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Reducing antimicrobial use in livestock alone may be not sufficient to reduce antimicrobial resistance among human Campylobacter infections: an ecological study in the Netherlands. 仅减少牲畜的抗菌药使用可能不足以降低人类弯曲杆菌感染的抗菌药耐药性:荷兰的一项生态研究。
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-11-27 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268824001511
Huifang Deng, Linda E Chanamé Pinedo, Anouk P Meijs, Pim Sanders, Kees T Veldman, Michael S M Brouwer, Altorf-Vander Kuil Wieke, Bart Wullings, Maaike J C van den Beld, Sabine C de Greeff, Cindy M Dierikx, Engeline van Duijkeren, Eelco Franz, Lapo Mughini-Gras, Roan Pijnacker

Reducing antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock may be one of the keys to limit the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacterial populations, including zoonotic pathogens. This study assessed the temporal association between AMU in livestock and AMR among Campylobacter isolates from human infections in the Netherlands between 2004 - 2020. Moreover, the associations between AMU and AMR in livestock and between AMR in livestock and AMR in human isolates were assessed. AMU and AMR data per antimicrobial class (tetracyclines, macrolides and fluoroquinolones) for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from poultry, cattle, and human patients were retrieved from national surveillance programs. Associations were assessed using logistic regression and the Spearman correlation test. Overall, there was an increasing trend in AMR among human C. jejuni/coli isolates during the study period, which contrasted with a decreasing trend in livestock AMU. In addition, stable trends in AMR in broilers were observed. No significant associations were observed between AMU and AMR in domestically produced broilers. Moderate to strong positive correlations were found between the yearly prevalence of AMR in broiler and human isolates. Reducing AMU in Dutch livestock alone may therefore not be sufficient to tackle the growing problem of AMR in Campylobacter among human cases in the Netherlands. More insight is needed regarding the population genetics and the evolutionary processes involved in resistance and fitness among Campylobacter.

减少家畜的抗菌药使用(AMU)可能是限制细菌群体(包括人畜共患病病原体)出现抗菌药耐药性(AMR)的关键之一。这项研究评估了 2004 年至 2020 年期间荷兰家畜 AMU 与人类感染弯曲杆菌分离物中 AMR 之间的时间关联。此外,还评估了家畜中的 AMU 与 AMR 之间以及家畜中的 AMR 与人类分离物中的 AMR 之间的关联。AMU和AMR数据按抗菌素类别(四环素类、大环内酯类和氟喹诺酮类)分列,分别来自家禽、牛和人类患者中的空肠弯曲菌和大肠弯曲菌。使用逻辑回归和斯皮尔曼相关性检验对两者之间的关联进行了评估。总体而言,在研究期间,人类空肠/大肠杆菌分离物的 AMR 呈上升趋势,而家畜 AMU 则呈下降趋势。此外,肉鸡的 AMR 呈稳定趋势。在国产肉鸡中,未观察到 AMU 与 AMR 之间存在明显关联。肉鸡和人类分离物中 AMR 的年流行率之间存在中度到高度的正相关。因此,仅减少荷兰家畜的 AMU 可能不足以解决荷兰人类病例中弯曲杆菌 AMR 日益严重的问题。我们需要更深入地了解弯曲杆菌的种群遗传学以及耐药性和适应性的进化过程。
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引用次数: 0
Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, epidemiology and burden on hospitals. 西澳大利亚金伯利地区与社区相关的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、流行病学和医院负担。
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-11-27 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268824001201
Lauren Edna Bloomfield, Geoffrey Coombs, Paul Armstrong

This study presents surveillance data from 1 July 2003 to 30 June 2023 for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) notified in the Kimberley region of Western Australia (WA) and describes the region's changing CA-MRSA epidemiology over this period. A subset of CA-MRSA notifications from 1 July 2003 to 30 June 2015 were linked to inpatient and emergency department records. Episodes of care (EOC) during which a positive CA-MRSA specimen was collected within the first 48 hours of admission and emergency presentations (EP) during which a positive CA-MRSA specimen was collected on the same day as presentation were selected and analysed further. Notification rates of CA-MRSA in the Kimberley region of WA increased from 250 cases per 100,000 populations in 2003/2004 to 3,625 cases per 100,000 in 2022/2023, peaking at 6,255 cases per 100,000 in 2016/2017. Since 2010, there has been an increase in notifications of Panton-Valentine leucocidin positive (PVL+) CA-MRSA, predominantly due to the 'Queensland Clone'. PVL+ CA-MRSA infections disproportionately affect younger, Aboriginal people and are associated with an increasing burden on hospital services, particularly emergency departments. It is unclear from this study if PVL+ MRSA are associated with more severe skin and soft-tissue infections, and further investigation is needed.

本研究提供了 2003 年 7 月 1 日至 2023 年 6 月 30 日期间西澳大利亚州(WA)金伯利地区通报的社区相关耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(CA-MRSA)的监测数据,并描述了这一时期该地区 CA-MRSA 流行病学的变化情况。2003年7月1日至2015年6月30日期间的CA-MRSA通报子集与住院病人和急诊科记录进行了链接。我们选取了在入院后 48 小时内采集到 CA-MRSA 阳性标本的护理事件 (EOC) 和在就诊当天采集到 CA-MRSA 阳性标本的急诊事件 (EP),并对其进行了进一步分析。西澳大利亚州金伯利地区的CA-MRSA通报率从2003/2004年的每10万人250例增加到2022/2023年的每10万人3625例,2016/2017年达到峰值,每10万人6255例。自2010年以来,潘顿-瓦伦丁白细胞介素阳性(PVL+)CA-MRSA的通报数量有所增加,主要是由于 "昆士兰克隆"。PVL+CA-MRSA感染对年轻的原住民造成的影响尤为严重,对医院服务(尤其是急诊科)造成的负担也越来越重。本研究尚不清楚 PVL+ MRSA 是否与更严重的皮肤和软组织感染有关,因此需要进一步调查。
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引用次数: 0
A self-driven ESN-DSS approach for effective COVID-19 time series prediction and modelling. 用于有效 COVID-19 时间序列预测和建模的自驱动 ESN-DSS 方法。
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268824000992
Weiye Wang, Qing Li, Junsong Wang

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic, it has posed a great crisis to the health and economy of the world. The objective is to provide a simple deep-learning approach for predicting, modelling, and evaluating the time evolutions of the COVID-19 epidemic. The Dove Swarm Search (DSS) algorithm is integrated with the echo state network (ESN) to optimize the weight. The ESN-DSS model is constructed to predict the evolution of the COVID-19 time series. Specifically, the self-driven ESN-DSS is created to form a closed feedback loop by replacing the input with the output. The prediction results, which involve COVID-19 temporal evolutions of multiple countries worldwide, indicate the excellent prediction performances of our model compared with several artificial intelligence prediction methods from the literature (e.g., recurrent neural network, long short-term memory, gated recurrent units, variational auto encoder) at the same time scale. Moreover, the model parameters of the self-driven ESN-DSS are determined which acts as a significant impact on the prediction performance. As a result, the network parameters are adjusted to improve the prediction accuracy. The prediction results can be used as proposals to help governments and medical institutions formulate pertinent precautionary measures to prevent further spread. In addition, this study is not only limited to COVID-19 time series forecasting but also applicable to other nonlinear time series prediction problems.

自 COVID-19 疫情爆发以来,已对全球的健康和经济造成了巨大危机。我们的目标是提供一种简单的深度学习方法,用于预测、模拟和评估 COVID-19 疫情的时间演变。鸽群搜索(DSS)算法与回声状态网络(ESN)相结合,以优化权重。ESN-DSS 模型用于预测 COVID-19 时间序列的演变。具体地说,自驱动 ESN-DSS 通过用输出替代输入形成闭合反馈回路。预测结果涉及全球多个国家的 COVID-19 时间演变,与文献中的几种人工智能预测方法(如递归神经网络、长短期记忆、门控递归单元、变异自动编码器)相比,我们的模型在相同时间尺度上具有优异的预测性能。此外,自驱动 ESN-DSS 模型参数的确定对预测性能有重要影响。因此,需要对网络参数进行调整,以提高预测精度。预测结果可作为建议,帮助政府和医疗机构制定相关预防措施,防止进一步传播。此外,本研究不仅限于 COVID-19 时间序列预测,也适用于其他非线性时间序列预测问题。
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引用次数: 0
Identifying risk factors for clinical Lassa fever in Sierra Leone, 2019-2021. 确定 2019-2021 年塞拉利昂临床拉沙热的风险因素。
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1017/S095026882400164X
Daniel Juma Sama, Najmul Haider, Javier Guitian, Abdinasir Yusuf Osman, Francine Ntoumi, Alimuddin Zumla, Richard Kock, Rashid Ansumana

Lassa fever (LF) virus (LASV) is endemic in Sierra Leone (SL) and poses a significant public health threat to the region; however, no risk factors for clinical LF have been reported in SL. The objective of this study was to identify the risk factors for clinical LF in an endemic community in SL. We conducted a case-control study by enrolling 37 laboratory-confirmed LF cases identified through the national LF surveillance system in SL and 140 controls resided within a one-kilometre radius of the case household. We performed a conditional multiple logistic regression analysis to identify the risk factors for clinical LF. Of the 37 cases enrolled, 23 died (62% case fatality rate). Cases were younger than controls (19.5 years vs 28.9 years, p < 0.05) and more frequently female (64.8% vs 52.8%). Compared to the controls, clinical LF cases had higher contact with rodents (rats or mice) in their households in the preceding three weeks (83.8% vs 47.8%). Households with a cat reported a lower presence of rodents (73% vs 38%, p < 0.01) and contributed to a lower rate of clinical LF (48.6% vs 55.7%) although not statistically significant (p = 0.56). The presence of rodents in the households (matched adjusted odds ratio (mAOR): 11.1) and younger age (mAOR: 0.99) were independently associated with clinical LF.Rodent access to households and younger age were independently associated with clinical LF. Rodent access to households is likely a key risk factor for clinical LF in rural SL and potentially in other countries within the West African region. Implementing measures to control rodents and their access to households could potentially decrease the number of clinical LF cases in rural SL and West Africa.

拉沙热病毒(LASV)在塞拉利昂(SL)流行,对该区域构成重大公共卫生威胁;然而,在SL没有临床LF危险因素的报道。本研究的目的是确定SL流行社区临床LF的危险因素。我们进行了一项病例对照研究,招募了37例通过SL国家LF监测系统确定的实验室确诊的LF病例和140名居住在病例家庭一公里半径内的对照。我们进行了条件多元逻辑回归分析,以确定临床LF的危险因素。在登记的37例病例中,23例死亡(病死率62%)。患者年龄小于对照组(19.5岁vs 28.9岁,p < 0.05),女性患者较多(64.8% vs 52.8%)。与对照组相比,临床LF病例在前三周内与家中啮齿动物(大鼠或小鼠)接触较多(83.8% vs 47.8%)。有猫的家庭报告啮齿动物的存在率较低(73%对38%,p < 0.01),并有助于降低临床LF率(48.6%对55.7%),尽管没有统计学意义(p = 0.56)。家庭中存在啮齿动物(匹配调整优势比(mAOR): 11.1)和年龄较小(mAOR: 0.99)与临床LF独立相关。啮齿动物进入家庭和较年轻的年龄与临床LF独立相关。啮齿动物进入家庭可能是SL农村地区以及西非地区其他国家发生临床LF的一个关键风险因素。实施控制啮齿动物及其进入家庭的措施可能会减少SL和西非农村地区的临床LF病例数。
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引用次数: 0
Association between age of paediatric index cases and household SARS-CoV-2 transmission. 儿科感染病例的年龄与 SARS-CoV-2 家庭传播之间的关系。
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268824000918
Amanda Markelz, Zachary Zirnhelt, Keeley Morris, Scott A Seys, Abbey Ruhland, Ashley Fell, Lydia Fess, Kathryn Como-Sabetti, Stephanie Meyer

SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics within households involving children are complex. We examined the association between paediatric index case (PIC) age and subsequent household SARS-CoV-2 transmission among cases reported to the Minnesota Department of Health between March 2021 and February 2022. In our primary analysis, we used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios adjusted for race/ethnicity, sex, geographic region, and disease severity among households with an unvaccinated PIC. We performed a secondary analysis among households where the PIC was eligible for vaccination adjusting for the same covariates plus time since the last vaccination. Both analyses were stratified by variant wave. During the Alpha wave, PICs of all age groups had similar odds of subsequent transmission. During Delta and Omicron waves, PICs aged 16-17 had higher odds of subsequent transmission than PICs aged 0-4 (Delta OR, 1.32; [95% CI, 1.16-1.51], Omicron OR, 4.21; [95% CI, 3.25-5.45]). In the secondary analysis, unvaccinated PICs had higher odds of subsequent transmission than vaccinated PICs (Delta OR 2.89 [95% CI, 2.18-3.84], Omicron OR 1.35 [95% CI, 1.21-1.50]). Enhanced preventative measures, especially for 12-17-year-olds, may limit SARS-CoV-2 transmission within households involving children.

有儿童参与的家庭内 SARS-CoV-2 传播动态非常复杂。我们研究了 2021 年 3 月至 2022 年 2 月期间向明尼苏达州卫生局报告的病例中,儿科病例(PIC)年龄与随后的家庭 SARS-CoV-2 传播之间的关系。在主要分析中,我们使用逻辑回归估计了未接种疫苗的 PIC 家庭中根据种族/人种、性别、地理区域和疾病严重程度调整后的几率比率。我们对有符合接种条件的 PIC 的家庭进行了二次分析,并对相同的协变量以及自上次接种疫苗以来的时间进行了调整。这两项分析均按变异波进行了分层。在阿尔法波期间,所有年龄组的人感染疾病的几率相似。在 Delta 波和 Omicron 波期间,16-17 岁的 PIC 比 0-4 岁的 PIC 发生后续传播的几率更高(Delta OR,1.32;[95% CI,1.16-1.51];Omicron OR,4.21;[95% CI,3.25-5.45])。在二次分析中,未接种疫苗的土著居民比接种疫苗的土著居民发生后续传播的几率更高(德尔塔 OR 为 2.89 [95% CI,2.18-3.84];奥米克隆 OR 为 1.35 [95% CI,1.21-1.50])。加强预防措施,尤其是针对 12-17 岁儿童的预防措施,可能会限制 SARS-CoV-2 在有儿童的家庭中传播。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of foodborne outbreaks in Wenzhou City, China, 2012-2022. 2012-2022 年中国温州市食源性疾病暴发分析。
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268824001626
Sihai Gao, Qingqing Chen, Lei Chen, Yuanyuan Cai, Dan Lin, Lili Wang, Minhe Chen, Yi Li, Leyi Zhang, Yongqiang Shao

Foodborne diseases are ongoing and significant public health concerns. This study analysed data obtained from the Foodborne Outbreaks Surveillance System of Wenzhou to comprehensively summarise the characteristics of foodborne outbreaks from 2012 to 2022. A total of 198 outbreaks were reported, resulting in 2,216 cases, 208 hospitalisations, and eight deaths over 11 years. The findings suggested that foodborne outbreaks were more prevalent in the third quarter, with most cases occurring in households (30.8%). Outbreaks were primarily associated with aquatic products (17.7%) as sources of contamination. The primary transmission pathways were accidental ingestion (20.2%) and multi-pathway transmission (12.1%). Microbiological aetiologies (46.0%), including Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella ssp., and Staphylococcus aureus, were identified as the main causes of foodborne outbreaks. Furthermore, mushroom toxins (75.0%), poisonous animals (12.5%), and poisonous plants (12.5%) were responsible for deaths from accidental ingestion. This study identified crucial settings and aetiologies that require the attention of both individuals and governments, thereby enabling the development of effective preventive measures to mitigate foodborne outbreaks, particularly in coastal cities.

食源性疾病是持续存在的重大公共卫生问题。本研究通过分析温州市食源性疫情监测系统数据,综合总结2012 - 2022年温州市食源性疫情的特点。11年间共报告了198次疫情,造成2,216例病例,208人住院,8人死亡。调查结果表明,食源性暴发在第三季度更为普遍,大多数病例发生在家庭中(30.8%)。疫情主要与水产品(17.7%)有关,是污染源。主要传播途径为误食(20.2%)和多途径传播(12.1%)。微生物病原学(46.0%):副溶血性弧菌、沙门菌;和金黄色葡萄球菌被确定为食源性暴发的主要原因。此外,蘑菇毒素(75.0%)、有毒动物(12.5%)和有毒植物(12.5%)是导致意外摄入死亡的原因。这项研究确定了需要个人和政府关注的关键环境和病因,从而能够制定有效的预防措施,以减轻食源性疾病暴发,特别是在沿海城市。
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引用次数: 0
The health and demographic impacts of the "Russian flu" pandemic in Switzerland in 1889/1890 and in the years thereafter. 1889/1890 年及其后几年 "俄罗斯流感 "大流行对瑞士健康和人口的影响。
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268824001651
Jocelyne Suter, Isabelle Devos, Katarina L Matthes, Kaspar Staub

Our study aims to enhance future pandemic preparedness by leveraging insights from historical pandemics, focusing on the multidimensional analysis of past outbreaks. In this study, we digitised and analysed for the first time aggregated mortality and morbidity data series from the Russian flu in Switzerland in 1889/1890 and subsequent years to assess its comprehensive impact. The strongest effects were observed in January 1890, showing significant monthly excess mortality from all causes compared to the preceding five years (58.9%, 95% CI 36.6 to 81.0). Even though the whole of Switzerland was affected, the impact varied regionally due to ecological variations. Deaths from other conditions such as tuberculosis and heart disease also increased during this period. A significant drop in birth occurred 9 months later, in the autumn of 1890. Morbidity estimates by physicians suggest that around 60% of the Swiss population fell ill, with regional discrepancies and earlier outbreaks among postal workers (1-2 weeks earlier than the rest of the population). A subsequent spike in all-cause excess and influenza mortality was recorded in January 1894 but more localized than in 1890. Our findings show no cross-protection between the 1890 and 1894 outbreaks.

我们的研究旨在通过利用历史大流行的见解,着重于对过去疫情的多维分析,加强未来的大流行防范。在这项研究中,我们首次数字化并分析了1889/1890年及随后几年瑞士俄罗斯流感的总死亡率和发病率数据系列,以评估其综合影响。在1890年1月观察到最强烈的影响,与前5年相比,所有原因造成的每月死亡率显著增加(58.9%,95% CI 36.6至81.0)。尽管整个瑞士都受到了影响,但由于生态环境的变化,影响也因地区而异。在此期间,因肺结核和心脏病等其他疾病死亡的人数也有所增加。9个月后,也就是1890年秋天,出生率大幅下降。医生对发病率的估计表明,大约60%的瑞士人口患病,地区差异较大,邮政工作者发病较早(比其他人口早1-2周)。随后在1894年1月记录了全因过量和流感死亡率的高峰,但比1890年更局限。我们的研究结果表明,1890年和1894年的疫情之间没有交叉保护。
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引用次数: 0
Increased measles and rubella seroprevalence in children using residual blood samples from health facilities and household serosurveys after supplementary immunization activities in two districts in India. 在印度两个地区开展补充免疫接种活动后,利用卫生机构和家庭血清调查的残留血样,提高了儿童的麻疹和风疹血清流行率。
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268824001353
Christine Prosperi, Alvira Z Hasan, Amy K Winter, Itta Krishna Chaaithanya, Neha R Salvi, Sandeep Sharma, Avi Kumar Bansal, Sanjay L Chauhan, Ragini N Kulkarni, Abhishek Lachyan, Poonam Gawali, Mitali Kapoor, Arpit Kumar Shrivastava, Saurabh K Chonker, Vaishali Bhatt, Ojas Kaduskar, Gururaj Rao Deshpande, Ignacio Esteban, R Sabarinathan, Velusamy Saravana Kumar, Shaun A Truelove, Muthusamy Santhosh Kumar, Jeromie W Vivian Thangaraj, Lucky Sangal, Sanjay M Mehendale, Gajanan N Sapkal, Nivedita Gupta, Kyla Hayford, William J Moss, Manoj V Murhekar

Residual blood specimens provide a sample repository that could be analyzed to estimate and track changes in seroprevalence with fewer resources than household-based surveys. We conducted parallel facility and community-based cross-sectional serological surveys in two districts in India, Kanpur Nagar District, Uttar Pradesh, and Palghar District, Maharashtra, before and after a measles-rubella supplemental immunization activity (MR-SIA) from 2018 to 2019. Anonymized residual specimens from children 9 months to younger than 15 years of age were collected from public and private diagnostic laboratories and public hospitals and tested for IgG antibodies to measles and rubella viruses. Significant increases in seroprevalence were observed following the MR SIA using the facility-based specimens. Younger children whose specimens were tested at a public facility in Kanpur Nagar District had significantly lower rubella seroprevalence prior to the SIA compared to those attending a private hospital, but this difference was not observed following the SIA. Similar increases in rubella seroprevalence were observed in facility-based and community-based serosurveys following the MR SIA, but trends in measles seroprevalence were inconsistent between the two specimen sources. Despite challenges with representativeness and limited metadata, residual specimens can be useful in estimating seroprevalence and assessing trends through facility-based sentinel surveillance.

残留血液标本提供了一个样本库,通过对其进行分析,可以估算和跟踪血清流行率的变化,而所需的资源比基于家庭的调查要少。我们于 2018 年至 2019 年在印度北方邦坎普尔纳加尔区和马哈拉施特拉邦帕尔加尔区这两个地区开展了麻疹风疹补充免疫活动(MR-SIA)前后平行的设施和社区横断面血清学调查。我们从公共和私营诊断实验室以及公立医院收集了 9 个月至 15 岁以下儿童的匿名残留标本,并对其进行了麻疹和风疹病毒 IgG 抗体检测。使用设施标本进行 MR SIA 后,观察到血清流行率显著增加。与在私立医院就诊的儿童相比,在坎普尔纳加尔区公共机构检测标本的幼儿在 SIA 之前的风疹血清流行率明显较低,但在 SIA 之后没有观察到这种差异。在 MR SIA 之后进行的基于医疗机构和社区的血清调查中,观察到风疹血清阳性率出现了类似的增长,但两种样本来源的麻疹血清阳性率趋势并不一致。尽管在代表性和有限的元数据方面存在挑战,但残留标本在通过基于设施的哨点监测来估计血清流行率和评估趋势方面还是很有用的。
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引用次数: 0
Adenovirus 41 diversity in Arizona (USA) using wastewater-based epidemiology, long-range PCR, and pathogen sequencing between October 2019 and March 2020. 在 2019 年 10 月至 2020 年 3 月期间,利用基于废水的流行病学、长程 PCR 和病原体测序,研究亚利桑那州(美国)腺病毒 41 的多样性。
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1017/S095026882400133X
Temitope O C Faleye, Peter Skidmore, Amir Elyaderani, Sangeet Adhikari, Nicole Kaiser, Abriana Smith, Allan Yanez, Tyler Perleberg, Erin M Driver, Rolf U Halden, Arvind Varsani, Matthew Scotch

By coupling long-range polymerase chain reaction, wastewater-based epidemiology, and pathogen sequencing, we show that adenovirus type 41 hexon-sequence lineages, described in children with hepatitis of unknown origin in the United States in 2021, were already circulating within the country in 2019. We also observed other lineages in the wastewater, whose complete genomes have yet to be documented from clinical samples.

通过将长程聚合酶链式反应、基于废水的流行病学和病原体测序结合起来,我们发现 2021 年在美国不明原因肝炎患儿中发现的 41 型腺病毒六元序列,在 2019 年已经在美国国内流行。我们还观察到废水中的其他品系,它们的完整基因组尚未从临床样本中得到记录。
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引用次数: 0
Outbreak of the novel Cryptosporidium parvum IIγA11 linked to salad bars in Sweden, December 2023. 2023 年 12 月,瑞典爆发与沙拉吧有关的新型副隐孢子虫 IIγA11。
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268824001432
Ioana Bujila, Anna Ohlson, Anette Hansen, Lady Agudelo, Sharon Kühlmann-Berenzon, Ilias Galanis, Ingela Hall, Ann-Mari Gustavsson, Marianne Lebbad, Mats Lindblad, Caroline Rönnberg, Moa Rehn

We report a foodborne outbreak of the previously undetected Cryptosporidium parvum gp60 subtype IIγA11. In December 2023, notifications of cryptosporidiosis cases increased in Sweden, prompting the initiation of a national outbreak investigation, and a case-control study was performed to identify the source. We identified 60 cases between 15 December 2023 and 1 January 2024. The median age was 44 years (range: 16-81), and 73% were women. Controls were recruited from a national random pool; frequency was matched by age group and sex. Compared to controls, cases were more likely to have consumed items from salad bars in grocery stores (8% vs. 85%; adjusted odds ratios [aOR]: 58; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 22-186). In regards to food items from the salad bars, cases were more likely to have consumed kale mix salad compared to controls (62% vs. 32%; aOR: 3.6; 95%CI: 1.2-12). Trace-back investigations identified kale producers from Sweden, Belgium, and Spain, but no particular grower was identified, and no food samples were available for microbiological analysis. Our investigation indicates that leafy greens such as kale may contain Cryptosporidium spp. and cause outbreaks and it is important to understand how the contamination occurs to prevent future outbreaks and apply adequate preventive measures.

我们报告了一起此前未被发现的副猪隐孢子虫 gp60 亚型 IIγA11 的食源性疫情。2023 年 12 月,瑞典的隐孢子虫病病例通报增加,促使启动了一项全国性疫情调查,并开展了一项病例对照研究以确定病源。我们在 2023 年 12 月 15 日至 2024 年 1 月 1 日期间发现了 60 例病例。中位年龄为 44 岁(16-81 岁),73% 为女性。对照组是从全国随机库中招募的;按年龄组和性别进行了频率匹配。与对照组相比,病例更有可能食用过杂货店沙拉吧中的食品(8% 对 85%;调整后的几率比 [aOR]:58;95% 置信区间 [CI]:22-186)。就沙拉吧中的食品而言,与对照组相比,病例更有可能食用甘蓝混合沙拉(62% 对 32%;aOR:3.6;95%CI:1.2-12)。溯源调查发现甘蓝生产商来自瑞典、比利时和西班牙,但没有确定具体的种植者,也没有食品样本可供微生物分析。我们的调查表明,羽衣甘蓝等绿叶蔬菜可能含有隐孢子虫,并可能导致疫情爆发,因此必须了解污染是如何发生的,以防止今后疫情爆发并采取适当的预防措施。
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Epidemiology and Infection
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