Energy Science & Engineering最新文献

The coalbed methane (CBM) productivity is directly determined by the fracture permeability during hydraulic fracturing, which is regulated by the distribution of proppants. The proppant may be unevenly distributed in the fracture because of variables like the architecture of the fracture and the characteristics of the sand-carrying fluid. This study used two types of random functions to produce different ununiform distributions of proppant clusters in large-scale fractures, with the aim of investigating the effect of these distributions on the overall permeability of the fracture. A model of fluid-structure coupling is proposed. The closure of large-scale fractures under in-situ stress is analyzed using solid mechanics and the penalty function; the CBM flowing in proppant clusters and the high-speed channel between them is simulated using Darcy's law and the Navier–Stokes equation, respectively; and the overall permeability of fractures is computed using the fluid pressure drop throughout the fracture and the fluid flowing velocity in the fracture's outlet. Since most CBM flows along high-speed channels between the proppant clusters, the simulated findings show that the overall permeability of fractures with an uneven distribution of proppant clusters is significantly higher than that of the proppant cluster itself. As CBM becomes more discretely distributed, the proportion of CBM flowing within the proppant cluster continuously drops. As the permeability of the proppant cluster increases, the volume ratio of proppant clusters decreases, and the distribution of proppant clusters becomes more discrete, the overall permeability of the fracture continuously increases.

The utilization of waste plant residues in useful work particularly as the source of green dyes in textiles is now a days welcoming by global community. In this study, brown bollygum chips (Litsea glutinosa) called tallow laurel has been explored for silk dyeing using ecofriendly approaches. Extraction has been done in suitable medium and utilized onto fabric before and after microwave (MW) treatment up to 10 min. Response surface methodology was employed to observe the significant of selected dyeing parameters at which shade development with improved colorfastness was observed. It was found that 2 min radiation to both acidic extract of tallow laureal and silk fabric is the useful condition to get colorfast shade when employed before and after mordanting with iron salt and tannic acid solution as eco-chemical agent, whereas with walnut bark and pine nut hulls extract as eco bio agents. The highest color strength value of 4.58 was observed using tannic acid as postchemical mordant for silk dyeing. The standard methods for fastness as per ISO to light, washing, and rubbing reveal that using selected shades made under ecofriendly cost time and energy effective conditions, stable colorfast hues were rated good with the value of 4/5. Therefore, it is recommended that MW treatment in addition with statistical approach i.e., central composite design used for exploring new dye yielding plant, then using eco-mordanting technique will help in getting promising colorfast shades.

The catalytic partial oxidation of methane (POM) is aimed at the mitigation of CH₄ (a highly potent greenhouse gas) from the environment and the synthesis of syngas with a high H₂/CO ratio. Herein, to enhance the POM reaction, Ni-supported phosphate-modified-zirconia were synthesized with promotor “Ce” to achieve high H₂/CO ratio (2.4–3.2). The catalysts were characterized by surface area and porosity, X-ray diffraction, RAMAN, temperature-programmed experiments (TPR, CO₂-TPD, and TPO), and TEM. Increasing the ceria addition over 10Ni/PO₄ + ZrO₂ resulted in lower crystallinity, higher dispersion of active sites, and enhanced the surface area of catalyst. The unique and prominent reducibility and basicity of NiO-species and surface oxide ions, respectively, are particularly notable at 4 wt.% ceria loading. At a reaction temperature of 600°C, the highest concentration of active sites and a unique concentration of moderate strength basic sites can be achieved with 4 wt.% ceria loading over 10Ni/PO₄ + ZrO₂. This leads to 44% conversion of CH₄, 36% yield of H₂, 35% yield of CO₂, and H₂/CO ratio of 3.16 for the POM reaction. The cyclic H₂TPR-O₂TPO-H₂TPR experiment confirms the reorganization of the active site towards high temperature under oxidizing gas O₂ and reducing gas H₂ gas stream during the POM reaction.

Developing economical and high-performing sensitizers is crucial in advancing dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and optoelectronics. This research paper explores the potential of novel red light-absorbing organic dyes based on Indolo[3,2-b]carbazole (ICZ) as the donor applied in co-sensitizer-free DSSCs for breakthroughs in photovoltaic (PV) applications. DFT and TD-DFT based computational methods were employed to calculate the conduction band levels, electron injection capabilities, and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of metal-free organic dyes (ICZ1–ICZ9) having D-A-π-A architecture. Comprehensive analyses included NBO, DOS, FMO, ICT, MEP, binding energy, and TDM analysis. Quantum chemical calculations of the structural, photochemical, and electrochemical properties, as well as the key parameters, reveals that all the designed dyes could be an excellent candidate for high-efficiency DSSCs due the small energy gap (2.130–1.947 eV), longer wavelength absorption (759.47–520.63 nm), longer lifetimes (15.65–6.67 ns), a lower ΔG_reg (0.29–0.14 eV), a significant dipole moment changes (31.489–16.195D), LHE (0.95-0.46), the large q^CT (0.962–0.689), small D^CT (7.657, 4.897 Å), and V_OC (1.13–0.86 eV). This quantum simulation showed that, when compared to reference D8, the photovoltaic dyes ICZ8, ICZ2, and ICZ7 are recognized as being eye-catching. Furthermore, dye@(TiO₂)₉ cluster model results demonstrate promising prospects for enhancing the photovoltaic (PV) performance of ICZ1–ICZ9 dyes by electron injection and conduction band (CB) engineering. This study will help the experimentalists for developing ICZ-based PVs as more efficient and sustainable energy solutions.

The governor parameters affect the stability and regulation quality of hydropower system with two turbine units sharing a super long headrace tunnel (SLHT). To improve the transient process of hydropower system, this study investigates the optimization of governor parameters. First, the model of hydropower system with two turbine units sharing an SLHT is established. Second, the optimization scheme of governor parameters for transient process of hydropower system is designed by genetic algorithm. The mathematical formulation of genetic algorithm is illuminated. The implementation procedure of genetic algorithm is illustrated. Then, the optimization results of governor parameters by genetic algorithm are analyzed by illustrating the regulation quality of hydropower system under two operating conditions. Finally, the effect of asymmetrical factors on optimal governor parameters is revealed. The asymmetrical layout of bifurcated penstocks, asymmetrical layout of turbine units, and asymmetrical load disturbances are considered. The results indicate that the objective function of hydropower system is composed of the dynamic indexes for frequency oscillations of two turbine units and water level oscillation in surge tank. The fitness function evolves in the direction that makes the regulation quality of hydropower system become better. Under the symmetrical or asymmetrical bifurcated penstocks, turbine units, and load disturbances, the optimal parameters of governors are asymmetrical. The regulation quality of hydropower system under the governor parameters of genetic algorithm is obviously better than that under the governor parameters of Stein formula. The optimal governor parameters are directly affected by the asymmetrical factors of hydropower system. With the increase of the flow inertia of one bifurcated penstock, the optimal parameters of the other governor become greater.

This study investigated how structural parameters (including injection ducts and exhaust nozzle inner diameters) affect the internal flow field and dilution ratio of diesel particulate sampling diluters. Increasing air injection duct diameter increased the injection chamber pressure and decreased the air velocity peak, mixed gas flow velocity, sample temperature, and mixing rate. Excessively small tube diameters caused uneven and discontinuous flow field distributions, while substantial air blockage rendered the flow state poor. Increasing nozzle inner diameters increased the exhaust flow area and the sample temperature, but decreased the velocity of the exhaust and gas mixtures and the pressure drop. Compared with a 2.0 mm inner diameter, 2.5 and 3.0 mm diameters decreased the peak velocity by 11.18% and 14.41%, respectively, and mixing slowed significantly. Inner nozzle diameters of <1.5 mm increased the pressure drop significantly; the exhaust velocity also increased, exceeding the air velocity at the mixing position. The dilution ratio and relative error decreased with increasing inner nozzle diameter. At an air injection duct and an inner nozzle diameter of 0.1 and 2.0 mm, respectively, the dilutor's flow field distribution improved, the mixed gas flow stabilized, and the dilution ratio and relative error were 21.34% and 6.74%, respectively.

Deep coal-rock formations are subjected to complex stress environments characterized by high static stresses and dynamic disturbances. To study the damage, fracture, and energy evolution characteristics of coal-rock under dynamic–static combined loading, a new multiscale constitutive model for coal-rock under dynamic–static combined loading is proposed based on micromechanics, and it is implemented into the LS-DYNA solver. A numerical model of coal-rock Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar under dynamic–static combined loading is established using LS-DYNA, and research on the mechanical and energy evolution characteristics of coal-rock under one-dimensional and three-dimensional dynamic–static combined loading is conducted. The results show that under one-dimensional dynamic–static combined loading, with the increase of precompression, the dynamic peak stress linearly decreases while the combined peak stress linearly increases, and the dissipated energy of the specimen shows a decreasing trend. The fracture patterns of the coal-rock specimen include internal shear fracture and external tensile fracture, and eventually, these two modes of fracture intersect to form macroscopic mesh cracks. As the axial pressure increases, the degree of specimen fragmentation gradually increases. Under three-dimensional dynamic–static combined loading, with the increase of preconfining pressure, the stress–strain curve of the specimen will transition from “stress drop” to “stress rebound” after the peak. The peak stress increases with the increase of confining pressure, and the energy dissipation density of the specimen increases first and then decreases with the increase of confining pressure. With the increase of confining pressure, the hoop deformation of the specimen plays a constraining role, and the degree of specimen fracture gradually weakens, and the time of fracture occurrence gradually delays. The research results contribute to revealing the mechanical and energy mechanisms of rockburst disasters in deep coal mines.

Particle migration in oil and gas reservoirs is a common phenomenon in the process of oil and gas development, and is considered to be an important reason for the damage of reservoir permeability and the reduction of oil and gas productivity. The mechanism of this phenomenon includes the desorption, migration, and precipitation of particles, which eventually clogs the throat and causes reservoir damage. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately characterize the complex mechanism of particle migration and identify the main controlling factors of particle migration, which is very important for efficient oilfield development and plugging solution. First, the reservoir types are divided into three types and the pore structure models of different types of reservoirs are established. Then, computational fluid dynamics and discrete element coupling method numerical simulation and microscopic visualization of pore throat structure model were combined, to characterize the rules of particles and migration, and analyze the main controlling factors. Finally, a typical model of particle migration and clogging is established. The results show that particle size/throat and particle concentration are the key factors affecting particle plugging, and particle migration has the least effect on the permeability of Type I reservoir and the greatest damage to Type III reservoir. According to the mechanical and hydrodynamic behavior of particles in porous media, three mechanisms and six modes of particle plugging are proposed.

In this paper, a proper noun “Region” is used for nm-scale n-type dopant-rich region in p-type Si crystal. Using this Region, certain solar cells have been assumed. By resonance absorption between photon energy and potential barrier of the Region, the cell can absorb most photons for visible light frequency without passing loss or thermal loss. This light absorption mechanism is different from conventional band gap absorption. Despite this benefit, output voltage is anticipated to decline according to the principle of detail balance. To control the decline, two methods are proposed in this paper. Theoretical energy conversion efficiencies for several cases are calculated with an ideal condition. The calculation result is over 70% as a theoretical value.

In most underground power cables, cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) is utilized as the main insulating material, while polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is usually used as a nonmetallic sheath or jacketing for the cable. Accordingly, improving the electrical and thermal characteristics of these materials leads to an increase in cable dielectric strength, besides a rise in the current capacity of the underground power cables. Thus, enhancing the thermal characteristics of cable insulation is the goal of many research studies. In this regard, increasing the current capacity of underground power cables is an essential topic for electrical distribution and transmission networks. This usually occurs by increasing the cross-sectional area of the cable conductor, which means raising the cost of transmitting electrical energy. Another proposed alternative may be to improve the thermal properties of the dielectric material using nanotechnology to allow better dissipation of heat resulting from the cable losses. This article proposes the use of nano-composite dielectrics to increase the current capacities of underground power cables. Nano-fillers are used to enhance the thermal and electrical characteristics of XLPE and PVC, which represent cable dielectric materials. Accordingly, in this paper, many experiments are conducted on various nano-dielectric materials to choose the most appropriate nano-dielectrics for improving both the thermal and electrical properties. Hence, measurements are performed on the thermal and electrical properties of dielectric nano-materials manufactured in the laboratory. Further, calculations of the cable's current capacities by the use of the measured properties of nano-dielectrics are done considering several backfill soils. From the obtained measurements and calculations carried out on cable capacities, it is concluded that the use of XLPE/ZnO 5 wt.% as the insulation and PVC/ZnO 5 wt.% as the jacket material increased the cable current capacity by 6.2% for a cable of 33 kV rating, 9.2% for 66 kV cable, and 15.7% for 220 kV cable when wet clay is used as backfill soil. From the calculations carried out it is found that the use of nano-composite dielectrics reduces the temperature of the cable components by significant values. For example, the core temperature of the 33 kV cable is reduced by 15.6°C, while for the 66 kV cable, the cable core temperature is decreased by 12.6°C, and for 220 kV the conductor temperature is reduced from 71.3°C to 58.3°C when each cable is loaded by its rating.