Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0706003
Adetule, Owoeye, Sekumade
The study was designed to assess nexus of agricultural commercialization of farming households in Southwest, Nigeria. The study determined the extent of agricultural commercialization; estimated the determinants of agricultural commercialization; and examined various constraints militating against farming households in the study area. Multi stage sampling technique was used to collect data from 300 farmers with the aid of structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Household Commercialization Index, Tobit regression model was used to analyze the data collected. From the result, it was revealed that 88.3% of the respondents were males, and majority (87.3%) of them were married with mean age of 51 years. The mean value of household size was 7 persons and that of years spent in schools was 9.4 years. From the findings, the mean value of years of farming experience was 15.98. Majority (68.3%) of the sampled farmers used inherited land with mean farm size of 2.74 hectares. The result of household commercialization index showed that among all the crops sampled, none attained a ratio of 30%. Maize commercialization was the highest with a ratio of 26%. Cassava ranked second with a ratio of 22.13%. Yam commercialization ranked third with a ratio of 21.81%. The result of Tobit regression for the determinants of household commercialization index depicted that the coefficients of years spent in school, experience in farming, farm size, access to farm mechanization and number of visits of extension services were all significant at various probability levels and with different signs influencing agricultural commercialization in the study area. Agricultural commercialization was however fraught with multiple constraints with price fluctuation being the highest. Therefore, it was concluded the farmers needed the government intervention to boost agricultural commercialization and alleviate poverty in the area. It is therefore recommended that there should be focus on training farmers to view farming as a business; equipping farmers with marketing and negotiating skills. Also, food importation should be totally discouraged to enhance large scale and massive food production in the country.
{"title":"Nexus of Agricultural Commercialization among Farming Households in Southwest, Nigeria","authors":"Adetule, Owoeye, Sekumade","doi":"10.20431/2454-6224.0706003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0706003","url":null,"abstract":"The study was designed to assess nexus of agricultural commercialization of farming households in Southwest, Nigeria. The study determined the extent of agricultural commercialization; estimated the determinants of agricultural commercialization; and examined various constraints militating against farming households in the study area. Multi stage sampling technique was used to collect data from 300 farmers with the aid of structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Household Commercialization Index, Tobit regression model was used to analyze the data collected. From the result, it was revealed that 88.3% of the respondents were males, and majority (87.3%) of them were married with mean age of 51 years. The mean value of household size was 7 persons and that of years spent in schools was 9.4 years. From the findings, the mean value of years of farming experience was 15.98. Majority (68.3%) of the sampled farmers used inherited land with mean farm size of 2.74 hectares. The result of household commercialization index showed that among all the crops sampled, none attained a ratio of 30%. Maize commercialization was the highest with a ratio of 26%. Cassava ranked second with a ratio of 22.13%. Yam commercialization ranked third with a ratio of 21.81%. The result of Tobit regression for the determinants of household commercialization index depicted that the coefficients of years spent in school, experience in farming, farm size, access to farm mechanization and number of visits of extension services were all significant at various probability levels and with different signs influencing agricultural commercialization in the study area. Agricultural commercialization was however fraught with multiple constraints with price fluctuation being the highest. Therefore, it was concluded the farmers needed the government intervention to boost agricultural commercialization and alleviate poverty in the area. It is therefore recommended that there should be focus on training farmers to view farming as a business; equipping farmers with marketing and negotiating skills. Also, food importation should be totally discouraged to enhance large scale and massive food production in the country.","PeriodicalId":117425,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116862373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0506004
F. Amsalu
The genus Brassica of Brassicaceae family as a whole is believed to have originated around the Mediterranean, Eastern Afghanistan and the adjoining portion of Pakistan and North-Eastern Africa (Hemingway, 1976). The genus includes six economically important species, namely, Brassica rapa, B. oleracea, B. nigra, B. juncea, B. napus, and B. carinata (Doweny and Robbelen, 1989). Ethiopian mustard is believed to be originated in the highlands of the Ethiopian plateau and the adjoining portion of East Africa and the Mediterranean coast (Gomez-Campo and Prakash, 1999).It evolved as a natural cross between B. nigra (BB) (n=8) and B. oleracea (CC) (n=9) and underwent further chromosomal doubling (2n=34; UN, 1935). It is partially amphidiploids.
芸苔科的芸苔属作为一个整体被认为起源于地中海、阿富汗东部以及巴基斯坦和非洲东北部的邻近地区(海明威，1976)。该属包括6个重要的经济种，即油菜、甘蓝、黑甘蓝、芥菜、甘蓝型油菜和carinata (Doweny and Robbelen, 1989)。埃塞俄比亚芥菜被认为起源于埃塞俄比亚高原的高地以及东非和地中海沿岸的毗邻地区(Gomez-Campo和Prakash, 1999)。它是黑螺旋藻(BB) (n=8)和甘蓝螺旋藻(CC) (n=9)的自然杂交，并经历了进一步的染色体加倍(2n=34);联合国,1935)。部分为双二倍体。
{"title":"Effects of Agromorphological Traits of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasica Carinata A. Braun) Landraces in Oil and its Quality Traits","authors":"F. Amsalu","doi":"10.20431/2454-6224.0506004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0506004","url":null,"abstract":"The genus Brassica of Brassicaceae family as a whole is believed to have originated around the Mediterranean, Eastern Afghanistan and the adjoining portion of Pakistan and North-Eastern Africa (Hemingway, 1976). The genus includes six economically important species, namely, Brassica rapa, B. oleracea, B. nigra, B. juncea, B. napus, and B. carinata (Doweny and Robbelen, 1989). Ethiopian mustard is believed to be originated in the highlands of the Ethiopian plateau and the adjoining portion of East Africa and the Mediterranean coast (Gomez-Campo and Prakash, 1999).It evolved as a natural cross between B. nigra (BB) (n=8) and B. oleracea (CC) (n=9) and underwent further chromosomal doubling (2n=34; UN, 1935). It is partially amphidiploids.","PeriodicalId":117425,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131150207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0402001
Zenebe Wubshet
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is an important source of spices and essential oil, which belonging to Zingiberaceae family and propagated by rhizomes. Zingiberaceae family is a tropical group consisting of more than 1200 plant species in 53 genera. The genus Zingiber includes about 85 species of aromatic herbs. Edible ginger (Zingiber officinale) is one of the earliest known oriental spices and is being cultivated widely both as a fresh vegetable and dried spice. Ginger has been used throughout history as to relieve inflamed joints (Momina et al., 2011). It has originated from India, where it was introduced to Africa and Caribbean countries. However, no definite information on the primary center of domestication of ginger is available (Prabhakaran, 2013). Apart from India, ginger is also grown in China, Hawaii(USA), Indonesia, Nigeria, Thailand, Africa (Nigeria, Seraleone) etc.(Peter,2007; Ezra et al .,2017).
生姜(Zingiber officinale Roscoe)是姜科植物根茎繁殖的重要香料和精油来源。姜科是一个热带类群，有53属1200多种植物。生姜属包括大约85种芳香草本植物。食用姜(Zingiber officinale)是已知最早的东方香料之一，作为新鲜蔬菜和干香料被广泛种植。生姜在历史上一直被用来缓解关节炎症(Momina et al.， 2011)。它起源于印度，在那里被引入非洲和加勒比国家。然而，没有关于生姜主要驯化中心的明确信息(Prabhakaran, 2013)。除印度外，生姜还种植在中国、夏威夷(美国)、印度尼西亚、尼日利亚、泰国、非洲(尼日利亚、塞拉莱尼)等地(Peter,2007;Ezra et al .，2017)。
{"title":"Economic Importance and Management of Ginger Bacterial Wilt Caused by Ralstonia Solanacearum","authors":"Zenebe Wubshet","doi":"10.20431/2454-6224.0402001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0402001","url":null,"abstract":"Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is an important source of spices and essential oil, which belonging to Zingiberaceae family and propagated by rhizomes. Zingiberaceae family is a tropical group consisting of more than 1200 plant species in 53 genera. The genus Zingiber includes about 85 species of aromatic herbs. Edible ginger (Zingiber officinale) is one of the earliest known oriental spices and is being cultivated widely both as a fresh vegetable and dried spice. Ginger has been used throughout history as to relieve inflamed joints (Momina et al., 2011). It has originated from India, where it was introduced to Africa and Caribbean countries. However, no definite information on the primary center of domestication of ginger is available (Prabhakaran, 2013). Apart from India, ginger is also grown in China, Hawaii(USA), Indonesia, Nigeria, Thailand, Africa (Nigeria, Seraleone) etc.(Peter,2007; Ezra et al .,2017).","PeriodicalId":117425,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132578278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0709005
M. Aman, Hayat Worku
Rice (Orzya sativa L.) is a staple and most important security food crop consumed by almost half of the world’s population. More rice production is needed due to the rapid population growth in the world. Therefore, in order to increase the productivity and improve it is resistance for biotic and a biotic stress, different breeding techniques has been applied in rice. And this paper was objected to review and summarize the commonly used breeding methods in rice. One of the oldest and widely used breeding techniques is selection. In India variety like IR8 was improved through this method and mostly used for traits that have low inheritance. Hybridization is the other methods which have yield advantage of about 10% 15% over best inbred varieties were introduced in China. Pedigree method has by far been the most popular method in rice breeding and variety IR64 which is wide adaptation, early maturity and improved quality was developed through this technique. One of the most recent and efficient method in rice breeding is molecular marker assisted. It used DNA markers located near the gene or allele co-segregate with the trait of interest across generations makes it easy to identify the presence or absence of particular gene/ allele in the laboratory itself without growing the crop. Overall, in order to secure the need of the growing population, having different breeding techniques which improve and increase the resistance of rice varieties for variable climate is highly relevant.
{"title":"Common Breeding Techniques in Rice (Orzya sativa L.): Review","authors":"M. Aman, Hayat Worku","doi":"10.20431/2454-6224.0709005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0709005","url":null,"abstract":"Rice (Orzya sativa L.) is a staple and most important security food crop consumed by almost half of the world’s population. More rice production is needed due to the rapid population growth in the world. Therefore, in order to increase the productivity and improve it is resistance for biotic and a biotic stress, different breeding techniques has been applied in rice. And this paper was objected to review and summarize the commonly used breeding methods in rice. One of the oldest and widely used breeding techniques is selection. In India variety like IR8 was improved through this method and mostly used for traits that have low inheritance. Hybridization is the other methods which have yield advantage of about 10% 15% over best inbred varieties were introduced in China. Pedigree method has by far been the most popular method in rice breeding and variety IR64 which is wide adaptation, early maturity and improved quality was developed through this technique. One of the most recent and efficient method in rice breeding is molecular marker assisted. It used DNA markers located near the gene or allele co-segregate with the trait of interest across generations makes it easy to identify the presence or absence of particular gene/ allele in the laboratory itself without growing the crop. Overall, in order to secure the need of the growing population, having different breeding techniques which improve and increase the resistance of rice varieties for variable climate is highly relevant.","PeriodicalId":117425,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132640091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0207002
K. Yambayamba, Yvonne Mwanza
A study involving 35 Friesian x Indigenous (CROSSBRED) and 35 Indigenous (INDIGEN) nonlactating multiparous cows was conducted in Mazabukato investigate the effect of Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) on estrus synchronization. On day 0, the cows were intramuscularly injected with 2 ml of PGF2αand observed for estrus. On day 11, the injection was repeated in those cows that did not respond to the first injection. The Estrus Response (%) and the Response Time (hours) were statistically compared between the two groups of cows. Twelve (34%) CROSSBRED and five (14%) INDIGEN cows came into estrus following administration of PGF2α. While the Estrus Response was low in both groups of cows, the number of responsive CROSSBRED cows was numerically higher than that of INDIGEN cows. The Response Time was, however, similar (P>0.05) in both groups of cows. It is concluded that estrus synchronization with PGF2αhad more effect in CROSSBRED cows than in INDIGEN cows. For practical purposes, however, the apparent greater effect of PGF2α in CROSSBRED cows was not significant to warrant recommendation. This technique is therefore not recommended for smallholder dairy farmers under the current management levels. Further research on how to improve the effectiveness of estrus synchronization is recommended.
{"title":"Effect of Prostaglandin F 2α on Estrus Synchronization in Crossbred and Indigenous Cows on Smallholder Dairy Farms in Mazabuka, Zambia","authors":"K. Yambayamba, Yvonne Mwanza","doi":"10.20431/2454-6224.0207002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0207002","url":null,"abstract":"A study involving 35 Friesian x Indigenous (CROSSBRED) and 35 Indigenous (INDIGEN) nonlactating multiparous cows was conducted in Mazabukato investigate the effect of Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) on estrus synchronization. On day 0, the cows were intramuscularly injected with 2 ml of PGF2αand observed for estrus. On day 11, the injection was repeated in those cows that did not respond to the first injection. The Estrus Response (%) and the Response Time (hours) were statistically compared between the two groups of cows. Twelve (34%) CROSSBRED and five (14%) INDIGEN cows came into estrus following administration of PGF2α. While the Estrus Response was low in both groups of cows, the number of responsive CROSSBRED cows was numerically higher than that of INDIGEN cows. The Response Time was, however, similar (P>0.05) in both groups of cows. It is concluded that estrus synchronization with PGF2αhad more effect in CROSSBRED cows than in INDIGEN cows. For practical purposes, however, the apparent greater effect of PGF2α in CROSSBRED cows was not significant to warrant recommendation. This technique is therefore not recommended for smallholder dairy farmers under the current management levels. Further research on how to improve the effectiveness of estrus synchronization is recommended.","PeriodicalId":117425,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128416071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0208003
Jafer Dawid
Korarima (Aframomum korarima) is native crop to Ethiopia, herbaceous, perennial and aromatic spice. Production is much lower mainly due to constraints such as lack of improved variety, Poor agronomic practices. Thus, the current study was conducted to determining Biomass Production and Distribution on Seedling of Korarima under media and watering frequency at the Jimma Research Center, southwest Ethiopia. The treatments included Soil media seven levels (Forest, Top , Forest : Top , Forest : Compost , Top : Compost , Forest : Top soil : compost, Top : Compost ( 3:1) ) and Watering frequency four levels (every day , two , three & four). A split plot design with three replications, Soil media and Watering frequency were assigned as main and sub-plot, respectively. Four months old seedlings were used to require the media and watering frequency and to record dry mass of leaves, stem, and root growth. Each organ was separately oven-dried and total dry matter production and allocation patterns were measured analyzed. The results described highly significant differences between the soil media and watering frequency for most of the parameters considered. As a result, root, leaf, stem, shoot and total biomass assimilation and partitioning. The highest score of DM weight was obtained under Korarima seeds sown in mixed top soil and compost soil media combination in 3:1 ratio and blended of forest soil, top soil and compost in 1:1:1 ratio with watering frequency every two days or every three days shown significant leaf , stem , shoot and root dry matter weight(g) , respectively. Watering frequency every four days shown low dry matter weight. (g). In general, interaction effect of the factors showed highly significant (p<0.01) variation in terms of the total dry matter share varied for the seedling growth parts (root = 17.61%, leaf = 48.66%, stem = 33.73% and whole shoot = 82.29%). It can be concluded that watering frequency every three or two days and media of top soil and compost combinations improved both dry mass and dry matter partitioning of seedling.
{"title":"Effect of Potting Media and Watering Frequency on Dry Matter Production and Distribution of Seedling of Korarima ( Aframomum cororima (Braun) P.C.M. Jansen)","authors":"Jafer Dawid","doi":"10.20431/2454-6224.0208003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0208003","url":null,"abstract":"Korarima (Aframomum korarima) is native crop to Ethiopia, herbaceous, perennial and aromatic spice. Production is much lower mainly due to constraints such as lack of improved variety, Poor agronomic practices. Thus, the current study was conducted to determining Biomass Production and Distribution on Seedling of Korarima under media and watering frequency at the Jimma Research Center, southwest Ethiopia. The treatments included Soil media seven levels (Forest, Top , Forest : Top , Forest : Compost , Top : Compost , Forest : Top soil : compost, Top : Compost ( 3:1) ) and Watering frequency four levels (every day , two , three & four). A split plot design with three replications, Soil media and Watering frequency were assigned as main and sub-plot, respectively. Four months old seedlings were used to require the media and watering frequency and to record dry mass of leaves, stem, and root growth. Each organ was separately oven-dried and total dry matter production and allocation patterns were measured analyzed. The results described highly significant differences between the soil media and watering frequency for most of the parameters considered. As a result, root, leaf, stem, shoot and total biomass assimilation and partitioning. The highest score of DM weight was obtained under Korarima seeds sown in mixed top soil and compost soil media combination in 3:1 ratio and blended of forest soil, top soil and compost in 1:1:1 ratio with watering frequency every two days or every three days shown significant leaf , stem , shoot and root dry matter weight(g) , respectively. Watering frequency every four days shown low dry matter weight. (g). In general, interaction effect of the factors showed highly significant (p<0.01) variation in terms of the total dry matter share varied for the seedling growth parts (root = 17.61%, leaf = 48.66%, stem = 33.73% and whole shoot = 82.29%). It can be concluded that watering frequency every three or two days and media of top soil and compost combinations improved both dry mass and dry matter partitioning of seedling.","PeriodicalId":117425,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134147900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0607005
Temesgen Begna
Agriculture is the major economic backbone of the world in improving the livelihood the population and contributing the highest GDP of the world. However, agricultural productivity is limited by diverse biotic and abiotic constraints. Biotic stress is the adverse conditions for crop growth and production caused by biological factors. These are diseases, insects, wild animals, lack of high yielding crop variety and parasitic weeds. These all are the major impeding factors and contributing to the low productivity of crop production. An abiotic stress is the adverse conditions for crop growth and production caused by environmental factors. Such as deficiency or excess of nutrition, moisture, drought, salinity, soil acidity, light, freeze, chill, heat, shortage of agriculture inputs like fertilizers, herbicides and air pollution. All are already important abiotic stress factors that cause large and widespread yield reductions. Crop losses are a major threat to the wellbeing of rural families, to the economy of traders and governments, and to food security worldwide. Agricultural production in the world is characterized by subsistence orientation, low productivity, low level of technology and inputs, lack of infrastructures and market institutions, and extremely vulnerable to rainfall variability. Productivity performance in the agriculture sector is critical to improvement in overall economic well-being in world. Low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer, lack of irrigation development, lack of transport infrastructure, inaccessibility of market and prevalence of land degradation, unfertile soil, over-grazing, deforestation and desertification are among the constraints to agricultural productivity in the world. Future crop yields and global food security may well hinge on the ability of farmers around the world to narrow the gap between current yields and yield potential ceilings, especially as progress in the latter may slow because of climate change and diminishing returns in breeding. Because average crop yields are critical drivers of food prices, food security, and crop land expansion, there is tremendous value in better quantification and understanding of yield gaps. Generally, the causes of climate change, stresses produced due to climate change, impacts on crops, modern breeding technologies, and biotechnological strategies to cope with climate change, in order to develop climate resilient crops. Revolutions in genetic engineering techniques can also aid in overcoming food security issues against extreme environmental conditions, by producing transgenic plants. Overall, improvement in agricultural sustainability by means of increasing yields of low-input production systems is not only possible, but also urgently needed. By using breeding methods that are geared to the common limitations experienced by farmers around the globe, varieties with superior trait
{"title":"Major Challenging Constraints to Crop Production Farming System and Possible Breeding to Overcome the Constraints","authors":"Temesgen Begna","doi":"10.20431/2454-6224.0607005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0607005","url":null,"abstract":"Agriculture is the major economic backbone of the world in improving the livelihood the population and contributing the highest GDP of the world. However, agricultural productivity is limited by diverse biotic and abiotic constraints. Biotic stress is the adverse conditions for crop growth and production caused by biological factors. These are diseases, insects, wild animals, lack of high yielding crop variety and parasitic weeds. These all are the major impeding factors and contributing to the low productivity of crop production. An abiotic stress is the adverse conditions for crop growth and production caused by environmental factors. Such as deficiency or excess of nutrition, moisture, drought, salinity, soil acidity, light, freeze, chill, heat, shortage of agriculture inputs like fertilizers, herbicides and air pollution. All are already important abiotic stress factors that cause large and widespread yield reductions. Crop losses are a major threat to the wellbeing of rural families, to the economy of traders and governments, and to food security worldwide. Agricultural production in the world is characterized by subsistence orientation, low productivity, low level of technology and inputs, lack of infrastructures and market institutions, and extremely vulnerable to rainfall variability. Productivity performance in the agriculture sector is critical to improvement in overall economic well-being in world. Low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer, lack of irrigation development, lack of transport infrastructure, inaccessibility of market and prevalence of land degradation, unfertile soil, over-grazing, deforestation and desertification are among the constraints to agricultural productivity in the world. Future crop yields and global food security may well hinge on the ability of farmers around the world to narrow the gap between current yields and yield potential ceilings, especially as progress in the latter may slow because of climate change and diminishing returns in breeding. Because average crop yields are critical drivers of food prices, food security, and crop land expansion, there is tremendous value in better quantification and understanding of yield gaps. Generally, the causes of climate change, stresses produced due to climate change, impacts on crops, modern breeding technologies, and biotechnological strategies to cope with climate change, in order to develop climate resilient crops. Revolutions in genetic engineering techniques can also aid in overcoming food security issues against extreme environmental conditions, by producing transgenic plants. Overall, improvement in agricultural sustainability by means of increasing yields of low-input production systems is not only possible, but also urgently needed. By using breeding methods that are geared to the common limitations experienced by farmers around the globe, varieties with superior trait","PeriodicalId":117425,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122709550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0303004
L. N. Londe, Emanuelle Ferreira Melo de Pinho
The work aimed was the characterization of gene expression of the expansins family in C. procera plants subjected to water stress. Plants at five months were subjected to drought stress for 30 days. Were collected leaves and roots, which were washed, frozen in liquid N2 and stored in a freezer at -80°C, until the conclusion of the analysis. Were performed RNA extraction, cDNA obtain and real-time quantitative PCR using specific primers for the expansins gene family CpEXPA1, CpEXPA2, CpEXPA3 and CpEXPA4. Seedlings of C. procera resist water stress by up to 30 days, with wilting and yellowing of the upper leaves and leaf fall lower. The quantification of RNA ranged from 482,6 ng/μL until 2553,8 ng/ μL. The conversion of the RNA into cDNA showed good quality ranging from 48,8 to 176,1 μL. The expression of the gene expansins family showed significant differences only when this expression was evaluated in the leaves. The roots showed no significant differences between treatments. The highest levels of expression were found in isoforms CpEXPA3 and CpEXPA4, where we observed an increase in expression of the same due to water stress.
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0401004
A. Salman, A. Desoky, S. A. Abd-El-Samea, M. Youssef
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the staple foods for the majority of Egyptian farmers. Maize foliage is also a major constituent in cattle feeds. It is cultivated in an area of about 1.7 million feddan annually (Anonymous 2001). Maize is one of the most important cereal crops in much of the developing world. It grows over wider geographical range and different ecological conditions than any other cereal crop, the maize considered to be the second most important cereal crops to wheat on global basis (CIMMYT & EARO, 1999). The annual cultivated area with maize covers about two million feddan. (Mesbah et al., 2002). The Pink Stem Borer, Sesamia cretica Led. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a serious pest threatening maize (Zea mays L.) plants in Egypt Metwally (2015).
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0707002
Rigin, Lassification, istribution
Sorghum is the most widely cultivated cereal crop in the world, particularly in the semi-arid tropical region of the countries and is staple food crop for millions of the food-insecure people. However, number of biotic and abiotic factors are limiting sorghum grain yield. These constraints are: diseases, drought, soil fertility, and pests, notably parasitic weed striga species. Among biotic stress, striga weed species are one of the most biological constraints which cause yield losses and perturb food security and human welfares in the world. Striga is an important parasitic weed causing substantial economic losses in cereal and legume crop production in subSaharan Africa. Striga spps are obligate root-parasitic plants of the major agricultural cereal crops including sorghum, maize and millets in tropical and semi-arid regions of Africa, Middle East, Asia and Australia. Striga can cause severe to complete losses in crop grain yield. Production of cereal crops such as sorghum, maize, rice and millet is threatened by striga species in different parts of the world particularly in semi-arid tropics of Africa. The percentage of crop yield loss due to striga infestations depends on amount of striga seeds in the soil, distribution of rainfall, soil fertility and variety of cereal species grown. Striga species spend most of their life cycle underground and develop above ground for stem formation and flowering. Striga stands for the principal biological constraints of crop production than any other biological pests such as insects, birds, or plant diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sorghum production in world is seriously constrained by both biotic and abiotic stresses. Among the biotic stresses is witchweed (Striga spp.), a noxious parasitic weed causing major damage in cereal crops. However, resistance through reduced germination stimulant production or altered germination stimulant composition provides a sustainable and most effective way for managing the parasitic weeds. Integrated striga management approaches such as a combined use of Striga resistant varieties and Fusarium oxysporum fsp. Strigae (FOS), a biocontrol agent of striga, is an option to control the parasite and to boost sorghum productivity. Understanding host gene action influencing striga resistance, with or without FOS treatment, is key to develop improved sorghum varieties with durable resistance and high yield. Varying levels of resistance have been identified and exploited in the breeding programs of several crops. Considerable efforts have been invested in breeding for striga resistance in cereals and significant progress has been made in the development of improved selection methods.
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