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Modeling and performance analysis of a new integrated solid oxide fuel cell and photovoltaic-thermal energy supply system by heat current method 利用热流法对新型集成固体氧化物燃料电池和光伏-热能供应系统进行建模和性能分析
IF 3.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1002/ese3.1842
Xingce Wang, Junhong Hao, Xiaolong Feng, Tong Hao, Jian Sun, Xiaoze Du, Kaicheng Liu, Lu Jin

Efficient and reliable utilization of renewable energy at the user's end is the key to achieving a low-carbon life. This paper proposed a new distributed energy system around the comprehensive utilization of solar energy by integrating solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), energy storage equipment, photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collector, and heat pump. By integrating the use of SOFC and PVT, we can further minimize reliance on fossil fuels, while employing the coupling of PVT and heat pump effectively mitigates the inherent challenges of solar energy's variability and intermittency, all while enhancing overall system efficiency. On this basis, we apply the heat current method to construct a cross-scale heat current model of the components and the system by considering the energy transfer, conversion, and storage characteristics of the system. By employing this model, we simulate the system's operation throughout an entire typical day, assess the COP enhancement of the PVT-coupled heat pump system, analyze the influence of diverse operating conditions on daily system performance, and evaluate the economy of the energy storage devices in the system.

在用户端高效、可靠地利用可再生能源是实现低碳生活的关键。本文围绕太阳能的综合利用,提出了一种集固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)、储能设备、光伏集热器和热泵于一体的新型分布式能源系统。通过整合使用 SOFC 和 PVT,我们可以进一步减少对化石燃料的依赖,而 PVT 和热泵的耦合使用则可以有效缓解太阳能的多变性和间歇性所带来的固有挑战,同时提高整个系统的效率。在此基础上,我们应用热流法,通过考虑系统的能量传递、转换和存储特性,构建了组件和系统的跨尺度热流模型。通过使用该模型,我们模拟了系统在整个典型日的运行情况,评估了光伏耦合热泵系统的 COP 增强效果,分析了不同运行条件对系统日常性能的影响,并评估了系统中储能设备的经济性。
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引用次数: 0
Study on the influence of vertical stress difference coefficient on fracture characteristics of shale under high stress 研究垂直应力差系数对高应力下页岩断裂特征的影响
IF 3.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1002/ese3.1819
Xin Chang, Guozhou Qiu, Jing Li, Yintong Guo, Zhiwen Hu, Hanzhi Yang, Xinao Zhang, Yongjiang Liu

To study the effect of vertical stress difference coefficient on fracture characteristics of shale fracturing, high stress true triaxial hydraulic fracturing test was carried out. By analyzing the profile after fracturing, it was found that the area of hydraulic fracture increased with the increase of vertical stress difference coefficient, and the probability of shear fracture will increase when the stress difference coefficient was high. A high vertical stress differential coefficient exerts a strong control over the direction of crack propagation, while a low vertical stress difference coefficient is beneficial to improve the roughness of hydraulic fracture surface and promote the formation of complex fracture network. By analyzing the pump pressure curves of different tests, it was found that with the increase of vertical stress difference coefficient, the formation and expansion of hydraulic fractures were more difficult. The surface characteristics of hydraulic fractures were quantified based on three-dimensional topography scanning technology, combined with fractal dimension and fracture area calculation method, the results showed that with the increase of vertical stress difference coefficient, the fractal dimension and fracture area decreased. Since shale is stratified, and the transformation of reservoir is mainly reflected in the enhancement of fracture complexity through tensile failure, Xsite discrete grid method was used to study the influence of fracture propagation behavior with different bedding strengths. The results showed that when the bedding tensile strength was high, hydraulic fractures were easy to pass through the bedding, and when the bedding tensile strength was low, hydraulic fractures were easy to be captured by natural fractures. In addition, tensile cracks were easy to form when the tensile strength of bedding was low, shear cracks were easy to form when the strength of bedding was high, and the fracture volume was larger when the strength of bedding was low. This study provides a theoretical basis for hydraulic fracturing in engineering.

为研究垂直应力差系数对页岩压裂裂缝特征的影响,进行了高应力真三轴水力压裂试验。通过分析压裂后的剖面发现,水力压裂面积随垂直应力差系数的增大而增大,应力差系数高时,剪切压裂的概率增大。高垂直应力差系数对裂缝扩展方向有较强的控制作用,而低垂直应力差系数则有利于提高水力压裂面的粗糙度,促进复杂压裂网的形成。通过分析不同试验的泵压曲线发现,随着垂直应力差系数的增大,水力裂缝的形成和扩展更加困难。基于三维地形扫描技术,结合分形维数和裂缝面积计算方法,对水力裂缝的表面特征进行了量化,结果表明,随着垂直应力差系数的增大,分形维数和裂缝面积减小。由于页岩是层状的,储层的转化主要体现在拉伸破坏对裂缝复杂性的增强,因此采用 Xsite 离散网格法研究了不同垫层强度对裂缝扩展行为的影响。结果表明,当垫层抗拉强度较高时,水力裂缝容易穿过垫层;当垫层抗拉强度较低时,水力裂缝容易被天然裂缝捕获。此外,垫层抗拉强度低时易形成拉伸裂缝,垫层强度高时易形成剪切裂缝,垫层强度低时裂缝体积较大。这项研究为水力压裂工程提供了理论依据。
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引用次数: 0
Damage evolution and fracture characteristics of coal rock impacted by self-excited pulse water jet under different stress loading conditions 不同应力加载条件下自激脉冲水射流冲击煤岩的损伤演化和断裂特征
IF 3.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1002/ese3.1844
Hongyu Ma, Wen Wan, Dongfang Xu, Pengtao Zhao, Jiaokun Wu, Yong Chen, Yao Wang

In this paper, based on smoothed-particle hydrodynamics-finite element method, numerical models of plunger squeezing water at a sinusoidal velocity were established to simulate self-excited pulse water jet (SEPWJ). RHT constitutive model was adopted to describe the damage and failure of coal rock impacted by water jet. The morphological evolutions of broken pits and timeliness of rock-breaking efficiency of SEPWJ and continuous water jet (CWJ) under the conditions with and without stress loadings were obtained and compared. The evolution laws of damage and stress inner coal rock induced by jet impact, and the failure mechanism were revealed. And the influences of different stress loading magnitudes on the fracture characteristics of coal rock were investigated. The results show that the morphologies of broken pits formed by self-excited pulse jet undergo changes in a semi-circular, U-shaped, V-shaped, and bullet shaped in sequence under the stress-free loading condition. When applying one-dimensional (1D) and 2D stress loadings, the shallow but wide broken pits with laminar main cracks along the stress loading direction and the inverted trapezoidal bowl broken pits are formed, respectively. With the increase of 1D stress, the depth and width of broken pits slightly decrease as a quadratic parabolic function and linearly increase, respectively. And the broken pit width and area both show an exponential slow decreasing trends with the increasing 2D stress. SEPWJ can induce higher stresses to cause the earlier occurrence of initial damage and the shorter duration of damage accumulation to coal rock than CWJ, which leads to a better rock-breaking effect. The surface and deeper coal rock elements are broken mainly due to compressive shear stresses. The 2D stress loading delays the initial damage occurrence and prolongs the damage accumulation duration due to inhibitory effect of stress loading on jet impact.

本文基于平滑粒子流体力学-有限元法,建立了正弦速度柱塞挤压水的数值模型,以模拟自激脉冲水射流(SEPWJ)。采用 RHT 构成模型来描述煤岩受水射流冲击后的损伤和破坏。比较了自激脉冲水射流(SEPWJ)和连续水射流(CWJ)在有应力加载和无应力加载条件下破碎坑的形态演变和破岩效率的时效性。揭示了水射流冲击诱发煤岩内部损伤和应力的演变规律及破坏机理。并研究了不同应力加载大小对煤岩断裂特征的影响。结果表明,在无应力加载条件下,自激脉冲射流形成的破碎坑形态依次发生了半圆形、U 形、V 形和子弹形的变化。当施加一维(1D)和二维应力加载时,分别形成了沿应力加载方向具有层状主裂纹的浅而宽的破损凹坑和倒梯形碗状破损凹坑。随着一维应力的增加,破损凹坑的深度和宽度分别以二次抛物线函数的形式略微减小和线性增加。而随着二维应力的增加,破损凹坑的宽度和面积都呈指数缓慢下降趋势。与 CWJ 相比,SEPWJ 能诱发更高的应力,使煤岩更早出现初始破坏,破坏累积持续时间更短,破岩效果更好。表层和深层煤岩元素的破碎主要是由于压缩剪应力造成的。由于应力加载对喷射冲击的抑制作用,二维应力加载延迟了初始破坏的发生,延长了破坏累积持续时间。
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引用次数: 0
An adjustable high-flux LED solar simulator based on dome structure 基于圆顶结构的可调节高通量 LED 太阳能模拟器
IF 3.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1002/ese3.1853
Chang-Wen Xue, Jia-Yong Song, Ze-Sheng Qin, Li-Feng Bian, Zi-Jiang Luo, Chen Yang

High-flux solar simulator (HFSS) commonly serves as a vital instrument for conducting material testing and thermochemical experiments, offering valuable applications in the fields of photovoltaic cells and concentrated solar energy. This paper proposes a continuously adjustable HFSS based on light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which can be employed for experimental testing in the solar cell aging. First, an irradiation unit module has been built using high-power LEDs and total internal reflection lenses, and the irradiation performance of the single unit has been validated. In theory, a dome layout model is proposed, in which a detailed geometric analysis is provided for the maximum number of units that can be accommodated on the dome, considering unit size and dome dimensions. Subsequently, aluminum disc has been used as thermal flux sensors, and the irradiation distribution of the system is characterized using a charge-coupled device observation camera and Lambertian board. The results indicate that the system offers an adjustable average flux ranging from 1.6 to 9.04 kW/m2 when the system input current is in the range of 7.2–54 A. Additionally, the system demonstrates a spatial nonuniformity of 2% within a 10-mm diameter (Φ = 10 mm) region test region and temporal instability of 2% within 30 min.

高通量太阳能模拟器(HFSS)通常是进行材料测试和热化学实验的重要仪器,在光伏电池和聚光太阳能领域具有重要的应用价值。本文提出了一种基于发光二极管(LED)的连续可调 HFSS,可用于太阳能电池老化实验测试。首先,利用大功率 LED 和全内反射透镜构建了一个辐照单元模块,并验证了单个单元的辐照性能。理论上,我们提出了一个穹顶布局模型,其中考虑到单元尺寸和穹顶尺寸,对穹顶上可容纳的最大单元数量进行了详细的几何分析。随后,使用铝圆盘作为热通量传感器,并使用电荷耦合器件观测相机和朗伯板对系统的辐照分布进行了表征。结果表明,当系统输入电流在 7.2-54 A 范围内时,该系统可提供 1.6-9.04 kW/m2 的可调平均通量。此外,该系统在直径为 10 mm(Φ = 10 mm)的测试区域内显示出 2% 的空间不均匀性,在 30 分钟内显示出 2% 的时间不稳定性。
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引用次数: 0
Grid study on methane diffusion law in confined space of working face 工作面密闭空间甲烷扩散规律网格研究
IF 3.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1002/ese3.1854
Qian-Kun Zhao, Shi-Jia Qu, Jian Wang, Huan Yang

The layout of methane sensors in the working face cannot meet the needs for monitoring methane concentrations within confined spaces, and it is challenging to determine the precise locations for manual inspections. Therefore, the working face is firstly divided into different areas and grids. Then combined with the characteristics of methane emissions and the measured data on site, the boundary conditions of simulation experiments are set up and the research is carried out on the diffusion law of methane in the confined space of the working face under different conditions. The experimental results show that methane emission intensity from coal walls affects its distribution. As emission intensity rises, methane nearer the coal wall decreases, while methane further away increases. Among coal mining points, point 2 shows the widest methane diffusion range. Rising wind speeds decrease methane diffusion from the coal wall, increasing vertical diffusion distance. Methane from the coal wall shifts to the air inlet, while methane from the mining point diffuses increasingly to the downwind side. The location of the maximum methane concentration generated from falling coal and its transportation process is only related to the location of the coal mining point. The key areas for methane monitoring in confined spaces of the working face should be the overlapping locations of the vertical-3 and vertical-4 areas and the horizontal-1 and horizontal-3 areas. The key areas for manual inspection should be the overlapping locations of the vertical-2 and vertical-3 areas and the horizontal-1 area.

工作面甲烷传感器的布局无法满足监测密闭空间内甲烷浓度的需要,而且确定人工检查的精确位置也很困难。因此,首先要将工作面划分为不同的区域和网格。然后结合甲烷排放特点和现场测量数据,设定模拟实验的边界条件,研究不同条件下甲烷在工作面密闭空间内的扩散规律。实验结果表明,煤壁的甲烷排放强度会影响其分布。随着排放强度的增加,靠近煤壁的甲烷减少,而远离煤壁的甲烷增加。在各采煤点中,2 号采煤点的甲烷扩散范围最广。风速上升会减少煤壁的甲烷扩散,增加垂直扩散距离。煤壁的甲烷向进风口扩散,而采煤点的甲烷则越来越多地向下风侧扩散。落煤及其运输过程中产生的最大甲烷浓度的位置只与采煤点的位置有关。工作面密闭空间甲烷监测的重点区域应是垂直-3 和垂直-4 区域以及水平-1 和水平-3 区域的重叠位置。人工检查的重点区域应为垂直-2、垂直-3 区域和水平-1 区域的重叠位置。
{"title":"Grid study on methane diffusion law in confined space of working face","authors":"Qian-Kun Zhao,&nbsp;Shi-Jia Qu,&nbsp;Jian Wang,&nbsp;Huan Yang","doi":"10.1002/ese3.1854","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ese3.1854","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The layout of methane sensors in the working face cannot meet the needs for monitoring methane concentrations within confined spaces, and it is challenging to determine the precise locations for manual inspections. Therefore, the working face is firstly divided into different areas and grids. Then combined with the characteristics of methane emissions and the measured data on site, the boundary conditions of simulation experiments are set up and the research is carried out on the diffusion law of methane in the confined space of the working face under different conditions. The experimental results show that methane emission intensity from coal walls affects its distribution. As emission intensity rises, methane nearer the coal wall decreases, while methane further away increases. Among coal mining points, point 2 shows the widest methane diffusion range. Rising wind speeds decrease methane diffusion from the coal wall, increasing vertical diffusion distance. Methane from the coal wall shifts to the air inlet, while methane from the mining point diffuses increasingly to the downwind side. The location of the maximum methane concentration generated from falling coal and its transportation process is only related to the location of the coal mining point. The key areas for methane monitoring in confined spaces of the working face should be the overlapping locations of the vertical-3 and vertical-4 areas and the horizontal-1 and horizontal-3 areas. The key areas for manual inspection should be the overlapping locations of the vertical-2 and vertical-3 areas and the horizontal-1 area.</p>","PeriodicalId":11673,"journal":{"name":"Energy Science & Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ese3.1854","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141864332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Coal combustion modeling: A comparative study 煤炭燃烧模型:比较研究
IF 3.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1002/ese3.1831
Lethukuthula N. Vilakazi, Daniel Madyira

Coal combustion is a major power source in the world, and energy conservation and environmental protection are now the top priorities in terms of carrying out the strategy for continuous and persistent development in power generation. The intricate coal combustion process must be investigated to present the process inside a live boiler as accurately as possible. In this study, the ANSYS FLUENT program is used to compare two species models namely, species transport (STM) and nonpremixed model (NPM). The two models are run with similar geometry and boundary conditions. It was found that the STM enables entering of the species reactions and activates a selection for the crucial coal combustion and devolatization processes. The NPM combustion process takes place with the assumption that combustion is in equilibrium, a Probability Density Function (PDF) mixture table is calculated first before the simulation can be run. Both submodels can depict the combustion process for a CFPP boiler providing temperature gradients within the boiler with species composition throughout the boiler. The NPM does not track species individually through the boiler, limiting model validation data. The STM was found to be suitable since it provided more comprehensive coal combustion results, that can be used for model validation.

燃煤是世界上的主要能源,节能和环保是当前实施持续、持久发展发电战略的重中之重。必须对错综复杂的煤炭燃烧过程进行研究,以尽可能准确地呈现锅炉内部的燃烧过程。本研究使用 ANSYS FLUENT 程序来比较两个物种模型,即物种传输模型(STM)和非预混模型(NPM)。这两个模型在相似的几何形状和边界条件下运行。结果发现,STM 可以输入物种反应,并对关键的煤炭燃烧和脱灰过程进行选择。NPM 燃烧过程假定燃烧处于平衡状态,在模拟运行之前首先计算概率密度函数 (PDF) 混合表。这两个子模型都可以描述 CFPP 锅炉的燃烧过程,提供锅炉内的温度梯度和整个锅炉内的物种组成。NPM 无法单独跟踪锅炉内的物种,因此限制了模型验证数据。STM 被认为是合适的,因为它提供了更全面的煤炭燃烧结果,可用于模型验证。
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引用次数: 0
Research on crack distribution characteristics and control technology of surrounding rock in soft rock roadway under different lateral pressure coefficients 不同侧压力系数下软岩巷道围岩裂缝分布特征及控制技术研究
IF 3.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1002/ese3.1841
Yujie Ma, Weijun Wang, Lei Fan, Chao Yuan, Xinyu Tian, Shihai Shu

To solve the problem of controlling large deformation of surrounding rock in deep soft rock roadway, the distribution characteristics and deformation mechanism of surrounding rock cracks in soft rock roadway under different lateral pressure coefficients are studied using numerical simulation, theoretical analysis, and field measurement. The results show that under different lateral pressure coefficients, the range of surrounding rock cracks shows three forms: round, oval, and butterfly. No matter what lateral pressure coefficient the roadway is in, the surrounding rock cracks always appear in the plastic zone, and there is a high correlation between the surrounding rock crack range and the plastic zone. The stress characteristics of the surrounding rock in the plastic zone include two main aspects. One is that the direction of the principal stress of the surrounding rock is deflected, which is manifested as an annular distribution of the direction of the maximum principal stress around the roadway. The direction of the minimum principal stress in the upper part of the roadway points to the center of the roadway, and the direction of the minimum principal stress in the lower part of the roadway deviates from the center of the roadway. Second, the ratio of the maximum to minimum principal stress in the surrounding rock is large. Under this stress characteristic, the surrounding rock in the plastic zone has strong shear dilation. The shear dilation makes the crack of the surrounding rock open so that the surrounding rock is squeezed into the roadway space, and then the roadway produces large deformation. Due to the large range of cracks in the butterfly-shaped plastic zone, the shear dilation deformation produced by the butterfly-shaped plastic zone is far more than that of the round/oval plastic zone. According to the crack range of roadway surrounding rock under different lateral pressure coefficients, the corresponding support scheme is put forward. Field experiments show that the support scheme can effectively control the deformation of surrounding rock and meet the requirements of roadway use.

为解决深层软岩巷道围岩大变形控制问题,采用数值模拟、理论分析和现场实测等方法,研究了不同侧压力系数下软岩巷道围岩裂缝的分布特征和变形机理。结果表明,在不同侧压力系数下,围岩裂缝范围呈现出圆形、椭圆形和蝶形三种形态。无论巷道处于何种侧压力系数下,围岩裂缝始终出现在塑性区,且围岩裂缝范围与塑性区之间存在较高的相关性。塑性区围岩的应力特征主要包括两个方面。一是围岩的主应力方向发生偏移,表现为最大主应力方向在巷道周围呈环状分布。巷道上部的最小主应力方向指向巷道中心,而巷道下部的最小主应力方向偏离巷道中心。其次,围岩中最大主应力与最小主应力的比值较大。在这种应力特性下,塑性区围岩具有强烈的剪切扩张。剪切扩张使围岩裂隙张开,围岩被挤入巷道空间,进而使巷道产生较大变形。由于蝶形塑性区裂隙范围大,蝶形塑性区产生的剪切扩张变形远大于圆形/椭圆形塑性区。根据不同侧压力系数下巷道围岩的裂缝范围,提出了相应的支护方案。现场试验表明,该支护方案能有效控制围岩变形,满足巷道使用要求。
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引用次数: 0
A comprehensive study on effective triple-phase boundary density and its correlation with active anode thickness in solid oxide fuel cells 固体氧化物燃料电池中有效三相边界密度及其与活性阳极厚度相关性的综合研究
IF 3.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1002/ese3.1850
Shingruf Shaukat, Asif Nadeem Tabish, Muneeb Irshad, Samina Akbar, Iqra Farhat, Liyuan Fan

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are highly promising devices for efficient and low-emission energy conversion. The effective triple-phase boundary (TPB) density refers to the fraction of percolated TPB density that effectively contributes to the current production during cell operation. This is one of the most fundamental and least understood aspects of the cell design and performance assessment. This study methodically investigates the effective TPB density, using a computational fluid dynamics model based on the TPB-based kinetics and its correlation with the active anode thickness. Experimental data from previously published studies with varying thicknesses of anode functional layer and operating regimes are utilized to validate the model. The results of this study reaffirm that a significant fraction of the percolated TPB density in SOFCs remains unused during cell operation. This finding emphasizes the need to consider the effective TPB density for theoretical and experimental investigations focusing on optimizing cell performance. Furthermore, an inverse relationship is observed between the effective TPB density and the active anode thickness; a lower active anode thickness corresponds to a higher effective TPB density and vice versa. These findings contribute to advancing sustainable energy systems by guiding the development of more efficient SOFC designs and operational strategies that effectively utilize TPB sites.

固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)是一种极具前景的高效、低排放能量转换设备。有效三相边界(TPB)密度指的是在电池运行过程中有效促进电流产生的渗流 TPB 密度。这是电池设计和性能评估中最基本、最不为人所知的一个方面。本研究采用基于 TPB 动力学的计算流体动力学模型及其与活性阳极厚度的相关性,有条不紊地研究了有效 TPB 密度。以前发表的研究中,阳极功能层厚度和工作状态各不相同,本研究利用这些实验数据对模型进行了验证。这项研究的结果再次证实,在 SOFC 中,相当一部分渗流 TPB 密度在电池运行期间仍未使用。这一发现强调了在进行以优化电池性能为重点的理论和实验研究时考虑有效 TPB 密度的必要性。此外,有效热塑性电池密度与活性阳极厚度之间存在反比关系;活性阳极厚度越低,有效热塑性电池密度越高,反之亦然。这些发现有助于指导开发更高效的 SOFC 设计和操作策略,从而有效利用热塑性硫化基点,从而推动可持续能源系统的发展。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of liquid CO2 phase change on pores and fractures in coal: An experimental study 液态二氧化碳相变对煤中孔隙和裂缝的影响:实验研究
IF 3.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1002/ese3.1845
Zebiao Jiang, Shikang Gao, Hao Liu, Siliang Chen, Qiaoshun Mo, Feng He

The evolution characteristics of pores and fractures in coal after liquid carbon dioxide (CO2) phase change are important factors that determine the permeability increase effect. Therefore, it is critical to correctly understand the influences of liquid CO2 phase change on pores and fractures in coal. The changes of adsorption and desorption isotherm, pore size, pore volume, and specific surface area of fractured coal and fractured coal were compared by low temperature liquid nitrogen adsorption experiment. In addition, a scanning electron microscope was adopted to observe fracture characteristics of fractured and unfractured coal samples and analyze changes in the connectivity and fracture development. Experimental results show that the fractured coal samples exhibit better hysteresis loops and a larger proportion of gas desorption than the unfractured ones. Fractured coal samples contain more developed pores and fractures compared with unfractured ones, and their fragmentation degree, pore diameter, fracture width, and connectivity of pores and fractures are also better. Besides, the closer the samples from the fracturing boreholes are, the better the fracturing effect. This indicates that liquid CO2 phase change can effectively enhance the gas transport capacity in pores and fractures in coal. The research results provide a solid basis for the better application of liquid CO2 phase-change fracturing to the prevention of coal and gas outburst disasters and the realization of efficient gas extraction in deep coal seams.

液态二氧化碳(CO2)相变后煤中孔隙和裂缝的演化特征是决定渗透率增加效果的重要因素。因此,正确认识液态二氧化碳相变对煤中孔隙和裂缝的影响至关重要。通过低温液氮吸附实验,比较了裂隙煤和断裂煤的吸附和解吸等温线、孔隙大小、孔隙体积和比表面积的变化。此外,还采用扫描电子显微镜观察了断裂煤样和未断裂煤样的断裂特征,分析了连通性和断裂发育的变化。实验结果表明,与未断裂煤样相比,断裂煤样表现出更好的滞环性和更大的瓦斯解吸比例。与未断裂煤样相比,断裂煤样含有更多发育的孔隙和裂缝,其破碎程度、孔隙直径、裂缝宽度以及孔隙和裂缝的连通性也更好。此外,离压裂钻孔越近的煤样,压裂效果越好。这表明液态二氧化碳相变能有效提高煤中孔隙和裂缝的瓦斯运移能力。该研究成果为更好地应用液态二氧化碳相变压裂技术预防煤与瓦斯突出灾害、实现深部煤层瓦斯高效抽采提供了坚实的基础。
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引用次数: 0
Research on coordinated control strategy for braking energy recovery of pure electric vehicles based on ESC 基于 ESC 的纯电动汽车制动能量回收协调控制策略研究
IF 3.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1002/ese3.1777
Min Li, Xinbo Niu, Yu Cheng

Taking a rear-wheel drive pure electric vehicle as the research object, considering the safety during braking and improving energy recovery rate, a study was conducted on the distribution strategy of front and rear axle braking force. During the braking process, the feedback braking force of the motor and the hydraulic braking force with an electronic stability controller (ESC) were coordinated and controlled, to ensure that the total required braking force was met. A fuzzy logic controller has been designed, with three variables of battery state of charge, vehicle speed, and braking intensity as inputs, and a modified motor braking ratio as output variable to prevent wheel lockup. Using Cruise software, a co-simulation model was established with Amesim and Simulink, and simulation validation was conducted on the braking process and cycling conditions. The simulation results showed that the brake recovery strategy based on fuzzy control can effectively improve the vehicle's control performance and energy recovery rate compared to the Economic Commission of Europe regulation. The NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) working condition improved by 10.41% and the CLTC-P (China Light-duty Vehicle Test Cycle-passenger) working condition improved by 10.57%. Effectively improving power consumption per 100 km, NEDC decreased by 1.81% and CLTC-P decreased by 2.62%.

以后轮驱动纯电动汽车为研究对象,考虑到制动时的安全性和提高能量回收率,对前后轴制动力的分配策略进行了研究。在制动过程中,电机的反馈制动力和带有电子稳定控制器(ESC)的液压制动力被协调控制,以确保满足所需的总制动力。设计了一个模糊逻辑控制器,将电池充电状态、车速和制动强度三个变量作为输入变量,将修改后的电机制动比作为输出变量,以防止车轮抱死。利用 Cruise 软件,建立了 Amesim 和 Simulink 的协同仿真模型,并对制动过程和循环条件进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明,与欧洲经济委员会的规定相比,基于模糊控制的制动回收策略能有效提高车辆的控制性能和能量回收率。NEDC(新欧洲行驶循环)工况改善了 10.41%,CLTC-P(中国轻型汽车测试循环-乘用车)工况改善了 10.57%。有效改善了百公里耗电量,NEDC 降低了 1.81%,CLTC-P 降低了 2.62%。
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Energy Science & Engineering
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