Small-scale reservoirs play a central role in socio-economic development of Burkina Faso. In the absence of a best environmental management plan, these reservoirs can be potential factors of water pollution and ecological deterioration. In the present study, we investigated ecological status of sediments from the Soubeira reservoir, using concentrations of a series of heavy metals. Concentrations of the metals ranked as follows: Fe> Mn> Cr> Zn> Cu> Pb> As ~ Co> Hg ~Mo> Cd. Based on the correlation analysis, Fe, with weaker relationships with other metals, may be derived from the local ferruginous soil, whereas Cd, Cu and Cr could be mainly originated from anthropogenic sources and carried by clay minerals into the reservoir. In contrast, Hg and As abundance could be related to artisanal gold mining in the surrounding environment. Negative correlations between heavy metals (except As) with pH were consistent with desorption and mobility of the majority of heavy metals under low pH values. The significant negative correlations were also observed between CEC and As (r = - 0.75) and between clay and As (r = -0.64). This could be an indication of As mobility under the physico-chemical conditions of the reservoir. Both potential ecological risk and adverse effect indices suggested that the reservoir sediments were highly polluted. Five heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Cr and Hg) could cause adverse effect to biota, whilst only Hg and Cd appeared to show high and moderate potential ecological risk indices, respectively. The study demonstrated that the Soubeira reservoir requires a heavy metal pollution control program.
{"title":"Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sediments from the Soubeira Reservoir, a Small-Scale Reservoir in North Central Burkina Faso, West Africa","authors":"Souleymane Pelede, A. Sako, O. Bamba","doi":"10.5539/EP.V7N1P66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/EP.V7N1P66","url":null,"abstract":"Small-scale reservoirs play a central role in socio-economic development of Burkina Faso. In the absence of a best environmental management plan, these reservoirs can be potential factors of water pollution and ecological deterioration. In the present study, we investigated ecological status of sediments from the Soubeira reservoir, using concentrations of a series of heavy metals. Concentrations of the metals ranked as follows: Fe> Mn> Cr> Zn> Cu> Pb> As ~ Co> Hg ~Mo> Cd. Based on the correlation analysis, Fe, with weaker relationships with other metals, may be derived from the local ferruginous soil, whereas Cd, Cu and Cr could be mainly originated from anthropogenic sources and carried by clay minerals into the reservoir. In contrast, Hg and As abundance could be related to artisanal gold mining in the surrounding environment. Negative correlations between heavy metals (except As) with pH were consistent with desorption and mobility of the majority of heavy metals under low pH values. The significant negative correlations were also observed between CEC and As (r = - 0.75) and between clay and As (r = -0.64). This could be an indication of As mobility under the physico-chemical conditions of the reservoir. Both potential ecological risk and adverse effect indices suggested that the reservoir sediments were highly polluted. Five heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Cr and Hg) could cause adverse effect to biota, whilst only Hg and Cd appeared to show high and moderate potential ecological risk indices, respectively. The study demonstrated that the Soubeira reservoir requires a heavy metal pollution control program.","PeriodicalId":11724,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79358889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abandoned mines across the world leak contaminated waters into precious water resources, threatening human populations and natural environments alike. The primary demand from the industry for addressing the contamination is a passive system that utilizes locally available and cheap material, with little energy or maintenance requirement. Passive treatment systems can operate in remote regions, using diverse, inexpensive, and locally available material with low waste production, but are subject to ambient conditions and are often space intensive. The geothermal gradient available at abandoned mines is a viable heat energy source that can provide advantageous temperature conditions for established remediation techniques, namely bioremediation.Currently, the primary models used for testing new passive designs are either largely empirically based, or limit the scope of modelling parameters, making it difficult to incorporate innovative design aspects into the existing modelling framework. The following paper presents a model, based on kinetic parameters from a column experiment, which couples mechanics, thermodynamics, hydrodynamics, and microbial kinetics. The modelling results show the effect of an imposed temperature gradient on the permeability and microbially driven reactions of a bioreactor. The model reflects evolving thermal and mass transfer in the multiphase system. The addition of geothermal energy to a bioreactor is shown to improve long-term permeability, enhance reactions and precipitation kinetics, and decrease the necessary spatial expanse of designed bioreactor systems.
{"title":"Coupled Flow Modelling for a Geothermally Facilitated Bioreactor","authors":"Lucila B. Dunnington, M. Nakagawa","doi":"10.5539/ep.v7n1p81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ep.v7n1p81","url":null,"abstract":"Abandoned mines across the world leak contaminated waters into precious water resources, threatening human populations and natural environments alike. The primary demand from the industry for addressing the contamination is a passive system that utilizes locally available and cheap material, with little energy or maintenance requirement. Passive treatment systems can operate in remote regions, using diverse, inexpensive, and locally available material with low waste production, but are subject to ambient conditions and are often space intensive. The geothermal gradient available at abandoned mines is a viable heat energy source that can provide advantageous temperature conditions for established remediation techniques, namely bioremediation.Currently, the primary models used for testing new passive designs are either largely empirically based, or limit the scope of modelling parameters, making it difficult to incorporate innovative design aspects into the existing modelling framework. The following paper presents a model, based on kinetic parameters from a column experiment, which couples mechanics, thermodynamics, hydrodynamics, and microbial kinetics. The modelling results show the effect of an imposed temperature gradient on the permeability and microbially driven reactions of a bioreactor. The model reflects evolving thermal and mass transfer in the multiphase system. The addition of geothermal energy to a bioreactor is shown to improve long-term permeability, enhance reactions and precipitation kinetics, and decrease the necessary spatial expanse of designed bioreactor systems.","PeriodicalId":11724,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84057147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. R. A. M. T. R. Atugoda, L. Mandakini, N. Bandara, D. Gunawardana
We employed scientific tools to investigate the ex situ phytoremediation of cadmium by Azolla pinnata. Azolla pinnata was capable of efficient sequestration of cadmium up to a concentration of 1 ppm, though with a visibly high “physiological cost”. The sequestration of cadmium (1 ppm) was strongly reduced after 24 hours, in Azolla plants pre-treated with the gram-negative antibiotic erythromycin (60 µg/l), suggesting that the cyanobacterial population was important for phytoremediation. Only the co-treatment of 1 ppm cadmium with 1 ppm vanadate, showed significantly higher phytoremediation (P<0.05) compared to the “cadmium+erythromycin” treatment. The phytoremediation of Cadmium by the Azolla-Nostoc symbiosis was significantly (p<0.05) improved by the addition of citrate at 10 ppm in the presence of 1 ppm vanadate, compared to the 1 ppm cadmium only treatment. We hypothesize that citrate acting either as “vanadophores” or working as a cofactor in the Homocitrate Synthase enzyme, facilitates remediation of cadmium. When phylogeny was inferred using Homocitrate Synthases, the cyanobiont was approximated to a taxonomical twilight zone between Nostoc and Anabaena, although showing more proximity to the Anabaena cluster. It is proposed here that the cyanobacterial contribution appears to be crucial for the ability of Azolla pinnata to efficiently remediate cadmium and a “helping hand” appears to be provided by a vanadate dependent mechanism, which is likely to be nitrogen fixation. The association between vanadate-assisted phytoremediation by Azolla pinnata and the heightened bioavailability of vanadium in CKDu endemic areas, could serve as a vital stepping stone in developing a biological solution to CKDu.
{"title":"How a Taxonomically-Ambiguous Cyanobiont and Vanadate Assist in the Phytoremediation of Cadmium by Azolla pinnata: Implications for CKDu","authors":"D. R. A. M. T. R. Atugoda, L. Mandakini, N. Bandara, D. Gunawardana","doi":"10.5539/EP.V7N1P53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/EP.V7N1P53","url":null,"abstract":"We employed scientific tools to investigate the ex situ phytoremediation of cadmium by Azolla pinnata. Azolla pinnata was capable of efficient sequestration of cadmium up to a concentration of 1 ppm, though with a visibly high “physiological cost”. The sequestration of cadmium (1 ppm) was strongly reduced after 24 hours, in Azolla plants pre-treated with the gram-negative antibiotic erythromycin (60 µg/l), suggesting that the cyanobacterial population was important for phytoremediation. Only the co-treatment of 1 ppm cadmium with 1 ppm vanadate, showed significantly higher phytoremediation (P<0.05) compared to the “cadmium+erythromycin” treatment. The phytoremediation of Cadmium by the Azolla-Nostoc symbiosis was significantly (p<0.05) improved by the addition of citrate at 10 ppm in the presence of 1 ppm vanadate, compared to the 1 ppm cadmium only treatment. We hypothesize that citrate acting either as “vanadophores” or working as a cofactor in the Homocitrate Synthase enzyme, facilitates remediation of cadmium. When phylogeny was inferred using Homocitrate Synthases, the cyanobiont was approximated to a taxonomical twilight zone between Nostoc and Anabaena, although showing more proximity to the Anabaena cluster. It is proposed here that the cyanobacterial contribution appears to be crucial for the ability of Azolla pinnata to efficiently remediate cadmium and a “helping hand” appears to be provided by a vanadate dependent mechanism, which is likely to be nitrogen fixation. The association between vanadate-assisted phytoremediation by Azolla pinnata and the heightened bioavailability of vanadium in CKDu endemic areas, could serve as a vital stepping stone in developing a biological solution to CKDu.","PeriodicalId":11724,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78169389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, with the increasing care of environmental issues, the relationship between air quality and the level of economic development has been widely studied. In the present paper, a traditional EKC model and two improved model are built to analyze the relationship between the air quality index and the per capita GDP with the panel data of 41 major cities during 2000 and 2015 of China. By the co-integration analysis, the results show that under the three-square EKC model, the relationship between the AQI and GDP per capita satisfies the N-shaped environment Kuznets curve and there exist two turning points. In the form of the traditional two-square EKC model, the two variables are satisfied with the U-shaped relationship. The results of the growth rate model also show that the two variables are satisfied with the U-shaped relationship, but there are differences among the turning points.
{"title":"Region EKC for Air Pollution: Evidence from China","authors":"Wenzhong Wang","doi":"10.5539/EP.V7N1P46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/EP.V7N1P46","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, with the increasing care of environmental issues, the relationship between air quality and the level of economic development has been widely studied. In the present paper, a traditional EKC model and two improved model are built to analyze the relationship between the air quality index and the per capita GDP with the panel data of 41 major cities during 2000 and 2015 of China. By the co-integration analysis, the results show that under the three-square EKC model, the relationship between the AQI and GDP per capita satisfies the N-shaped environment Kuznets curve and there exist two turning points. In the form of the traditional two-square EKC model, the two variables are satisfied with the U-shaped relationship. The results of the growth rate model also show that the two variables are satisfied with the U-shaped relationship, but there are differences among the turning points.","PeriodicalId":11724,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86908327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the active participation of informal waste collectors (IWCs) in waste management in Ibadan, south-west Nigeria, a major observed challenge to effective operation of this group of workers is the variation in the seasons of the year and their accompanying weather futures. This study investigated the effects of seasonal changes on the types and volume of waste handled by the informal waste collectors, level of patronage and income earned in the five municipal local government areas of Ibadan. A cross-sectional survey approach was adopted and both primary and secondary data were sourced. Through questionnaire survey and field observations, data were collected from 253 informal waste collectors operating in the study area. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) and inferential statistics (ANOVA) were used in analysing the data obtained from the field work. The study established that the types and volume of waste collected and income earned by the informal waste collectors varied from season to season. Patronage of the informal waste collectors was found to be reduced by about 25% in the dry season owing to less volume of waste generated and increased burning. The low patronage reduced the income by about 25% on average. The implications of this are that the job security of IWCs is threatened and increased burning of waste increases the atmospheric carbon content, which depletes the ozone layer and consequently results in global warming. The study, therefore, recommended financial and technical assistance to the waste collectors by either government or non-governmental organisations to establish small waste merchandising business to cater for the period of low patronage.
{"title":"Effects of Seasonal Variation on Informal Waste Collection in Ibadan, South-west Nigeria","authors":"B. Wahab, B. Ola","doi":"10.5539/EP.V7N1P36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/EP.V7N1P36","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the active participation of informal waste collectors (IWCs) in waste management in Ibadan, south-west Nigeria, a major observed challenge to effective operation of this group of workers is the variation in the seasons of the year and their accompanying weather futures. This study investigated the effects of seasonal changes on the types and volume of waste handled by the informal waste collectors, level of patronage and income earned in the five municipal local government areas of Ibadan. A cross-sectional survey approach was adopted and both primary and secondary data were sourced. Through questionnaire survey and field observations, data were collected from 253 informal waste collectors operating in the study area. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) and inferential statistics (ANOVA) were used in analysing the data obtained from the field work. The study established that the types and volume of waste collected and income earned by the informal waste collectors varied from season to season. Patronage of the informal waste collectors was found to be reduced by about 25% in the dry season owing to less volume of waste generated and increased burning. The low patronage reduced the income by about 25% on average. The implications of this are that the job security of IWCs is threatened and increased burning of waste increases the atmospheric carbon content, which depletes the ozone layer and consequently results in global warming. The study, therefore, recommended financial and technical assistance to the waste collectors by either government or non-governmental organisations to establish small waste merchandising business to cater for the period of low patronage.","PeriodicalId":11724,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85587206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although people in all sectors of the Finnish anthophyllite industry, including their families, have been heavily exposed to anthophyllite there is no evidence for even a single proven case of attributable mesothelioma. A few cases have been claimed but the evidence either, that they were mesotheliomas or that amphibole exposure was solely to anthophyllite is, in every case examined, insufficient. Even among the population who lived in Karelia in Central Finland who were exposed domestically or enviromentally to anthophyllite released during agricultural and various domestic activities and during transport from the mines, Finnish epidemiology found no risk of mesothelioma. There is also an absence of mesotheliomas reported in the earlier Finnish literature. This anomaly compared to the effects of exposure to other amphiboles is strong support for the role of fiber width in mesothelioma production. Anthophyllite, though, is not without clinical effect. As screening techniques improved it was discovered that of every person over the age of 65 years, one third living in Karelia had bilateral pleural plaques. The area was henceforth called the Endemic Pleural Plaque (EPP) zone. Radiographic analysis of the residents living in the district of Kuusjarvi led to suggestions that the cases resulted from asbestos blown from the Paakila facility via fiber drift as far away as 30 km. Later studies showed that ‘fiber drift’ was very unlikely to be a factor in the radiological findings thus observed.
{"title":"Anthophyllite Asbestos: The Role of Fiber Width in Mesothelioma Induction Part 2: Further Epidemiological Studies of Occupational, Domestic and Environmental Exposure to Finnish Anthophyllite Asbestos","authors":"E. Ilgren, J. Hoskins","doi":"10.5539/EP.V7N1P24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/EP.V7N1P24","url":null,"abstract":"Although people in all sectors of the Finnish anthophyllite industry, including their families, have been heavily exposed to anthophyllite there is no evidence for even a single proven case of attributable mesothelioma. A few cases have been claimed but the evidence either, that they were mesotheliomas or that amphibole exposure was solely to anthophyllite is, in every case examined, insufficient. Even among the population who lived in Karelia in Central Finland who were exposed domestically or enviromentally to anthophyllite released during agricultural and various domestic activities and during transport from the mines, Finnish epidemiology found no risk of mesothelioma. There is also an absence of mesotheliomas reported in the earlier Finnish literature. This anomaly compared to the effects of exposure to other amphiboles is strong support for the role of fiber width in mesothelioma production. Anthophyllite, though, is not without clinical effect. As screening techniques improved it was discovered that of every person over the age of 65 years, one third living in Karelia had bilateral pleural plaques. The area was henceforth called the Endemic Pleural Plaque (EPP) zone. Radiographic analysis of the residents living in the district of Kuusjarvi led to suggestions that the cases resulted from asbestos blown from the Paakila facility via fiber drift as far away as 30 km. Later studies showed that ‘fiber drift’ was very unlikely to be a factor in the radiological findings thus observed.","PeriodicalId":11724,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78888661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anthophyllite asbestos only occurs in a few parts of the world in sufficient quantities to be mined. The largest deposits of anthophyllite asbestos occur in Finland where it was mined for more than 75 years and very extensively used and distributed, anciently, for more than six millennia. Anthophyllite is one of the five minerals known collectively as amphibole asbestos. Studies of the effect of these five mineral fibre types when inhaled have shown that fibre width is an important determinant of mesothelioma induction. Only the “thinner” fibres or those with fiber diameter dimensional profiles predominantly less than 0.25 – 0.30 µm, are clearly mesotheliogenic. The “thicker” ones or those whose predominant widths are greater than these diameters do not appear to show an observable attendant risk of mesothelioma. Observations based on studies of at least, two “thick” forms of amphibole asbestos support these hypotheses. The one is Bolivian crocidolite; the other Finnish anthophyllite. The Finnish anthophyllite industry presents an important opportunity to study the robustness of the theory that fibre width is key to mesothelioma genesis as vast numbers of people in all sectors of the Finnish industry and their families have historically incurred massive fiber exposures sufficient to cause a gross excess of asbestosis. Nonetheless, in spite of these long term, high dose exposures clear evidence for a mesothelioma risk due to anthophyllite asbestos is still lacking.
{"title":"Anthophyllite Asbestos: The Role of Fiber Width in Mesothelioma Induction Part 1: Epidemiological Studies of Finnish Anthophyllite Asbestos","authors":"E. Ilgren, J. Hoskins","doi":"10.5539/EP.V7N1P9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/EP.V7N1P9","url":null,"abstract":"Anthophyllite asbestos only occurs in a few parts of the world in sufficient quantities to be mined. The largest deposits of anthophyllite asbestos occur in Finland where it was mined for more than 75 years and very extensively used and distributed, anciently, for more than six millennia. Anthophyllite is one of the five minerals known collectively as amphibole asbestos. Studies of the effect of these five mineral fibre types when inhaled have shown that fibre width is an important determinant of mesothelioma induction. Only the “thinner” fibres or those with fiber diameter dimensional profiles predominantly less than 0.25 – 0.30 µm, are clearly mesotheliogenic. The “thicker” ones or those whose predominant widths are greater than these diameters do not appear to show an observable attendant risk of mesothelioma. Observations based on studies of at least, two “thick” forms of amphibole asbestos support these hypotheses. The one is Bolivian crocidolite; the other Finnish anthophyllite. The Finnish anthophyllite industry presents an important opportunity to study the robustness of the theory that fibre width is key to mesothelioma genesis as vast numbers of people in all sectors of the Finnish industry and their families have historically incurred massive fiber exposures sufficient to cause a gross excess of asbestosis. Nonetheless, in spite of these long term, high dose exposures clear evidence for a mesothelioma risk due to anthophyllite asbestos is still lacking.","PeriodicalId":11724,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91447929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bean sprout production consumes a significant volume of municipal water and generates a similar amount of wastewater. Water costs become a serious concern for this food industry, therefore wastewater reuse is highly desired by many sprout producers. Bean sprout wastewater has a relatively low level of contamination, which gives a great potential for reuse. The objective of this study was to exam the treatment feasibility of sprout production wastewater using a membrane bioreactor. Real-world wastewater from a sprout producer was treated continuously for 35 days. Important water quality parameters were monitored closely including chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, tannins, pH, total suspended solids (TSS), etc. Once the biological system was stabilized, the MBR’s effluent showed very low level of COD, ammonia, TSS and bacteria, which demonstrated that the reuse of sprout wastewater is achievable.
{"title":"Treatment of Wastewater from Bean Sprout Production for Reuse","authors":"Inés Burgos-Luján, A. Tong","doi":"10.5539/EP.V7N1P1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/EP.V7N1P1","url":null,"abstract":"Bean sprout production consumes a significant volume of municipal water and generates a similar amount of wastewater. Water costs become a serious concern for this food industry, therefore wastewater reuse is highly desired by many sprout producers. Bean sprout wastewater has a relatively low level of contamination, which gives a great potential for reuse. The objective of this study was to exam the treatment feasibility of sprout production wastewater using a membrane bioreactor. Real-world wastewater from a sprout producer was treated continuously for 35 days. Important water quality parameters were monitored closely including chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, tannins, pH, total suspended solids (TSS), etc. Once the biological system was stabilized, the MBR’s effluent showed very low level of COD, ammonia, TSS and bacteria, which demonstrated that the reuse of sprout wastewater is achievable.","PeriodicalId":11724,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77971748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Italian talc from the Pinerolo Mines in North West Italy is known for its extreme purity. Several historical investigations of these mines have demonstrated very small amounts of tremolite in the host rock that occasionally found their way into the mined ore. However, more than sixty years of epidemiological studies of the Pinerolo miners and millers have failed to demonstrate any attendant cancer risk and show that this trace tremolite contamination is of no biological significance.Claims made that the Pinerolo Italian cosmetic talc produced prior to 1975 were contaminated with asbestos, principally tremolite, have been difficult to refute given the lack of authentic historical samples of commercial products. We now describe the analytical findings of a recently discovered authentic historical sample.Sample analyses of this material showed only a few non-asbestiform tremolite fibres - a finding discussed in the light of the historical (pre-1975) studies of this talc deposit: no serpentine (chrysotile) or amphibole fibres were detected.The numerical concentration of tremolite fibres in the talc sample was 3.687 x 106 fibres/gram, corresponding to a mass concentration of 0.722 parts per million.
来自意大利西北部皮涅罗罗矿的意大利滑石粉以其极高的纯度而闻名。对这些矿山进行的几项历史调查表明，寄主岩石中有极少量的透闪石偶尔会进入开采的矿石中。然而，对皮涅罗罗矿工和磨坊主进行的60多年的流行病学研究未能证明有任何伴随的癌症风险，并表明这种微量透闪石污染没有生物学意义。关于1975年以前生产的意大利Pinerolo化妆品滑石粉被石棉(主要是透闪石)污染的说法很难反驳，因为缺乏商业产品的真实历史样本。我们现在描述最近发现的一个真实的历史样本的分析结果。对该材料的样品分析显示，只有少数非石棉类型的透闪石纤维——根据对该滑石矿床的历史(1975年以前)研究讨论了这一发现:没有检测到蛇纹石(温石棉)或角闪石纤维。滑石样品中透闪石纤维的数值浓度为3.687 x 106纤维/克，对应的质量浓度为0.722百万分之一。
{"title":"Analysis of an Authentic Historical Italian Cosmetic Talc Sample – Further Evidence for the Lack of Cancer Risk","authors":"E. Ilgren, C. Sartorio, J. Hoskins","doi":"10.5539/ep.v6n2p6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ep.v6n2p6","url":null,"abstract":"Italian talc from the Pinerolo Mines in North West Italy is known for its extreme purity. Several historical investigations of these mines have demonstrated very small amounts of tremolite in the host rock that occasionally found their way into the mined ore. However, more than sixty years of epidemiological studies of the Pinerolo miners and millers have failed to demonstrate any attendant cancer risk and show that this trace tremolite contamination is of no biological significance.Claims made that the Pinerolo Italian cosmetic talc produced prior to 1975 were contaminated with asbestos, principally tremolite, have been difficult to refute given the lack of authentic historical samples of commercial products. We now describe the analytical findings of a recently discovered authentic historical sample.Sample analyses of this material showed only a few non-asbestiform tremolite fibres - a finding discussed in the light of the historical (pre-1975) studies of this talc deposit: no serpentine (chrysotile) or amphibole fibres were detected.The numerical concentration of tremolite fibres in the talc sample was 3.687 x 106 fibres/gram, corresponding to a mass concentration of 0.722 parts per million.","PeriodicalId":11724,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89004504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Shahin, Amjad I. A. Hussein, Jakob Reiman, S. Al-khalil, M. Salman
This study investigates the presence of highly toxic and carcinogenic compounds such as dioxins, furans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, which may have evolved as a result of many industrial and burning processes, in Tulkarm ambient atmosphere. The measured concentrations were compared to values found in other studies undertaken in other sites globally. PCB 118, PCB 104 and PCB 77 were the main congeners making the ambient air profile of Tulkarm city, Palestine. While PCDFs were detected in about 40% of air samples no PCDDs were recorded. The contribution of Gishori complex area to air pollution was considered.
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