Pub Date : 2024-01-15DOI: 10.1017/S0950268824000074
Yilan Yang, Xin Gu, Lin Zhu, Yuanyuan Cheng, Haikong Lu, Zhifang Guan, Mei Shi, Liyan Ni, Ruirui Peng, Wei Zhao, Juan Wu, Tengfei Qi, Fuquan Long, Zhe Chai, Weiming Gong, Meiping Ye, Pingyu Zhou
Accurately predicting neurosyphilis prior to a lumbar puncture (LP) is critical for the prompt management of neurosyphilis. However, a valid and reliable model for this purpose is still lacking. This study aimed to develop a nomogram for the accurate identification of neurosyphilis in patients with syphilis. The training cohort included 9,504 syphilis patients who underwent initial neurosyphilis evaluation between 2009 and 2020, while the validation cohort comprised 526 patients whose data were prospectively collected from January 2021 to September 2021. Neurosyphilis was observed in 35.8% (3,400/9,504) of the training cohort and 37.6% (198/526) of the validation cohort. The nomogram incorporated factors such as age, male gender, neurological and psychiatric symptoms, serum RPR, a mucous plaque of the larynx and nose, a history of other STD infections, and co-diabetes. The model exhibited good performance with concordance indexes of 0.84 (95% CI, 0.83-0.85) and 0.82 (95% CI, 0.78-0.86) in the training and validation cohorts, respectively, along with well-fitted calibration curves. This study developed a precise nomogram to predict neurosyphilis risk in syphilis patients, with potential implications for early detection prior to an LP.
{"title":"Clinical parameter-based prediction model for neurosyphilis risk stratification.","authors":"Yilan Yang, Xin Gu, Lin Zhu, Yuanyuan Cheng, Haikong Lu, Zhifang Guan, Mei Shi, Liyan Ni, Ruirui Peng, Wei Zhao, Juan Wu, Tengfei Qi, Fuquan Long, Zhe Chai, Weiming Gong, Meiping Ye, Pingyu Zhou","doi":"10.1017/S0950268824000074","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0950268824000074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurately predicting neurosyphilis prior to a lumbar puncture (LP) is critical for the prompt management of neurosyphilis. However, a valid and reliable model for this purpose is still lacking. This study aimed to develop a nomogram for the accurate identification of neurosyphilis in patients with syphilis. The training cohort included 9,504 syphilis patients who underwent initial neurosyphilis evaluation between 2009 and 2020, while the validation cohort comprised 526 patients whose data were prospectively collected from January 2021 to September 2021. Neurosyphilis was observed in 35.8% (3,400/9,504) of the training cohort and 37.6% (198/526) of the validation cohort. The nomogram incorporated factors such as age, male gender, neurological and psychiatric symptoms, serum RPR, a mucous plaque of the larynx and nose, a history of other STD infections, and co-diabetes. The model exhibited good performance with concordance indexes of 0.84 (95% CI, 0.83-0.85) and 0.82 (95% CI, 0.78-0.86) in the training and validation cohorts, respectively, along with well-fitted calibration curves. This study developed a precise nomogram to predict neurosyphilis risk in syphilis patients, with potential implications for early detection prior to an LP.</p>","PeriodicalId":11721,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10894895/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139466340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-12DOI: 10.1017/S0950268824000025
Annika K Gunderson, Cristina Recalde-Coronel, Benjamin F Zaitchik, Pablo Peñataro Yori, Silvia Rengifo Pinedo, Maribel Paredes Olortegui, Margaret Kosek, Joseph M Vinetz, William K Pan
{"title":"A prospective cohort study linking migration, climate, and malaria risk in the Peruvian Amazon - CORRIGENDUM.","authors":"Annika K Gunderson, Cristina Recalde-Coronel, Benjamin F Zaitchik, Pablo Peñataro Yori, Silvia Rengifo Pinedo, Maribel Paredes Olortegui, Margaret Kosek, Joseph M Vinetz, William K Pan","doi":"10.1017/S0950268824000025","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0950268824000025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11721,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10789972/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139424530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-11DOI: 10.1017/S0950268823002017
Caroline A Habrun, Meseret G Birhane, Louise K François Watkins, Katharine Benedict, Lyndsay Bottichio, Kaylea Nemechek, Beth Tolar, Morgan N Schroeder, Jessica C Chen, Hayat Caidi, Misha Robyn, Megin Nichols
Enteric bacterial infections are common among people who travel internationally. During 2017-2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention investigated 41 multistate outbreaks of nontyphoidal Salmonella and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli linked to international travel. Resistance to one or more antimicrobial agents was detected in at least 10% of isolates in 16 of 30 (53%) nontyphoidal Salmonella outbreaks and 8 of 11 (73%) Shiga toxin-producing E. coli outbreaks evaluated by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System. At least 10% of the isolates in 14 nontyphoidal Salmonella outbreaks conferred resistance to one or more of the clinically significant antimicrobials used in human medicine. This report describes the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns of these travel-associated multistate outbreaks. Investigating illnesses among returned travellers and collaboration with international partners could result in the implementation of public health interventions to improve hygiene practices and food safety standards and to prevent illness and spread of multidrug-resistant organisms domestically and internationally.
{"title":"Multistate nontyphoidal <i>Salmonella</i> and Shiga toxin-producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> outbreaks linked to international travel-United States, 2017-2020.","authors":"Caroline A Habrun, Meseret G Birhane, Louise K François Watkins, Katharine Benedict, Lyndsay Bottichio, Kaylea Nemechek, Beth Tolar, Morgan N Schroeder, Jessica C Chen, Hayat Caidi, Misha Robyn, Megin Nichols","doi":"10.1017/S0950268823002017","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0950268823002017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Enteric bacterial infections are common among people who travel internationally. During 2017-2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention investigated 41 multistate outbreaks of nontyphoidal <i>Salmonella</i> and Shiga toxin-producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> linked to international travel. Resistance to one or more antimicrobial agents was detected in at least 10% of isolates in 16 of 30 (53%) nontyphoidal <i>Salmonella</i> outbreaks and 8 of 11 (73%) Shiga toxin-producing <i>E. coli</i> outbreaks evaluated by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System. At least 10% of the isolates in 14 nontyphoidal <i>Salmonella</i> outbreaks conferred resistance to one or more of the clinically significant antimicrobials used in human medicine. This report describes the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns of these travel-associated multistate outbreaks. Investigating illnesses among returned travellers and collaboration with international partners could result in the implementation of public health interventions to improve hygiene practices and food safety standards and to prevent illness and spread of multidrug-resistant organisms domestically and internationally.</p>","PeriodicalId":11721,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10894901/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139416620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-11DOI: 10.1017/S0950268824000013
Carrie K M McMullen, Brendan Dougherty, Diane T Medeiros, Gordon Yasvinski, Deepak Sharma, M Kate Thomas
Legionellosis is a disease caused by the bacterium Legionella that most commonly presents as Legionnaires' disease (LD), a severe form of pneumonia. From 2015 to 2019, an average of 438 LD cases per year were reported in Canada. However, it is believed that the actual number of cases is much higher, since LD may be underdiagnosed and underreported. The purpose of this study was to develop an estimate of the true incidence of illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths associated with LD in Canada. Values were derived using a stochastic model, based on Canadian surveillance data from 2015 to 2019, which were scaled up to account for underdiagnosis and underreporting. Overall, there were an estimated 1,113 (90% CrI: 737-1,730) illnesses, 1,008 (90% CrI: 271-2,244) hospitalizations, and 34 (90% CrI: 4-86) deaths due to domestically acquired waterborne LD annually in Canada from 2015 to 2019. It was further estimated that only 36% of illnesses and 39% of hospitalizations and deaths were captured in surveillance, and that 22% of illnesses were caused by Legionella serogroups and species other than Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (non-Lp1). This study highlights the true burden and areas for improvement in Canada's surveillance and detection of LD.
{"title":"Estimating the burden of illness caused by domestic waterborne Legionnaires' disease in Canada: 2015-2019.","authors":"Carrie K M McMullen, Brendan Dougherty, Diane T Medeiros, Gordon Yasvinski, Deepak Sharma, M Kate Thomas","doi":"10.1017/S0950268824000013","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0950268824000013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Legionellosis is a disease caused by the bacterium <i>Legionella</i> that most commonly presents as Legionnaires' disease (LD), a severe form of pneumonia. From 2015 to 2019, an average of 438 LD cases per year were reported in Canada. However, it is believed that the actual number of cases is much higher, since LD may be underdiagnosed and underreported. The purpose of this study was to develop an estimate of the true incidence of illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths associated with LD in Canada. Values were derived using a stochastic model, based on Canadian surveillance data from 2015 to 2019, which were scaled up to account for underdiagnosis and underreporting. Overall, there were an estimated 1,113 (90% CrI: 737-1,730) illnesses, 1,008 (90% CrI: 271-2,244) hospitalizations, and 34 (90% CrI: 4-86) deaths due to domestically acquired waterborne LD annually in Canada from 2015 to 2019. It was further estimated that only 36% of illnesses and 39% of hospitalizations and deaths were captured in surveillance, and that 22% of illnesses were caused by <i>Legionella</i> serogroups and species other than <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> serogroup 1 (non-Lp1). This study highlights the true burden and areas for improvement in Canada's surveillance and detection of LD.</p>","PeriodicalId":11721,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10894893/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139416619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-10DOI: 10.1017/S0950268824000049
Ruiqi Lu, Jinsheng Lin, Yang Zhou, Qian Chen, Zaiying Fan, Shuning Wu, Pei Qin, Liping Li
Adherence to post-exposure prophylaxis and post-exposure vaccination (PEV) is an important measure to prevent rabies. The purpose of this study was to explore the adherence to the vaccination protocol and its influencing factors among rabies-exposed patients in Shenzhen, China. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Shenzhen, China, to obtain epidemiological characteristics of patients; knowledge, attitude, and practice scores of rabies prevention; and medical records. A total of 326 patients requiring full rabies PEV were included in this study, and only 62% (202) completed the full course of vaccination according to the norms of the vaccination guidelines. After multifactor logistic regression, the factors influencing adherence to vaccination were as follows: age 31 to 40 years, time spent to reach the nearest rabies prevention clinic was >60 min, the time of injury was at night to early morning, the place of injury was a school/laboratory, the animal causing injury was a cat, the health status of the animal causing injury could not be determined, and patients with higher practice scores (all p<0.05). Understanding the factors influencing rabies vaccination adherence among rabies-exposed patients in urban areas of China and promote changes in patients' practice toward rabies prevention is essential for rabies elimination by 2030.
{"title":"Rabies vaccination adherence and associated factors among rabies-exposed patients in Shenzhen, China: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.","authors":"Ruiqi Lu, Jinsheng Lin, Yang Zhou, Qian Chen, Zaiying Fan, Shuning Wu, Pei Qin, Liping Li","doi":"10.1017/S0950268824000049","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0950268824000049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adherence to post-exposure prophylaxis and post-exposure vaccination (PEV) is an important measure to prevent rabies. The purpose of this study was to explore the adherence to the vaccination protocol and its influencing factors among rabies-exposed patients in Shenzhen, China. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Shenzhen, China, to obtain epidemiological characteristics of patients; knowledge, attitude, and practice scores of rabies prevention; and medical records. A total of 326 patients requiring full rabies PEV were included in this study, and only 62% (202) completed the full course of vaccination according to the norms of the vaccination guidelines. After multifactor logistic regression, the factors influencing adherence to vaccination were as follows: age 31 to 40 years, time spent to reach the nearest rabies prevention clinic was >60 min, the time of injury was at night to early morning, the place of injury was a school/laboratory, the animal causing injury was a cat, the health status of the animal causing injury could not be determined, and patients with higher practice scores (all <i>p</i><0.05). Understanding the factors influencing rabies vaccination adherence among rabies-exposed patients in urban areas of China and promote changes in patients' practice toward rabies prevention is essential for rabies elimination by 2030.</p>","PeriodicalId":11721,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10894897/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139402401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.1017/S095026882300198X
Ella Trembizki, Taylah Anderson, David M Whiley, Annika Antonsson
Compared to cervical cancer, little is known about human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven oropharyngeal cancer and their cofactors. Here, we investigated potential associations between Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) with oral HPV and HPV persistence, which are known cofactors in cervical carcinogenesis, and also play a role in HPV-driven oropharyngeal cancer. Saliva samples (n = 547) from 312 people were tested for CT and NG and whom had previously been tested for oral HPV infection in a longitudinal study. Eight participants were positive for CT (2.6%) and one for NG (0.3%). Six of these nine participants were also positive for oral HPV in at least one of their samples. We found no significant associations between HPV, CT, or NG infection in the saliva samples analyzed. These preliminary data suggest CT and NG have little influence on oral HPV-positivity and persistence in a general population. However, larger studies focusing on 'at risk' population cohorts are necessary to assess potential associations between oral sexually transmissible infections and oral HPV infections, and their outcomes.
{"title":"Investigating oral human papillomavirus co-infection with <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> and <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>.","authors":"Ella Trembizki, Taylah Anderson, David M Whiley, Annika Antonsson","doi":"10.1017/S095026882300198X","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S095026882300198X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Compared to cervical cancer, little is known about human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven oropharyngeal cancer and their cofactors. Here, we investigated potential associations between <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> (CT) and <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> (NG) with oral HPV and HPV persistence, which are known cofactors in cervical carcinogenesis, and also play a role in HPV-driven oropharyngeal cancer. Saliva samples (<i>n</i> = 547) from 312 people were tested for CT and NG and whom had previously been tested for oral HPV infection in a longitudinal study. Eight participants were positive for CT (2.6%) and one for NG (0.3%). Six of these nine participants were also positive for oral HPV in at least one of their samples. We found no significant associations between HPV, CT, or NG infection in the saliva samples analyzed. These preliminary data suggest CT and NG have little influence on oral HPV-positivity and persistence in a general population. However, larger studies focusing on 'at risk' population cohorts are necessary to assess potential associations between oral sexually transmissible infections and oral HPV infections, and their outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11721,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10789976/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139377380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In addition to the well-known differences among the four dengue serotypes, intra-serotypic antigenic diversity has been proposed to play a role in viral evolution and epidemic fluctuation. A replacement of genotype II by genotype III of dengue virus serotype 3 (DENV3) occurred in Thailand during 2007-2014, raising questions about the role of intra-serotypic antigenic differences in this genotype shift. We characterized the antigenic difference of DENV3 of genotypes II and III in Thailand, utilizing a neutralizing antibody assay with DENV3 vaccine sera and monotypic DENV3 sera. Although there was significant antigenic diversity among the DENV3, it did not clearly associate with the genotype. Our data therefore do not support the role of intra-serotypic antigenic difference in the genotype replacement. Amino acid alignment showed that eight positions are potentially associated with diversity between distinct antigenic subgroups. Most of these amino acids were found in envelope domain II. Some positions (aa81, aa124, and aa172) were located on the surface of virus particles, probably involving the neutralization sensitivity. Notably, the strains of both genotypes II and III showed clear antigenic differences from the vaccine genotype I strain. Whether this differencewill affect vaccine efficacy requires further studies.
除了众所周知的四种登革热血清型之间的差异外,还有人提出血清型内抗原多样性在病毒进化和疫情波动中发挥作用。2007-2014年期间,泰国发生了登革热病毒血清型3(DENV3)基因型II被基因型III取代的情况,这引发了关于血清型内抗原差异在这一基因型转变中的作用的问题。我们利用DENV3疫苗血清和单型DENV3血清进行中和抗体检测,确定了泰国II型和III型DENV3的抗原差异。虽然 DENV3 之间存在明显的抗原多样性,但与基因型并无明显关联。因此,我们的数据不支持序列内抗原差异在基因型替换中的作用。氨基酸比对显示,有八个位置可能与不同抗原亚群之间的多样性有关。这些氨基酸大多位于包膜结构域 II。有些位置(aa81、aa124 和 aa172)位于病毒颗粒表面,可能与中和敏感性有关。值得注意的是,基因型 II 和 III 株与疫苗基因型 I 株在抗原性上存在明显差异。这种差异是否会影响疫苗的效力还需要进一步研究。
{"title":"Intra-serotypic antigenic diversity of dengue virus serotype 3 in Thailand during 2004-2015.","authors":"Promsin Masrinoul, Panumas Sun-Arlee, Sutee Yoksan, Duangnapa Wanlayaporn, Sanjira Juntarapornchai, Surat Punyahathaikul, Kunjimas Ketsuwan, Somnuek Palabodeewat, Alita Kongchanagul, Prasert Auewarakul","doi":"10.1017/S0950268823001991","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0950268823001991","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In addition to the well-known differences among the four dengue serotypes, intra-serotypic antigenic diversity has been proposed to play a role in viral evolution and epidemic fluctuation. A replacement of genotype II by genotype III of dengue virus serotype 3 (DENV3) occurred in Thailand during 2007-2014, raising questions about the role of intra-serotypic antigenic differences in this genotype shift. We characterized the antigenic difference of DENV3 of genotypes II and III in Thailand, utilizing a neutralizing antibody assay with DENV3 vaccine sera and monotypic DENV3 sera. Although there was significant antigenic diversity among the DENV3, it did not clearly associate with the genotype. Our data therefore do not support the role of intra-serotypic antigenic difference in the genotype replacement. Amino acid alignment showed that eight positions are potentially associated with diversity between distinct antigenic subgroups. Most of these amino acids were found in envelope domain II. Some positions (aa81, aa124, and aa172) were located on the surface of virus particles, probably involving the neutralization sensitivity. Notably, the strains of both genotypes II and III showed clear antigenic differences from the vaccine genotype I strain. Whether this differencewill affect vaccine efficacy requires further studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11721,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10804135/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139377379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.1017/S0950268823002029
Fernando Sampedro, Francisco Garcés-Vega, Ali J Strickland, Craig W Hedberg
Salmonella enterica continues to be a leading cause of foodborne morbidity worldwide. A quantitative risk assessment model was developed to evaluate the impact of pathogen enumeration and serotyping strategies on public health after consumption of undercooked contaminated ground turkey in the USA. The risk assessment model predicted more than 20,000 human illnesses annually that would result in ~700 annual reported cases. Removing ground turkey lots contaminated with Salmonella exceeding 10 MPN/g, 1 MPN/g, and 1 MPN/25 g would decrease the mean number of illnesses by 38.2, 73.1, and 95.0%, respectively. A three-class mixed sampling plan was tested to allow the detection of positive lots above threshold levels with 2-6 (c = 1) and 3-8 samples per lot (c = 2) using 25-g and 325-g sample sizes for a 95% probability of rejecting a contaminated lot. Removal of positive lots with the presence of highly virulent serotypes would decrease the number of illnesses by 44.2-87.0%. Based on these model prediction results, risk management strategies should incorporate pathogen enumeration and/or serotyping. This would have a direct impact on illness incidence linking public health outcomes with measurable food safety objectives, at the cost of diverting production lots.
{"title":"Developing a risk management framework to improve public health outcomes by enumerating and serotyping <i>Salmonella</i> in ground turkey.","authors":"Fernando Sampedro, Francisco Garcés-Vega, Ali J Strickland, Craig W Hedberg","doi":"10.1017/S0950268823002029","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0950268823002029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Salmonella enterica</i> continues to be a leading cause of foodborne morbidity worldwide. A quantitative risk assessment model was developed to evaluate the impact of pathogen enumeration and serotyping strategies on public health after consumption of undercooked contaminated ground turkey in the USA. The risk assessment model predicted more than 20,000 human illnesses annually that would result in ~700 annual reported cases. Removing ground turkey lots contaminated with <i>Salmonella</i> exceeding 10 MPN/g, 1 MPN/g, and 1 MPN/25 g would decrease the mean number of illnesses by 38.2, 73.1, and 95.0%, respectively. A three-class mixed sampling plan was tested to allow the detection of positive lots above threshold levels with 2-6 (<i>c</i> = 1) and 3-8 samples per lot (<i>c</i> = 2) using 25-g and 325-g sample sizes for a 95% probability of rejecting a contaminated lot. Removal of positive lots with the presence of highly virulent serotypes would decrease the number of illnesses by 44.2-87.0%. Based on these model prediction results, risk management strategies should incorporate pathogen enumeration and/or serotyping. This would have a direct impact on illness incidence linking public health outcomes with measurable food safety objectives, at the cost of diverting production lots.</p>","PeriodicalId":11721,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10804136/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139377378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-05DOI: 10.1017/S0950268823001942
Protim Sarker, Md Ahsanul Haq, Evana Akhtar, Anjan Kumar Roy, Md Biplob Hosen, Tarique Mohammad Nurul Huda, Sharmin Akter, Razu Ahmed, Md Razib Chowdhury, Jannatul Ferdous, Maya Vandenent, Mohammad Zahirul Islam, Rashid U Zaman, Shams-El Arifeen, Abdur Razzaque, Rubhana Raqib
Using two rounds of serosurveillance, we aimed to observe the COVID-19 vaccination status and the dynamics of antibody responses to different vaccines among urban slum and non-slum populations of Bangladesh. Adults (>18 years) and children (10-17 years) were enrolled in March and October 2022. Data including COVID-19 vaccine types and dosage uptake were collected. SARS-CoV-2 spike (S)-specific antibodies were measured in blood. The proportion of vaccinated children was significantly lower among slum than non-slum populations. Two doses of vaccines showed an increase in the level of anti-S-antibodies up to 2 months, followed by reduced levels at 2-6 months and a resurgence at 6-12 months. Children showed significantly higher anti-S-antibodies after two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine than adults; however, after 6 months, the level of antibodies declined in younger children (10 - < 12 years). In a mixed vaccine approach, mRNA vaccines contributed to the highest antibody response whether given as the first two doses or as the third dose. Our findings emphasized the need for increasing the coverage of COVID-19 vaccination among slum children and booster dosing among all children. The use of mRNA vaccines in the mixed vaccination approach was found to be useful in boosting the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2.
{"title":"Serosurveillance among urban slum and non-slum populations immunized with COVID-19 vaccines in Bangladesh.","authors":"Protim Sarker, Md Ahsanul Haq, Evana Akhtar, Anjan Kumar Roy, Md Biplob Hosen, Tarique Mohammad Nurul Huda, Sharmin Akter, Razu Ahmed, Md Razib Chowdhury, Jannatul Ferdous, Maya Vandenent, Mohammad Zahirul Islam, Rashid U Zaman, Shams-El Arifeen, Abdur Razzaque, Rubhana Raqib","doi":"10.1017/S0950268823001942","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0950268823001942","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Using two rounds of serosurveillance, we aimed to observe the COVID-19 vaccination status and the dynamics of antibody responses to different vaccines among urban slum and non-slum populations of Bangladesh. Adults (>18 years) and children (10-17 years) were enrolled in March and October 2022. Data including COVID-19 vaccine types and dosage uptake were collected. SARS-CoV-2 spike (S)-specific antibodies were measured in blood. The proportion of vaccinated children was significantly lower among slum than non-slum populations. Two doses of vaccines showed an increase in the level of anti-S-antibodies up to 2 months, followed by reduced levels at 2-6 months and a resurgence at 6-12 months. Children showed significantly higher anti-S-antibodies after two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine than adults; however, after 6 months, the level of antibodies declined in younger children (10 - < 12 years). In a mixed vaccine approach, mRNA vaccines contributed to the highest antibody response whether given as the first two doses or as the third dose. Our findings emphasized the need for increasing the coverage of COVID-19 vaccination among slum children and booster dosing among all children. The use of mRNA vaccines in the mixed vaccination approach was found to be useful in boosting the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2.</p>","PeriodicalId":11721,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10804132/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139097618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-05DOI: 10.1017/S0950268823002030
Akiko Kowada
Schizophrenia is recognized as a significant risk factor for tuberculosis (TB). This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) with preventive treatment for screening of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in individuals with schizophrenia. A state transition model was developed from a healthcare payer perspective on a lifetime horizon. Ten strategies were compared by combining two different tests for LTBI, i.e. IGRA and tuberculin skin test (TST), and five different preventive treatments, i.e. 9-month isoniazid (9H), 3-month isoniazid and rifapentine (3HP) by directly observed therapy, 3HP by self-administered therapy, 3-month isoniazid and rifampin (3RH), and 4-month rifampin (4R). The main outcomes were costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), life expectancy life-years (LYs), incremental cost-effectiveness ratios, drug-sensitive tuberculosis (DS-TB) cases, and TB-related deaths. For both bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-vaccinated and non-BCG-vaccinated individuals, IGRA with 4R was the most cost-effective and TST with 3RH was the least effective. Among schizophrenic individuals in Japan, IGRA with 4R saved US$17.8 million, increased 58,981 QALYs and 935 LYs, and prevented 222 DS-TB cases and 75 TB-related deaths compared with TST with 3RH. In individuals with schizophrenia, IGRA with 4R is recommended for LTBI screening with preventive treatment to reduce costs, morbidity, and mortality from TB.
{"title":"Cost-effectiveness of interferon-<i>γ</i> release assay for screening of latent tuberculosis infection in individuals with schizophrenia.","authors":"Akiko Kowada","doi":"10.1017/S0950268823002030","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0950268823002030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Schizophrenia is recognized as a significant risk factor for tuberculosis (TB). This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) with preventive treatment for screening of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in individuals with schizophrenia. A state transition model was developed from a healthcare payer perspective on a lifetime horizon. Ten strategies were compared by combining two different tests for LTBI, i.e. IGRA and tuberculin skin test (TST), and five different preventive treatments, i.e. 9-month isoniazid (9H), 3-month isoniazid and rifapentine (3HP) by directly observed therapy, 3HP by self-administered therapy, 3-month isoniazid and rifampin (3RH), and 4-month rifampin (4R). The main outcomes were costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), life expectancy life-years (LYs), incremental cost-effectiveness ratios, drug-sensitive tuberculosis (DS-TB) cases, and TB-related deaths. For both bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-vaccinated and non-BCG-vaccinated individuals, IGRA with 4R was the most cost-effective and TST with 3RH was the least effective. Among schizophrenic individuals in Japan, IGRA with 4R saved US$17.8 million, increased 58,981 QALYs and 935 LYs, and prevented 222 DS-TB cases and 75 TB-related deaths compared with TST with 3RH. In individuals with schizophrenia, IGRA with 4R is recommended for LTBI screening with preventive treatment to reduce costs, morbidity, and mortality from TB.</p>","PeriodicalId":11721,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiology and Infection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10804133/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139097617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}