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Epidemiology of scarlet fever in Victoria, Australia, 2007-2017. 2007-2017 年澳大利亚维多利亚州猩红热流行病学。
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268824001298
Sachin Phakey, Patricia T Campbell, Katherine B Gibney

In the last 10-15 years, there has been a global resurgence of scarlet fever, an infection historically associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It is unknown whether scarlet fever incidence has increased in Australia. We aimed to examine the incidence, predictors and severity of scarlet fever in the state of Victoria, Australia from 2007 to 2017, analyzing scarlet fever emergency department (ED) presentations, hospitalizations and deaths. Of the 1 578 scarlet fever cases during the study period, most occurred in children aged <10 years (1 344, 85%), in males (882, 56%), and during winter and spring months (918, 57%). There were no deaths with scarlet fever, however, 374 cases (24%) were admitted to hospital. The annual incidence of scarlet fever was stable during the study period (mean, 2.5; range, 1.9-3.1 cases per 100 000). Annual incidence was highest in children aged <5 years (19.3 per 100 000), and was 21% higher in males than females, adjusting for age and year (incidence rate ratio, 1.21, 95%CI 1.09-1.34). Whilst scarlet fever ED presentations and hospitalizations were stable in Victoria from 2007 to 2017, the recent identification of a Streptococcus pyogenes variant in Australia associated with epidemic scarlet fever overseas highlights the risk of future outbreaks.

在过去的 10-15 年间,猩红热在全球范围内重新抬头,这种感染在历史上曾造成严重的发病率和死亡率。目前尚不清楚澳大利亚的猩红热发病率是否有所上升。我们旨在研究 2007 年至 2017 年期间澳大利亚维多利亚州猩红热的发病率、预测因素和严重程度,分析猩红热急诊科(ED)就诊人数、住院人数和死亡人数。在研究期间的 1 578 例猩红热病例中,大多数发生在儿童中,年龄在澳大利亚与海外流行性猩红热相关的化脓性链球菌变异突显了未来爆发的风险。
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引用次数: 0
Trends in shigellosis notifications in England, January 2016 to March 2023. 2016 年 1 月至 2023 年 3 月英格兰志贺菌病通报趋势。
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268824001006
Hannah Charles, Katy Sinka, Ian Simms, Kate S Baker, Gauri Godbole, Claire Jenkins

We reviewed all diagnoses of Shigella species notified to the UK Health Security Agency from January 2016 to March 2023. An overall increase in notifications of shigellosis was seen between 2016 (n = 415/quarter) and 2023 (n = 1 029/quarter). However, notifications dramatically declined between March 2020 and September 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic (n = 208/quarter) highlighting the impact of travel and social distancing restrictions on transmission. S. sonnei diagnoses were more affected by lockdown restrictions than S. flexneri, most likely due to a combination of species-specific characteristics and host attributes. Azithromycin resistance continued to be associated with epidemics of sexually transmissible S. flexneri (adult males = 45.6% vs. adult females = 8.7%) and S. sonnei (adult males = 59.5% vs. adult females = 14.6%). We detected resistance to ciprofloxacin in S. sonnei from adult male cases not reporting travel at a higher frequency (79.4%) than in travel-associated cases (61.7%). Extensively drug-resistant Shigella species associated with sexual transmission among men almost exclusively had ESBL encoded by blaCTX-M-27, whereas those associated with returning travellers had blaCTX-M-15. Given the increasing incidence of infections and AMR, we recommend that enhanced surveillance is used to better understand the impact of travel and sexual transmission on the acquisition and spread of MDR and XDR Shigella species.

我们回顾了 2016 年 1 月至 2023 年 3 月期间向英国卫生安全局通报的所有志贺氏杆菌诊断结果。2016 年(n = 415/季度)至 2023 年(n = 1 029/季度)期间,志贺氏杆菌病的通报数总体呈上升趋势。然而,在 COVID-19 大流行期间(n = 208/季度),2020 年 3 月至 2021 年 9 月期间的通报数急剧下降,这凸显了旅行和社会距离限制对传播的影响。与弗氏链球菌相比,松内链球菌的诊断受到封锁限制的影响更大,这很可能是由于物种特异性和宿主属性的共同作用。阿奇霉素耐药性仍然与可通过性传播的柔直杆菌(成年男性=45.6%,成年女性=8.7%)和宋内氏杆菌(成年男性=59.5%,成年女性=14.6%)的流行有关。我们在未报告旅行的成年男性病例(79.4%)中检测到对环丙沙星的耐药性,高于旅行相关病例(61.7%)。与男性性传播有关的广泛耐药志贺菌几乎全部具有由 blaCTX-M-27 编码的 ESBL,而与回国旅行者有关的志贺菌则具有 blaCTX-M-15。鉴于感染和 AMR 的发生率越来越高,我们建议加强监测,以更好地了解旅行和性传播对 MDR 和 XDR 志贺菌的获得和传播的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Mpox in UK households: estimating secondary attack rates and factors associated with transmission, May-November 2022. 2022 年 5 月至 11 月,英国家庭中的麻风病人:估计二次发病率和传播相关因素。
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268824000864
Simon Packer, Piotr Patrzylas, Rachel Merrick, Clare Sawyer, Andrew McAuley, William Crowe, Gillian Armstrong, Leonardo Green, Lucy Findlater, Charlie Turner, Obaghe Edeghere, Charlotte Anderson

We aimed to estimate the secondary attack rate of mpox among UK household contacts and determine factors associated with transmission to inform public health management of contacts, during the global outbreak in 2022. Information was collected via NHS and public health services and included age, gender, place of residence, setting, and type of contact. Aggregate information was summarized for the UK. Record level data was combined for England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and multivariable logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with transmission. The secondary attack rate among UK household mpox contacts was 4% (60/1 526). Sexual contact with the index case was associated with a 11-fold increase in adjusted odds of becoming a case in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland (95% CI 5.5-22, p < 0.001). Household contacts outside of London had increased odds compared to London residents (adjusted OR 2.9, 95%CI 1.6-5.4, p < 0.001), while female contacts had reduced odds of becoming a case (aOR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.15-0.95). We found a low overall secondary attack rate among household mpox contacts with strong evidence of increased transmission risk associated with sexual contact. This evidence will inform the risk assessment of contacts and support prioritization of those with close intimate contact for follow up.

我们的目的是估计英国家庭接触者中天花的二次发病率,并确定与传播相关的因素,以便在 2022 年全球疫情爆发期间为接触者的公共卫生管理提供信息。我们通过国家医疗服务体系和公共卫生服务机构收集信息,包括年龄、性别、居住地、环境和接触者类型。对英国的信息进行了汇总。合并了英格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰的记录级数据,并使用多变量逻辑回归法确定与传播相关的因素。英国家庭水痘接触者的二次发病率为 4%(60/1 526)。在英格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰,与指数病例有性接触者成为病例的调整后几率增加了 11 倍(95% CI 5.5-22,p < 0.001)。与伦敦居民相比,伦敦以外的家庭接触者成为病例的几率增加(调整后 OR 2.9,95%CI 1.6-5.4,p < 0.001),而女性接触者成为病例的几率降低(aOR:0.41,95% CI:0.15-0.95)。我们发现,水痘家庭接触者的总体二次发病率较低,但有确凿证据表明性接触会增加传播风险。这些证据将为接触者的风险评估提供依据,并支持优先对有密切亲密接触者进行随访。
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引用次数: 0
Risk factors for COVID-19 transmission in England: a multilevel modelling study using routine contact tracing data. 英格兰 COVID-19 传播的风险因素:利用常规接触追踪数据进行的多层次建模研究。
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268824001043
Hannah L Moore, Charlie Turner, Chris Rawlinson, Cong Chen, Neville Q Verlander, Charlotte Anderson, Gareth J Hughes

Contact tracing for COVID-19 in England operated from May 2020 to February 2022. The clinical, demographic and exposure information collected on cases and their contacts offered a unique opportunity to study secondary transmission. We aimed to quantify the relative impact of host factors and exposure settings on secondary COVID-19 transmission risk using 550,000 sampled transmission links between cases and their contacts. Links, or 'contact episodes', were established where a contact subsequently became a case, using an algorithm accounting for incubation period, setting, and contact date. A mixed-effects logistic regression model was used to estimate adjusted odds of transmission. Of sampled episodes, 8.7% resulted in secondary cases. Living with a case (71% episodes) was the most significant risk factor (aOR = 2.6, CI = 1.9-3.6). Other risk factors included unvaccinated status (aOR = 1.2, CI = 1.2-1.3), symptoms, and older age (66-79 years; aOR = 1.4, CI = 1.4-1.5). Whilst global COVID-19 strategies emphasized protection outside the home, including education, travel, and gathering restrictions, this study evidences the relative importance of household transmission. There is a need to reconsider the contribution of household transmission to future control strategies and the requirement for effective infection control within households.

英格兰的 COVID-19 接触者追踪从 2020 年 5 月开始,至 2022 年 2 月结束。收集到的病例及其接触者的临床、人口统计学和接触信息为研究二次传播提供了一个独特的机会。我们的目标是利用病例及其接触者之间的 55 万个采样传播链接,量化宿主因素和接触环境对 COVID-19 二次传播风险的相对影响。根据潜伏期、环境和接触日期的算法,确定了接触者后来成为病例的链接或 "接触事件"。混合效应逻辑回归模型用于估算调整后的传播几率。在抽样调查的病例中,8.7% 的病例为继发病例。与病例共同生活(71%的病例)是最重要的风险因素(aOR = 2.6,CI = 1.9-3.6)。其他风险因素包括未接种疫苗(aOR = 1.2,CI = 1.2-1.3)、症状和年龄较大(66-79 岁;aOR = 1.4,CI = 1.4-1.5)。虽然 COVID-19 全球战略强调家庭外的保护,包括教育、旅行和聚会限制,但本研究证明了家庭传播的相对重要性。有必要重新考虑家庭传播对未来控制策略的贡献以及在家庭内进行有效感染控制的要求。
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引用次数: 0
Analyzing the seasonality of tuberculosis case notifications in the UK, 2000-2018. 分析 2000-2018 年英国结核病病例通报的季节性。
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1017/S095026882400092X
Lisa Glaser, Ross Harris, Tehreem Mohiyuddin, Jennifer A Davidson, Sharon Cox, Colin N J Campbell

Globally, there is seasonal variation in tuberculosis (TB) incidence, yet the biological and behavioural or social factors driving TB seasonality differ across countries. Understanding season-specific risk factors that may be specific to the UK could help shape future decision-making for TB control. We conducted a time-series analysis using data from 152,424 UK TB notifications between 2000 and 2018. Notifications were aggregated by year, month, and socio-demographic covariates, and negative binomial regression models fitted to the aggregate data. For each covariate, we calculated the size of the seasonal effect as the incidence risk ratio (IRR) for the peak versus the trough months within the year and the timing of the peak, whilst accounting for the overall trend. There was strong evidence for seasonality (p < 0.0001) with an IRR of 1.27 (95% CI 1.23-1.30). The peak was estimated to occur at the beginning of May. Significant differences in seasonal amplitude were identified across age groups, ethnicity, site of disease, latitude and, for those born abroad, time since entry to the UK. The smaller amplitude in older adults, and greater amplitude among South Asians and people who recently entered the UK may indicate the role of latent TB reactivation and vitamin D deficiency in driving seasonality.

在全球范围内,肺结核(TB)发病率存在季节性变化,但各国肺结核季节性的生物、行为或社会因素却不尽相同。了解英国特有的季节性风险因素有助于制定未来的结核病控制决策。我们利用 2000 年至 2018 年间 152,424 份英国结核病通知中的数据进行了时间序列分析。我们按年份、月份和社会人口协变量对通知进行了汇总,并对汇总数据拟合了负二项回归模型。对于每个协变量,我们计算了季节性效应的大小,即年内高峰月与低谷月的发病风险比(IRR)以及高峰的时间,同时考虑了总体趋势。有强有力的证据表明存在季节性(p < 0.0001),IRR 为 1.27(95% CI 1.23-1.30)。估计峰值出现在 5 月初。不同年龄组、种族、发病部位、纬度以及出生在国外的人进入英国后的时间在季节性振幅上存在显著差异。老年人的振幅较小,南亚人和新近进入英国的人的振幅较大,这可能表明潜伏肺结核再活化和维生素 D 缺乏在推动季节性方面发挥了作用。
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引用次数: 0
A multi-provincial outbreak of Salmonella Newport infections associated with red onions: A report of the largest Salmonella outbreak in Canada in over 20 years. 多省爆发与红洋葱有关的纽波特沙门氏菌感染:加拿大 20 多年来最大一次沙门氏菌疫情报告。
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268824001055
Leann Denich, Joyce M Cheng, Courtney R Smith, Marsha Taylor, Robin Atkinson, Eva Boyd, Linda Chui, Lance Honish, Leah Isaac, Ashley Kearney, Jennifer J Liang, Victor Mah, Anna J W Manore, Zachary D McCormic, Cynthia Misfeldt, Celine Nadon, Kane Patel, Davendra Sharma, Alexander Todd, April Hexemer

An investigation into an outbreak of Salmonella Newport infections in Canada was initiated in July 2020. Cases were identified across several provinces through whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Exposure data were gathered through case interviews. Traceback investigations were conducted using receipts, invoices, import documentation, and menus. A total of 515 cases were identified in seven provinces, related by 0-6 whole-genome multi-locus sequence typing (wgMLST) allele differences. The median age of cases was 40 (range 1-100), 54% were female, 19% were hospitalized, and three deaths were reported. Forty-eight location-specific case sub-clusters were identified in restaurants, grocery stores, and congregate living facilities. Of the 414 cases with exposure information available, 71% (295) had reported eating onions the week prior to becoming ill, and 80% of those cases who reported eating onions, reported red onion specifically. The traceback investigation identified red onions from Grower A in California, USA, as the likely source of the outbreak, and the first of many food recall warnings was issued on 30 July 2020. Salmonella was not detected in any tested food or environmental samples. This paper summarizes the collaborative efforts undertaken to investigate and control the largest Salmonella outbreak in Canada in over 20 years.

2020 年 7 月,加拿大开始对纽波特沙门氏菌感染疫情进行调查。通过全基因组测序(WGS)确定了多个省份的病例。通过病例访谈收集暴露数据。利用收据、发票、进口文件和菜单进行了溯源调查。在七个省份共发现了 515 个病例,这些病例之间存在 0-6 个全基因组多焦点序列分型(wgMLST)等位基因差异。病例的中位年龄为 40 岁(1-100 岁不等),54% 为女性,19% 曾住院治疗,有 3 例死亡病例。在餐馆、杂货店和集体生活设施中发现了 48 个特定地点病例亚群。在有接触信息的 414 例病例中,71%(295 例)报告在发病前一周吃过洋葱,而在报告吃过洋葱的病例中,有 80% 特别报告吃过红洋葱。溯源调查发现,来自美国加利福尼亚州种植者 A 的红洋葱可能是此次疫情的源头,并于 2020 年 7 月 30 日发布了众多食品召回警告中的第一个。在所有检测的食品或环境样本中均未检测到沙门氏菌。本文总结了为调查和控制加拿大 20 多年来最大的沙门氏菌疫情而开展的合作。
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引用次数: 0
Combined visualization of genomic and epidemiological data for outbreaks. 疫情爆发时基因组和流行病学数据的综合可视化。
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268824001092
Carl J E Suster, Anne E Watt, Qinning Wang, Sharon C-A Chen, Jen Kok, Vitali Sintchenko

In epidemiological investigations, pathogen genomics can provide insights and test epidemiological hypotheses that would not have been possible through traditional epidemiology. Tools to synthesize genomic analysis with other types of data are a key requirement of genomic epidemiology. We propose a new 'phylepic' visualization that combines a phylogenomic tree with an epidemic curve. The combination visually links the molecular time represented in the tree to the calendar time in the epidemic curve, a correspondence that is not easily represented by existing tools. Using an example derived from a foodborne bacterial outbreak, we demonstrated that the phylepic chart communicates that what appeared to be a point-source outbreak was in fact composed of cases associated with two genetically distinct clades of bacteria. We provide an R package implementing the chart. We expect that visualizations that place genomic analyses within the epidemiological context will become increasingly important for outbreak investigations and public health surveillance of infectious diseases.

在流行病学调查中,病原体基因组学可以提供传统流行病学无法提供的见解并检验流行病学假设。将基因组分析与其他类型的数据综合起来的工具是基因组流行病学的关键要求。我们提出了一种新的 "phylepic "可视化方法,将系统发生树与流行病曲线相结合。这种组合能将系统树中的分子时间与流行病曲线中的日历时间直观地联系起来,而现有的工具并不容易体现这种对应关系。我们以食源性细菌疫情为例,证明了系统树图能说明看似点源疫情实际上是由两个基因不同的细菌支系相关的病例组成的。我们提供了一个实现该图表的 R 软件包。我们预计,将基因组分析置于流行病学背景下的可视化方法对于传染病的爆发调查和公共卫生监测将变得越来越重要。
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引用次数: 0
Varicella vaccine effectiveness evaluation in Wuxi, China: A retrospective cohort study. 中国无锡的水痘疫苗效果评估:回顾性队列研究
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1017/S095026882400102X
Shixin Xiu, Zhuping Xu, Xuwen Wang, Li Zhang, Qiang Wang, Min Yang, Yuan Shen

Varicella is a vaccine-preventable infectious disease. Since 1 December 2018, the varicella vaccine has been included in the local Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in Wuxi, China, and children born after 1 December 2014 are eligible for free vaccination. To evaluate the effect of varicella vaccination in Wuxi city, we selected 382 397 children born from 2012 to 2016 as subjects. Their disease data were obtained from the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and their vaccination data were obtained from the Jiangsu Province Vaccination Integrated Service Management Information System. The incidence of breakthrough varicella cases increased in the first 4 years and reached the peak in the fifth year. With the increase of vaccination rate, the incidence of varicella decreased significantly. The vaccine effectiveness (VE) was found to be 88.17%-95.78% for one dose and 98.65%-99.93% for two doses. Although the VE per dose decreased from 99.57% in the first year to 93.04% in the eighth year, it remained high. These findings confirmed the effectiveness of varicella vaccination in children, supported the use of a two-dose varicella vaccination strategy to achieve better protection, and provided important insights into the optimal vaccination strategy for varicella prevention in children.

水痘是一种疫苗可预防的传染病。自2018年12月1日起,水痘疫苗被纳入中国无锡当地扩大免疫规划(EPI),2014年12月1日后出生的儿童可免费接种。为了评估无锡市接种水痘疫苗的效果,我们选取了2012年至2016年出生的382 397名儿童作为研究对象。他们的疾病数据来自中国疾病预防控制信息系统,接种数据来自江苏省预防接种综合服务管理信息系统。突破性水痘病例的发病率在前四年有所上升,并在第五年达到高峰。随着接种率的提高,水痘发病率明显下降。接种一剂的疫苗有效率(VE)为 88.17%-95.78%,接种两剂的疫苗有效率为 98.65%-99.93%。虽然每剂疫苗的有效率从第一年的 99.57% 下降到第八年的 93.04%,但仍然保持在较高水平。这些研究结果证实了儿童接种水痘疫苗的有效性,支持使用两剂水痘疫苗接种策略以获得更好的保护,并为儿童水痘预防的最佳接种策略提供了重要启示。
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引用次数: 0
Everything but the kitchen sink: The use of multiple hypothesis generation methods to investigate an outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis associated with frozen profiteroles and eclairs. 除厨房水槽外的一切:使用多种假设生成方法调查与冷冻杏仁饼和杏仁蛋糕有关的肠炎沙门氏菌疫情。
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268824001067
Courtney R Smith, Marsha Taylor, Anna J W Manore, April Hexemer, Bijay Adhikari, David Alexander, Robin Atkinson, Linda Chui, Eleni Galanis, Colette Gaulin, Meghan Griffin, Lance Honish, Ashley Kearney, Victor Mah, Rachel McCormick, Michelle Murti

In December 2018, an outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis infections was identified in Canada by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). An investigation was initiated to identify the source of the illnesses, which proved challenging and complex. Microbiological hypothesis generation methods included comparisons of Salmonella isolate sequence data to historical domestic outbreaks and international repositories. Epidemiological hypothesis generation methods included routine case interviews, open-ended centralized re-interviewing, thematic analysis of open-ended interview data, collection of purchase records, a grocery store site visit, analytic comparison to healthy control groups, and case-case analyses. Food safety hypothesis testing methods included food sample collection and analysis, and traceback investigations. Overall, 83 cases were identified across seven provinces, with onset dates from 6 November 2018 to 7 May 2019. Case ages ranged from 1 to 88 years; 60% (50/83) were female; 39% (22/56) were hospitalized; and three deaths were reported. Brand X profiteroles and eclairs imported from Thailand were identified as the source of the outbreak, and eggs from an unregistered facility were hypothesized as the likely cause of contamination. This study aims to describe the outbreak investigation and highlight the multiple hypothesis generation methods that were employed to identify the source.

2018 年 12 月,加拿大通过全基因组测序(WGS)发现了一起肠炎沙门氏菌感染疫情。为确定疾病来源,启动了一项调查,事实证明这项调查具有挑战性和复杂性。微生物学假设生成方法包括将沙门氏菌分离序列数据与历史上的国内疫情爆发和国际资料库进行比较。流行病学假设生成方法包括常规病例访谈、开放式集中再访谈、开放式访谈数据的主题分析、购买记录收集、杂货店实地考察、与健康对照组的分析比较以及病例分析。食品安全假设检验方法包括食品样本收集和分析以及追踪调查。总体而言,七个省份共发现 83 例病例,发病日期从 2018 年 11 月 6 日至 2019 年 5 月 7 日。病例年龄从1岁到88岁不等;60%(50/83)为女性;39%(22/56)住院治疗;报告了3例死亡病例。从泰国进口的X品牌杏仁蛋白饼和杏仁蛋糕被确定为疫情来源,来自未注册设施的鸡蛋被推测为可能的污染原因。本研究旨在描述疫情调查情况,并重点介绍为确定污染源而采用的多种假设生成方法。
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引用次数: 0
Interleukins in the pathogenesis of influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections. 流感和其他急性呼吸道病毒感染发病机制中的白细胞介素。
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268824001109
Mykchaylo Andreychyn, Larysa Melnyk, Nataliia Zavidniiuk, Natalya Nychyk, Iaryna Iosyk

Influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections (ARVIs) are among the most common human diseases. In recent decades, the discovery of cytokines and their significance in the pathogenesis of diseases has led to extensive research on these compounds in various pathologies including ARVIs. The aim of the research was to study the cytokine profile in patients with ARVIs. The cases of 30 patients were investigated. Etiological diagnosis was performed by polymerase chain reaction. Different classes of cytokines in the serum were defined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The level of cytokines depended on the number of pathogens. The highest levels of pro-inflammatory interleukins and the lowest levels of anti-inflammatory IL-4 were observed in patients with a combination of five or more viruses compared to those with a monoinfection. Analysis of the data showed that in the acute phase, the levels of all studied pro-inflammatory cytokines - IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α - increased by 8, 39, and 9 times, respectively, compared to those in healthy individuals. In the acute phase of ARVI, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly higher and depended on the severity of the disease. The imbalance of cytokines in the serum has been established in cases of ARVIs, depending on the severity of the disease.

流感和其他急性呼吸道病毒感染(ARVI)是人类最常见的疾病之一。近几十年来,由于发现了细胞因子及其在疾病发病机制中的重要作用,人们对这些化合物在包括急性呼吸道病毒感染在内的各种病症中的作用进行了广泛研究。这项研究的目的是研究 ARVI 患者的细胞因子谱。对 30 名患者的病例进行了调查。病因诊断通过聚合酶链反应进行。通过酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)确定了血清中不同种类的细胞因子。细胞因子的水平取决于病原体的数量。与单一病毒感染者相比,合并感染五种或更多病毒的患者体内促炎性白细胞介素的水平最高,而抗炎性 IL-4 的水平最低。数据分析显示,在急性期,所有研究的促炎细胞因子--IL-2、IL-6 和 TNF-α --的水平与健康人相比分别增加了 8 倍、39 倍和 9 倍。在急性阿尔茨海默病的急性期,促炎细胞因子的水平明显较高,并取决于疾病的严重程度。在阿尔茨海默病病例中,血清中细胞因子的失衡已被证实,这取决于疾病的严重程度。
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引用次数: 0
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Epidemiology and Infection
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