 毫米时,油的产率会降低 1.0%,不凝性气体的产率会增加 0.5%。烃类气体主要是 C1-C6 气体,填料层高度的增加会降低烃类气体中烷烃和烯烃的相对含量比。衍生油的主要成分是脂肪族化合物、芳香族化合物和含杂质原子(碳原子范围为 C6-C28)的化合物。而页岩油的氢型主要由亚甲基(约 70%)与较长的烷基链,以及芳烃、环烷烃和烷烃中的 CH3 组成。化学成分和氢型随填料高度的变化有一定的规律性,这归因于填料床表面和中心的温度梯度以及产品通过填料床的扩散时间的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental study of the end effect on the mechanical behaviors of rocks under true 3D compressions 真三维压缩条件下端面效应对岩石力学行为的实验研究
IF 3.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1002/ese3.1856
Junchao Chen, Zhenglu Che, Meiben Gao, Liang Zhang, Zhonghui Shen
<p>In true triaxial compression tests, all three principal stresses are imposed independently. This allows for a more comprehensive analysis of the material's mechanical properties. The end effect in true triaxial compression tests is a crucial phenomenon that impacts the accuracy and reliability of the test results. In this study, a series of true triaxial compression tests is conducted to examine the influence of the end friction on the mechanical properties. The laboratory results show that the presence of the end friction could bring about an apparent increase in rock strength and also restrict the deformation in each direction showing that the stiffness (the slope of the curves) increased slightly. The rock strength <span></span><math> <semantics> <mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mtext>peak</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> <annotation> ${sigma }_{1,text{peak}}$</annotation> </semantics></math> could be enhanced from 24.7<span></span><math> <semantics> <mrow> <mrow> <mo>%</mo> <mspace></mspace> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msub> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <annotation> $ % ,({sigma }_{2}={sigma }_{3})$</annotation> </semantics></math> to 90.7<span></span><math> <semantics> <mrow> <mrow> <mo>%</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <annotation> $ % $</annotation> </semantics></math> (<span></span><math> <semantics> <mrow>
在真正的三轴压缩试验中,所有三个主应力都是独立施加的。这样可以更全面地分析材料的机械性能。真三轴压缩试验中的末端效应是影响试验结果准确性和可靠性的关键现象。在本研究中,我们进行了一系列真三轴压缩试验,以考察端面摩擦对机械性能的影响。实验室结果表明,端面摩擦的存在可明显提高岩石强度,同时也限制了各个方向的变形,表明刚度(曲线斜率)略有增加。当端面摩擦力增加时,岩石强度可从 24.7()增加到 90.7(),这主要是由侧向界面摩擦力引起的。试样的破坏模式和断裂角度也受到端部效应的影响,表明在高摩擦条件下,破坏更具韧性,断裂角度更大。最后,与已公布的实验数据相比,数值确定了真三维试验中试样与金属直接接触的实际比摩擦角(相应的摩擦系数约为 0.19),该比摩擦角在经验上是合理的,且高于从双剪切试验系统中获得的 0.146-0.157 的测试范围。
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引用次数: 0
Movement characteristics of coal powders at bottom of coalbed methane well under jet flow 煤层气井底煤粉在射流作用下的运动特性
IF 3.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1002/ese3.1843
Fen-na Zhang, Li-kun Xue, Bin Wang, Chuan-kai Jing, Jia Li, Hao Hu, Xin-ning Ma

The removal and discharge of coal powders from coalbed methane wellbore is the key to maintaining continuous production. For this reason, based on the submerged jet theory, the force and migration starting conditions of coal powder particles deposited at the bottom of the coalbed methane well are analyzed by analyzing the cohesiveness of coal powders, and a model for the starting and migration of coal powders at the bottom of the well under submerged jet conditions is established; Considering the adhesion between coal dust, the adhesion coefficient is used to characterize the adhesion between particles, a mechanical model of coal dust particles deposited at the bottom of the well is established, and the corresponding calculation formula for the outlet flow rate of the coal dust cleaning nozzle is derived. The fluid mechanics parameters of the bottom of the well coal dust cleaning under different conditions are obtained, and the numerical simulation method is used to simulate the whole process of jet flushing of the bottom of the well coal dust deposited, and the effect of the bottom of the well jet flushing of coal dust deposits is analyzed, providing a theoretical basis for the bottom of the well coal dust flushing process.

煤层气井筒中煤粉的清除和排放是保持连续生产的关键。为此,以水下射流理论为基础,通过分析煤粉的粘聚性,分析了煤粉颗粒沉积在煤层气井底的受力和迁移起始条件,建立了水下射流条件下煤粉在井底的起始和迁移模型;考虑到煤粉之间的粘附性,采用粘附系数表征颗粒之间的粘附性,建立了煤粉颗粒在井底沉积的力学模型,并推导出相应的煤粉清灰喷嘴出口流量计算公式。得到了不同条件下井底煤尘净化的流体力学参数,并采用数值模拟方法模拟了井底煤尘沉积喷射冲洗的全过程,分析了井底煤尘沉积喷射冲洗的效果,为井底煤尘冲洗过程提供了理论依据。
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引用次数: 0
Prediction of crude oil physical properties based on molecular compositional modeling approach 基于分子成分建模方法的原油物理性质预测
IF 3.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1002/ese3.1836
Chen Sihang, Li Qifu, Yan Feng, Xu Bo, Mo Linlin, Huo Lianfeng, Wang Yubin, Jiang Luxin

In this study, the Structural Units-Bonding Matrix will be introduced into the crude oil characteristics analysis, specifically engineered to depict the molecular intricacies of petroleum substances. This methodology synergizes the bonding matrix with structural units, assigning the bonding matrix to the foundational layer, while the structural units adorn the surface layer. Through meticulous analysis of crude oil data, this study identified the core and branched molecular constituents of crude oil, facilitating the digital articulation of these molecules. Leveraging this foundational work, this study developed composition models for five quintessential types of crude oil, enabling the precise prognostication of their macroscopic physical properties. Further, by evaluating the viscosity-temperature characteristics of these selected crude oils, this study established a predictive model for the viscosity–temperature relationship of crude oils, grounded in the quantitative structure–property relationship method. This approach not only augments this study understanding of crude oil molecular composition but also enhances the predictive accuracy of their physical properties, heralding a significant advancement in the field of petroleum molecular science.

本研究将在原油特性分析中引入 "结构单元-键合矩阵",专门用于描述石油物质分子的复杂性。这种方法将键合矩阵与结构单元协同作用,将键合矩阵分配到基础层,而结构单元则装饰表层。通过对原油数据的细致分析,这项研究确定了原油的核心和支链分子成分,从而促进了这些分子的数字化衔接。利用这项基础性工作,本研究开发了五种典型原油的成分模型,从而能够精确预测其宏观物理性质。此外,通过评估这些选定原油的粘度-温度特性,本研究以定量结构-性质关系法为基础,建立了原油粘度-温度关系预测模型。这种方法不仅加深了本研究对原油分子组成的理解,还提高了对原油物理性质的预测准确性,预示着石油分子科学领域的重大进展。
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引用次数: 0
Characteristics analysis of flame propagation and its coupling effect with other parameters in LPG pipeline 液化石油气管道火焰传播特性分析及其与其他参数的耦合效应
IF 3.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1002/ese3.1860
Haipu Bi, Wei Mao, Yujie Cao, Qingqing Zhang, Lei Tian, Kaimin Wang, Xiaolong Xie

To study the flame propagating characteristic and its coupling effect with other parameters in the LPG pipeline, a typical pipeline model with two equal-length branches perpendicular to each other is designed for experiment and simulation. Then, gas explosion scenarios are experimentally tested and numerically simulated, which is followed by the analysis of flame shape changing with time and peak temperature changing with space. Results show that when passing through the bifurcation, flame propagates to vertical branch B in a sharp knife shape affected by the strong vortex, reflected airflow, and compressed pressure wave in the pipeline with a diameter of 0.125 m. At the monitoring point that is 0.4 m away from the bifurcation point, the peak temperature of the vertical branch B is 57.87% bigger than that of the horizontal branch C, and its arrival time is 80% longer than that of the horizontal branch C, due to the existence of flame in vertical branch B. What's more, in both branches, the coupling results between peak temperature and peak velocity agree very well with the growth function, while the coupling results between peak temperature and peak pressure agree well with the decay function, providing aids to the optimal layout design of industrial pipeline branches as well as to the explosion suppression measures.

为了研究液化石油气管道中火焰的传播特性及其与其他参数的耦合效应,设计了一个典型的管道模型,该模型具有两个相互垂直的等长分支,并对其进行了实验和模拟。然后,对气体爆炸场景进行了实验测试和数值模拟,并分析了火焰形状随时间的变化和峰值温度随空间的变化。结果表明,火焰在通过分叉点时,受直径为 0.125 米的管道中的强涡流、反射气流和压缩压力波的影响,以尖刀形状向垂直分支 B 传播。在距离分叉点 0.4 米的监测点,垂直分支 B 的峰值温度比水平分支 C 的峰值温度高 57.87%,到达时间比水平分支 C 的到达时间长 80%,这是因为垂直分支 B 中存在火焰。此外,在两个支路中,峰值温度与峰值速度的耦合结果与增长函数非常吻合,而峰值温度与峰值压力的耦合结果与衰减函数非常吻合,这为工业管道支路的优化布局设计和抑爆措施提供了帮助。
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引用次数: 0
Emerging advances in CO2 storativity and trappability within shale reservoirs 页岩储层中二氧化碳储量和可捕集性的新进展
IF 3.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-04 DOI: 10.1002/ese3.1852
Fatima Al Hameli, Hadi Belhaj, Mohammed AlDhuhoori, Faisal Aljaberi

Geological carbon storage and utilization is widely regarded as the most realistic method of reducing carbon emissions throughout the energy transition era. In recent times, the implementation of carbon dioxide (CO2) injection has emerged as a potential method for increasing the recovery of hydrocarbon and facilitating the interaction of CO2 in shale reservoirs. This methodology enables the mitigation of total carbon emissions released into the earth's atmosphere. The concept of using CO2 geological sequestration in unconventional shale formations seems to be a prudent approach in responding to both the growing energy demand and mandating environmental requirements simultaneously. Shale reservoirs have received significant interest in the global context because to their substantial reserves and widespread distribution. This research offers a comprehensive analysis of the essential components involved in the sequestration of CO2 in shales, therefore improving the trapping and long-term storage of CO2. In addition, it explores the extraction of hydrocarbons in this context. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental factors that contribute to the storativity and trappability of CO2 is crucial for improving the displacement of methane gas (CH4) during shale gas recovery. This is particularly relevant in depleted the reservoirs of shale gas, where the aim is to enhance the effectiveness of in situ CO2 sequestration while reducing the leakage risk.

在整个能源转型时代,地质碳封存和利用被广泛认为是减少碳排放最现实的方法。近来,注入二氧化碳(CO2)已成为提高油气采收率和促进页岩储层中 CO2 相互作用的一种潜在方法。这种方法可以减少排放到地球大气中的碳总量。在非常规页岩地层中使用二氧化碳地质封存的概念似乎是同时应对日益增长的能源需求和强制性环境要求的一种审慎方法。页岩储层储量巨大、分布广泛,因此在全球范围内备受关注。本研究全面分析了在页岩中封存二氧化碳的基本要素,从而改善二氧化碳的封存和长期储存。此外,研究还探讨了在这种情况下提取碳氢化合物的问题。在页岩气开采过程中,全面了解导致二氧化碳储存性和捕获性的基本因素对于改善甲烷气体(CH4)的置换至关重要。这与页岩气枯竭储层尤其相关,其目的是在降低泄漏风险的同时提高二氧化碳原地封存的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Sustainable aviation fuel: Impact of alkene concentration on jet fuel thermal oxidative test (JFTOT) 可持续航空燃料:烯浓度对喷气燃料热氧化试验(JFTOT)的影响
IF 3.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-04 DOI: 10.1002/ese3.1847
Laine B. Pereira, Cibele M. Halmenschlager, Arno de Klerk

Of the processes that are approved to produce synthetic kerosene for use in jet fuel, about half produce olefinic kerosene that is hydrotreated. The alkene concentration in synthetic kerosene is indirectly regulated through the thermal oxidative stability specification. Perceptions about the deleterious influence of alkenes on thermal oxidative stability suggest that olefinic kerosene must be deeply hydrogenated. The extent of olefin saturation required has economic implications. To evaluate what an acceptable alkene concentration in synthetic kerosene is, the impact of alkene concentration on the outcome of the jet fuel thermal oxidative stability test (JFTOT) performed at 325°C in accordance with the ASTM D3241 standard test method was experimentally evaluated. Model synthetic kerosene mixtures to which different concentrations of alkenes (1-decene, α-methylstyrene, indene) were added, as well as control samples were studied. In the concentration range investigated, up to 10 wt% 1-decene, 5 wt% α-methylstyrene, and 2 wt% indene did not lead to increased fouling in the JFTOT. Fouling passed through a minimum value with increasing alkene concentration and alkene concentration on its own was a poor predictor of thermal oxidative stability. Analysis of the kerosene collected after passing through the JFTOT found measurable changes in density and refractive index. Dissolved oxygen reacting during thermal oxidative stability testing was accounted for mostly in oxygen-containing products in the kerosene boiling range, which indicated that the heavier products were mainly hydrocarbon in nature. In addition to initiation by autoxidation, the investigation also pointed to the existence of a second thermally initiated fouling pathway that does not require the presence of oxygen.

在获准生产用于喷气燃料的合成煤油的工艺中,约有一半生产经过加氢处理的烯烃煤油。合成煤油中的烯烃浓度是通过热氧化安定性规格来间接调节的。烯烃对热氧化稳定性的有害影响表明,烯烃煤油必须进行深度氢化。所需的烯烃饱和度会对经济产生影响。为了评估合成煤油中可接受的烯浓度,我们根据 ASTM D3241 标准测试方法,通过实验评估了烯浓度对在 325°C 温度下进行的喷气燃料热氧化稳定性测试 (JFTOT) 结果的影响。对添加了不同浓度烯类(1-癸烯、α-甲基苯乙烯、茚)的合成煤油混合物模型以及对照样品进行了研究。在所研究的浓度范围内,高达 10 wt% 的 1-癸烯、5 wt% 的 α-甲基苯乙烯和 2 wt% 的茚不会导致 JFTOT 中的污垢增加。随着烯烃浓度的增加,污垢会通过一个最小值,而烯烃浓度本身并不能很好地预测热氧化稳定性。对通过 JFTOT 后收集的煤油进行分析后发现,密度和折射率发生了可测量的变化。在热氧化稳定性测试过程中发生反应的溶解氧主要存在于煤油沸点范围内的含氧产物中,这表明较重的产物主要是碳氢化合物。除了自氧化引发的污垢外,调查还发现了第二种热引发污垢的途径,这种途径不需要氧气的存在。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental investigation of the effects of photovoltaic panels on efficiency cooling with nanofluids using both in-pipe flow and fin 利用管内流和鳍片对光伏板对纳米流体冷却效率影响的实验研究
IF 3.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-04 DOI: 10.1002/ese3.1821
Nese B. Ziyadanogullari, Yunus Ozdemir

Temperature increases in photovoltaic (PV) panels are one of the primary issues preventing PV systems from being used extensively. When a photovoltaic module overheats, its output power performance drops by 0.4%–0.5% for every degree Celsius above its rated temperature. Lowering the operating temperature of the PV surface using a cooling medium is an efficient technique to increase electrical performance and decrease the rate of thermal degradation of a PV module. To prevent this performance loss, researchers have worked on cooling photovoltaic panels with fluids such as air, water, and nanofluids. In this study, the effects of cooling on photovoltaic panels with water and nanofluid were investigated. The experiment was carried out by fixing the pipe and fins to the back surface of the panel. Al2O3-water and TiO2-water nanofluids were used as working fluid due to their cost effectiveness. Nanofluids prepared in three different volumetric fractions (0.01%, 0.1%, and 1%), the current and voltage values obtained from the panels were recorded, and the panel efficiency was calculated. The experimental results showed that the cooling increased the panel voltage and decreased the current. The results indicated that using TiO2 nanofluid was more effective than Al2O3 nanofluid in terms of electrical efficiency. It was also found that the fluids prepared as 0.01% and 1% gave the most efficient results. It has been observed that it is possible to increase the panel efficiency by 8.32% by cooling the panel.

光伏(PV)电池板温度升高是阻碍光伏系统广泛应用的主要问题之一。当光伏组件过热时,每超过额定温度 1 摄氏度,其输出功率性能就会下降 0.4%-0.5%。使用冷却介质降低光伏表面的工作温度,是提高电性能和降低光伏模块热衰减速度的有效技术。为了防止这种性能损失,研究人员致力于用空气、水和纳米流体等流体冷却光伏面板。本研究调查了用水和纳米流体冷却光伏电池板的效果。实验是通过将管道和鳍片固定在面板背面进行的。由于 Al2O3-水和 TiO2-水纳米流体具有成本效益,因此被用作工作流体。以三种不同的体积分数(0.01%、0.1% 和 1%)制备纳米流体,记录从面板获得的电流和电压值,并计算面板效率。实验结果表明,冷却增加了电池板的电压,降低了电流。结果表明,就电气效率而言,使用 TiO2 纳米流体比 Al2O3 纳米流体更有效。研究还发现,制备 0.01% 和 1% 的流体效率最高。据观察,通过冷却面板可将面板效率提高 8.32%。
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引用次数: 0
Research on coal wall failure and stability control technology of large coal seams with a soft and thick seam 大型软厚煤层煤壁破坏及稳定性控制技术研究
IF 3.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-04 DOI: 10.1002/ese3.1848
Weibin Guo, Gang Wang, Yuhui Li, Dengfeng Chen

To address the issues of coal rib instability and high occurrence of roof falls in high extraction height fully mechanized coal mining of soft coal seams, this study comprehensively employs theoretical analysis, numerical calculations, and field industrial experiments. By analyzing the distribution characteristics of coal rib displacement and deformation instability zones under different mechanical parameters of soft coal seams, the instability mechanism of coal ribs in high extraction height mining of thick and soft coal seams is revealed, and corresponding stability control techniques for high extraction height coal ribs and supports are developed. The study shows that the stability of coal ribs in high extraction height mining fields of soft and thick coal seams decreases as the values of mechanical parameters decrease. In other words, the smaller the cohesion and deformation parameters of the coal body, the more prone the coal rib is to roof falls. By utilizing advanced deep-hole static water infusion technology, the frequency of roof falls in extremely soft high extraction height working faces is reduced by 80%, the average depth of roof falls is decreased by 35%, and the average length of roof falls is reduced by 50%. The stability of the coal ribs is effectively improved.

针对软弱煤层高采高全机械化采煤中煤肋失稳、顶板冒落高发的问题,本研究综合运用了理论分析、数值计算和现场工业试验等方法。通过分析软煤层不同力学参数下煤筋位移和变形失稳区的分布特征,揭示了厚软煤层高采高开采中煤筋的失稳机理,并提出了相应的高采高煤筋和支架稳定性控制技术。研究表明,软厚煤层高采高采场煤筋的稳定性随着力学参数值的降低而降低。换句话说,煤体的内聚力和变形参数越小,煤筋越容易发生顶板冒落。通过采用先进的深孔静态注水技术,极软高采高工作面的冒顶频率降低了 80%,平均冒顶深度降低了 35%,平均冒顶长度降低了 50%。有效提高了煤巷的稳定性。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the role of the Internet of Things in green buildings 探索物联网在绿色建筑中的作用
IF 3.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1002/ese3.1840
Mona Masroor Fakhabi, Seyed Mohammad Hamidian, Mehdi Aliehyaei

The global energy crisis has been one of the significant challenges for decades, threatening the global economy, and the health of our environment. The government's efforts to enhance the welfare and lifestyle of citizens have been partially undermined by a significant rise in energy intensity, resulting in increased energy consumption. Over the years, researchers have utilized historical energy consumption data to enhance energy efficiency through various technologies. Innovative smart technologies drive energy efficiency, reducing energy usage throughout all areas of the energy industry, from production and supply to consumption. This creates a balance in all sectors and indicates a decrease in energy demand in all areas of building infrastructure. Green buildings that utilize Internet of Things (IoT) technology employ sensors and software to collect data, optimizing, and enhancing building performance. This includes reducing energy and electricity consumption, improving air quality, and optimizing lighting throughout the day. These buildings can contribute to reaching zero-energy building targets. It becomes challenging to manage green buildings without using centralized control. Therefore, managing and integrating these buildings with intelligent technologies is vital in achieving environmentally friendly management. This study offers a broad overview of the green building concept and explores the use of the green IoT in enhancing services and conserving energy within green buildings. The article aims to deliver an extensive review of green buildings and their advantages, analyze the technology behind the IoT and its integration with solar panels to lower energy consumption, and ultimately identify the challenges present in this area of research.

几十年来,全球能源危机一直是重大挑战之一,威胁着全球经济和我们环境的健康。由于能源强度大幅上升,导致能源消耗增加,政府为提高公民福利和生活方式所做的努力受到了部分影响。多年来,研究人员利用历史能源消耗数据,通过各种技术提高能源效率。创新的智能技术推动了能源效率的提高,减少了能源行业从生产、供应到消费各个领域的能源使用量。这就在所有领域创造了一种平衡,并表明建筑基础设施所有领域的能源需求都在减少。利用物联网(IoT)技术的绿色建筑采用传感器和软件收集数据,优化并提高建筑性能。这包括减少能源和电力消耗、改善空气质量和优化全天照明。这些建筑有助于实现零能耗建筑目标。在不使用集中控制的情况下管理绿色建筑具有挑战性。因此,利用智能技术管理和整合这些建筑对于实现环保管理至关重要。本研究概述了绿色建筑的概念,并探讨了绿色物联网在绿色建筑内提升服务和节约能源方面的应用。文章旨在广泛评述绿色建筑及其优势,分析物联网及其与太阳能电池板集成以降低能耗背后的技术,并最终确定这一研究领域所面临的挑战。
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引用次数: 0
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Energy Science & Engineering
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