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Communicating science: epigenetics in the spotlight. 交流科学:聚光灯下的表观遗传学。
IF 3.8 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2020-11-18 eCollection Date: 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvaa015
Stephanie O M Dyke, Catherine A Ennis, Yann Joly, Jörn Walter, Reiner Siebert, Tomi Pastinen

Given the public interest in epigenetic science, this study aimed to better understand media representations of epigenetics in national newspaper coverage in various regions in North America, Europe, and Asia. Content analysis was used to study media messages about epigenetics, their policy focus, and the balance of the reporting. We identified several recurring themes in the news reports, including policy messages relating to individual and societal responsibilities. We also found shortcomings in the media's portrayal of epigenetic science, and sought to identify potential causes by considering the underlying scientific evidence that the media reported on. A case study analysis showed that the results of epigenetic studies were often overstated in academic research publications due to common experimental limitations. We suggest that defining standardized criteria with which to evaluate epigenetic studies could help to overcome some of the challenges inherent in translating complex epigenetic research findings for non-technical audiences, and present a Press Kit template that researchers can adapt and use to aid in the development of accurate and balanced press releases.

鉴于公众对表观遗传学的兴趣,本研究旨在更好地了解北美、欧洲和亚洲不同地区的全国性报纸报道中表观遗传学的媒体表现。内容分析研究了表观遗传学相关的媒体信息、政策重点和报道的平衡性。我们在新闻报道中确定了几个反复出现的主题,包括与个人和社会责任有关的政策信息。我们还发现了媒体对表观遗传科学的描述中的缺陷,并试图通过考虑媒体报道的潜在科学证据来确定潜在的原因。一个案例研究分析表明,由于常见的实验限制,表观遗传学研究的结果经常在学术研究出版物中被夸大。我们建议,定义评估表观遗传学研究的标准化标准可以帮助克服将复杂的表观遗传学研究结果翻译给非技术受众所固有的一些挑战,并提供一个研究人员可以适应和使用的新闻工具包模板,以帮助开发准确和平衡的新闻稿。
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引用次数: 4
Impact of mothers' early life exposure to low or high folate on progeny outcome and DNA methylation patterns. 母亲早期生活暴露于低或高叶酸对后代结局和DNA甲基化模式的影响
IF 3.8 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2020-11-18 eCollection Date: 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvaa018
Lundi Ly, Donovan Chan, Mylène Landry, Camille Angle, Josée Martel, Jacquetta Trasler

The dynamic patterning of DNA and histone methylation during oocyte development presents a potentially susceptible time for epigenetic disruption due to early life environmental exposure of future mothers. We investigated whether maternal exposure to folic acid deficient and supplemented diets starting in utero could affect oocytes and cause adverse developmental and epigenetic effects in next generation progeny. Female BALB/c mice (F0) were placed on one of four amino acid defined diets for 4 weeks before pregnancy and throughout gestation and lactation: folic acid control (rodent recommended daily intake; Ctrl), 7-fold folic acid deficient, 10-fold folic acid supplemented or 20-fold folic acid supplemented diets. F1 female pups were weaned onto Ctrl diets, mated to produce the F2 generation and the F2 offspring were examined at E18.5 for developmental and epigenetic abnormalities. Resorption rates were increased and litter sizes decreased amongst F2 E18.5-day litters in the 20-fold folic acid supplemented group. Increases in abnormal embryo outcomes were observed in all three folic acid deficient and supplemented groups. Subtle genome-wide DNA methylation alterations were found in the placentas and brains of F2 offspring in the 7-fold folic acid deficient , 10-fold folic acid supplemented and 20-fold folic acid supplemented groups; in contrast, global and imprinted gene methylation were not affected. The findings show that early life female environmental exposures to both low and high folate prior to oocyte maturation can compromise oocyte quality, adversely affecting offspring of the next generation, in part by altering DNA methylation patterns.

卵母细胞发育过程中DNA和组蛋白甲基化的动态模式,由于未来母亲的早期生活环境暴露,呈现出潜在的表观遗传破坏易感时间。我们研究了母体在子宫内暴露于叶酸缺乏和叶酸补充饮食是否会影响卵母细胞,并对下一代后代造成不利的发育和表观遗传影响。雌性BALB/c小鼠(F0)在怀孕前4周以及整个妊娠期和哺乳期被置于四种氨基酸限定饮食中的一种:叶酸控制(啮齿动物推荐每日摄入量;对照)、7倍叶酸缺乏、10倍叶酸补充或20倍叶酸补充的饮食。F1母鼠断奶饲喂Ctrl饲粮,交配产生F2代,并在E18.5检查F2后代的发育和表观遗传异常。20倍叶酸添加组提高了F2 ~ 18.5日龄仔猪的吸收率,减少了产仔数。在所有三个叶酸缺乏和补充组中观察到异常胚胎结局的增加。在7倍叶酸缺乏组、10倍叶酸补充组和20倍叶酸补充组F2后代的胎盘和大脑中发现了细微的全基因组DNA甲基化改变;相比之下,整体和印迹基因甲基化不受影响。研究结果表明,早期女性在卵母细胞成熟之前暴露于低叶酸和高叶酸的环境中,会损害卵母细胞的质量,对下一代的后代产生不利影响,部分原因是DNA甲基化模式的改变。
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引用次数: 11
Linker histone H1.5 is an underestimated factor in differentiation and carcinogenesis. 连接蛋白H1.5在分化和癌变中是一个被低估的因素。
IF 3.8 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2020-10-03 eCollection Date: 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvaa013
Marthe Behrends, Olivia Engmann

Human histone H1.5, in mice called H1b, belongs to the family of linker histones (H1), which are key players in chromatin organization. These proteins sit on top of nucleosomes, in part to stabilize them, and recruit core histone modifying enzymes. Through subtype-specific deposition patterns and numerous post-translational modifications, they fine-tune gene expression and chromatin architecture, and help to control cell fate and homeostasis. However, even though it is increasingly implicated in mammalian development, H1.5 has not received as much research attention as its relatives. Recent studies have focused on its prognostic value in cancer patients and its contribution to tumorigenesis through specific molecular mechanisms. However, many functions of H1.5 are still poorly understood. In this review, we will summarize what is currently known about H1.5 and its function in cell differentiation and carcinogenesis. We will suggest key experiments that are required to understand the molecular network, in which H1.5 is embedded. These experiments will advance our understanding of the epigenetic reprogramming occurring in developmental and carcinogenic processes.

人类组蛋白H1.5,在小鼠中称为H1b,属于连接组蛋白(H1)家族,在染色质组织中起关键作用。这些蛋白质位于核小体的顶部,部分是为了稳定核小体,并招募核心组蛋白修饰酶。通过亚型特异性沉积模式和许多翻译后修饰,它们微调基因表达和染色质结构,并帮助控制细胞命运和体内平衡。然而,尽管H1.5在哺乳动物发育中的作用越来越大,但它并没有像它的近亲那样受到那么多的研究关注。最近的研究主要集中在它在癌症患者中的预后价值以及它通过特定的分子机制对肿瘤发生的贡献。然而,人们对H1.5的许多功能仍然知之甚少。在这篇综述中,我们将总结目前已知的关于H1.5及其在细胞分化和癌变中的作用。我们将提出了解H1.5嵌入的分子网络所需的关键实验。这些实验将促进我们对发生在发育和致癌过程中的表观遗传重编程的理解。
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引用次数: 7
Evolution of anticipatory effects mediated by epigenetic changes 表观遗传变化介导的预期效应的进化
IF 3.8 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2020-10-02 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvac007
Ilkka Kronholm
Anticipatory effects mediated by epigenetic changes occur when parents modify the phenotype of their offspring by making epigenetic changes in their gametes guided by information from an environmental cue. To investigate when do anticipatory effects mediated by epigenetic changes evolve in a fluctuating environment, I use an individual based simulation model with explicit genetic architecture. The model allows for the population to respond to environmental changes by evolving plasticity, bet-hedging, or by tracking the environment with genetic adaptation, in addition to the evolution of anticipatory effects. The results show that anticipatory effects evolve when the environmental cue provides reliable information about the environment and the environment changes at intermediate rates, provided that fitness costs of anticipatory effects are rather low. Moreover, evolution of anticipatory effects is quite robust to different genetic architectures when reliability of the environmental cue is high. Anticipatory effects always give smaller fitness benefits than within generation plasticity, suggesting a possible reason for generally small observed anticipatory effects in empirical studies.
当父母在环境线索的信息指导下,通过在配子中进行表观遗传改变来改变后代的表型时,就会产生由表观遗传变化介导的预期效应。为了研究表观遗传变化介导的预期效应何时在波动的环境中进化,我使用了一个具有明确遗传结构的基于个体的模拟模型。该模型允许种群通过进化可塑性、赌注对冲或通过遗传适应跟踪环境,以及预期效应的进化来应对环境变化。结果表明,当环境线索提供了关于环境的可靠信息,并且环境以中等速率变化时,预期效果就会演变,前提是预期效果的适应成本相当低。此外,当环境线索的可靠性高时,预期效应的进化对不同的遗传结构是相当稳健的。预期效应总是比代内可塑性带来更小的适应度效益,这表明在实证研究中观察到的预期效应通常较小的可能原因。
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引用次数: 5
TCDD-induced multi- and transgenerational changes in the methylome of male zebrafish gonads. TCDD诱导的雄性斑马鱼性腺甲基组的多代和跨代变化
IF 3.8 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2020-09-27 eCollection Date: 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvaa010
Camille Akemann, Danielle N Meyer, Katherine Gurdziel, Tracie R Baker

The legacy endocrine disrupting chemical and aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), is produced as a byproduct of industrial processes and causes adverse health effects ranging from skin irritation to cancer. TCDD endpoints are also observed in subsequent, unexposed generations; however, the mechanisms of these multi- and transgenerational effects are unknown. We hypothesized an epigenetic mechanism, specifically DNA methylation for the transgenerational, male-mediated reproductive effects of developmental TCDD exposure. Using whole genome bisulfite sequencing, we evaluated DNA methylation changes in three generations of zebrafish, the first of which was exposed to TCDD during sexual development at 50 ppt for 1 h at both 3- and 7-week post-fertilization. We discovered that TCDD induces multi- and transgenerational methylomic changes in testicular tissue from zebrafish with decreased reproductive capacity, but most significantly in the indirectly exposed F1 generation. In comparing differentially methylated genes to concurrent transcriptomic changes, we identified several genes and pathways through which transgenerational effects of low level TCDD exposure are likely inherited. These include significant differential methylation of genes involved in reproduction, endocrine function, xenobiotic metabolism, and epigenetic processing. Notably, a number of histone modification genes were both differentially methylated and expressed in all generations, and many differentially methylated genes overlapped between multiple generations. Collectively, our results suggest that DNA methylation is a promising mechanism to explain male-mediated transgenerational reproductive effects of TCDD exposure in zebrafish, and these effects are likely inherited through integration of multiple epigenetic pathways.

2,3,7,8- 四氯二苯并对二恶英(TCDD)是一种传统的干扰内分泌的化学品和芳基烃受体激动剂,是工业生产过程中产生的副产品,会对健康造成从皮肤刺激到癌症等各种不利影响。在未接触过 TCDD 的后代中也能观察到 TCDD 的终点;然而,这些多代和跨代影响的机制尚不清楚。我们假设发育期暴露于 TCDD 会产生一种表观遗传机制,特别是 DNA 甲基化对男性生殖系统的跨代影响。利用全基因组亚硫酸氢盐测序,我们评估了三代斑马鱼的 DNA 甲基化变化,其中第一代斑马鱼在受精后 3 周和 7 周的有性发育过程中暴露于浓度为 50 ppt 的 TCDD 1 小时。我们发现,TCDD 会诱导斑马鱼睾丸组织发生多代和跨代的甲基组变化,生殖能力下降,但在间接暴露的 F1 代中变化最为显著。通过比较不同的甲基化基因和同时发生的转录组变化,我们确定了几个基因和途径,低水平 TCDD 暴露的跨代效应可能是通过这些基因和途径遗传的。其中包括与生殖、内分泌功能、异种生物代谢和表观遗传处理有关的基因的明显甲基化差异。值得注意的是,一些组蛋白修饰基因在所有世代中都有不同程度的甲基化和表达,许多不同程度的甲基化基因在多代之间重叠。总之,我们的研究结果表明,DNA甲基化是解释斑马鱼暴露于 TCDD 后雄性介导的跨代生殖效应的一种有希望的机制,而这些效应很可能是通过整合多种表观遗传途径而遗传的。
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引用次数: 0
Gestational exposure to particulate air pollution exacerbates the growth phenotypes induced by preconception paternal alcohol use: a multiplex model of exposure. 妊娠期暴露于颗粒空气污染加剧了由孕前父亲饮酒引起的生长表型:多重暴露模型。
IF 3.8 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2020-09-27 eCollection Date: 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvaa011
Toriq A Mustapha, Richard C Chang, Dennis Garcia-Rhodes, Drew Pendleton, Natalie M Johnson, Michael C Golding

It is now clear that parental histories of drug use, toxicant exposure, and social stress all have a significant influence on the health and development of the next generation. However, the ability of epigenetic parental life memories to interact with subsequent gestational exposures and cumulatively modify the developmental trajectory of the offspring remains an unexplored perspective in toxicology. Studies from our laboratory have identified male-specific postnatal growth restriction in a mouse model of chronic, preconception paternal alcohol exposure. The goal of the current study was to determine if paternal alcohol use, before conception, could modify the susceptibility of the offspring to a completely separate exposure encountered by the mother during pregnancy. In independent experiments, we previously identified altered developmental programming and increased markers of severe asthma induced by gestational exposure to particulate air pollution. In this study, male mice were exposed to either the control or alcohol preconception treatments, then mated to naive females, which we subsequently exposed to an ultrafine mixture of particulate matter via inhalation. Individually, neither preconception paternal drinking nor gestational exposures to particulate air pollution impacted the postnatal growth of female offspring. However, when both exposures were combined, females displayed a 30% reduction in weight gain. Unexpectedly, this exposure paradigm resulted in a dramatic postnatal increase in litter loss due to maternal cannibalism, which prevented additional measures of offspring health. These preliminary studies provide evidence of a complex interplay between preconception life history and intrauterine environmental factors in the control of postnatal growth.

现在很清楚,父母的药物使用史、毒物暴露史和社会压力都对下一代的健康和发育有重大影响。然而,表观遗传父母生活记忆与随后的妊娠暴露相互作用并累积改变后代发育轨迹的能力在毒理学中仍然是一个未探索的观点。我们实验室的研究在一个慢性、孕前父亲酒精暴露的小鼠模型中发现了雄性特异性的产后生长限制。当前研究的目的是确定父亲在怀孕前饮酒是否会改变后代对母亲在怀孕期间完全单独接触酒精的易感性。在之前的独立实验中,我们发现了妊娠期暴露于空气微粒污染中导致的发育程序改变和严重哮喘标志物增加。在这项研究中,雄性小鼠暴露于对照或酒精孕前处理,然后与幼稚的雌性交配,随后我们通过吸入将其暴露于超细颗粒物混合物中。就个体而言,孕前父亲饮酒和妊娠期暴露于颗粒空气污染中都不会影响女性后代的产后生长。然而,当这两种暴露结合在一起时,女性的体重增加减少了30%。出乎意料的是,这种暴露模式导致由于母亲同类相食而导致产仔损失的急剧增加,这阻碍了对后代健康的额外措施。这些初步研究提供了孕前生活史和宫内环境因素之间复杂的相互作用的证据,以控制出生后的生长。
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引用次数: 3
General anesthesia, germ cells and the missing heritability of autism: an urgent need for research. 全身麻醉、生殖细胞和自闭症遗传性的缺失:研究的迫切需要。
IF 4.8 Q1 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2020-07-18 eCollection Date: 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvaa007
Jill Escher, La Donna Ford

Agents of general anesthesia (GA) are commonly employed in surgical, dental and diagnostic procedures to effectuate global suppression of the nervous system, but in addition to somatic targets, the subject's germ cells-from the embryonic primordial stage to the mature gametes-may likewise be exposed. Although GA is generally considered safe for most patients, evidence has accumulated that various compounds, in particular the synthetic volatile anesthetic gases (SVAGs) such as sevoflurane, can exert neurotoxic, genotoxic and epigenotoxic effects, with adverse consequences for cellular and genomic function in both somatic and germline cells. The purpose of this paper is to review the evidence demonstrating that GA, and in particular, SVAGs, may in some circumstances adversely impact the molecular program of germ cells, resulting in brain and behavioral pathology in the progeny born of the exposed cells. Further, we exhort the medical and scientific communities to undertake comprehensive experimental and epidemiological research programs to address this critical gap in risk assessment.

全身麻醉(GA)制剂通常用于外科、牙科和诊断程序中,以实现对神经系统的全面抑制,但除了躯体目标外,受试者的生殖细胞--从胚胎原始阶段到成熟配子--也可能受到影响。虽然一般认为 GA 对大多数患者是安全的,但有证据表明,各种化合物,尤其是合成挥发性麻醉气体(SVAGs),如七氟醚,可能会产生神经毒性、基因毒性和表观遗传毒性效应,对体细胞和生殖细胞的细胞和基因组功能产生不利影响。本文旨在回顾证明 GA(尤其是 SVAGs)在某些情况下可能会对生殖细胞的分子程序产生不利影响的证据,从而导致暴露细胞的后代出现大脑和行为病理学。此外,我们呼吁医学界和科学界开展全面的实验和流行病学研究计划,以弥补风险评估中的这一重大缺陷。
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引用次数: 0
Transgenerational epigenetic reprogramming of early embryos: a mechanistic model. 早期胚胎的跨代表观遗传重编程:一个机制模型。
IF 3.8 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2020-07-18 eCollection Date: 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvaa009
Corrado Spadafora

The notion that epigenetic information can be transmitted across generations is supported by mounting waves of data, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, a model is proposed which combines different lines of experimental evidence. First, it has been shown that somatic tissues exposed to stressing stimuli release circulating RNA-containing extracellular vesicles; second, epididymal spermatozoa can take up, internalize and deliver the RNA-containing extracellular vesicles to oocytes at fertilization; third, early embryos can process RNA-based information. These elements constitute the building blocks upon which the model is built. The model proposes that a continuous stream of epigenetic information flows from parental somatic tissues to the developing embryos. The flow can cross the Weismann barrier, is mediated by circulating vesicles and epididymal spermatozoa, and has the potential to generate epigenetic traits that are then stably acquired in the offspring. In a broader perspective, it emerges that a natural 'assembly line' operates continuously, aiming at passing the parental epigenetic blueprint in growing embryos.

表观遗传信息可以跨代传递的观点得到了大量数据的支持,但其潜在机制仍然难以捉摸。在这里,我们提出了一个结合不同实验证据线的模型。首先,研究表明,暴露于应激刺激的体细胞组织释放含有循环rna的细胞外囊泡;其次,附睾精子可以在受精时摄取、内化含rna的细胞外囊泡并将其传递给卵母细胞;第三,早期胚胎可以处理基于rna的信息。这些元素构成了构建模型的构建块。该模型提出,一个连续的表观遗传信息流从亲代体细胞组织流向发育中的胚胎。这种流动可以穿过魏斯曼屏障,由循环囊泡和附睾精子介导,并有可能产生表观遗传性状,然后在后代中稳定地获得。从更广泛的角度来看,一条自然的“装配线”不断地运行,旨在将亲本的表观遗传蓝图传递给生长中的胚胎。
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引用次数: 11
DNA methylation reprogramming in medaka fish, a promising animal model for environmental epigenetics research. 环境表观遗传学研究中有前景的动物模型——medaka鱼的DNA甲基化重编程。
IF 3.8 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2020-07-07 eCollection Date: 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvaa008
Xuegeng Wang, Ramji K Bhandari

DNA methylation is a major epigenetic modification that undergoes dramatic changes in two epigenetic reprogramming windows during development: first in preimplantation embryos and second in primordial germ cell (PGC) specification. In both windows, DNA methylation patterns are reprogrammed genome-wide, and the majority of inherited methylation marks are erased, generating cells with broad developmental potential. Recent studies reported that the reprogramming of genome methylation in medaka is similar to human and mouse, suggesting that medaka may serve as a suitable biomedical model for comparative studies focused on the epigenetic and transgenerational inheritance of phenotypic traits. In this mini review, we will discuss how somatic and germ cells in post-fertilization stage embryos are epigenetically reprogrammed in mammals and fishes with a particular focus on DNA methylation dynamics.

DNA甲基化是一种主要的表观遗传修饰,在胚胎发育过程中的两个表观遗传重编程窗口中经历了巨大的变化:第一个在着床前胚胎中,第二个在原始生殖细胞(PGC)规范中。在这两个窗口中,DNA甲基化模式在全基因组范围内被重新编程,大多数遗传甲基化标记被删除,产生具有广泛发育潜力的细胞。最近的研究报道,medaka基因组甲基化的重编程与人类和小鼠相似,这表明medaka可以作为一种合适的生物医学模型,用于表型性状的表观遗传和跨代遗传的比较研究。在这篇综述中,我们将讨论哺乳动物和鱼类受精后胚胎的体细胞和生殖细胞是如何进行表观遗传重编程的,并特别关注DNA甲基化动力学。
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引用次数: 16
Epigenetic biomarkers and preterm birth. 表观遗传生物标志物与早产。
IF 3.8 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2020-06-14 eCollection Date: 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvaa005
Bongsoo Park, Rasheda Khanam, Vinesh Vinayachandran, Abdullah H Baqui, Stephanie J London, Shyam Biswal

Preterm birth (PTB) is a major public health challenge, and novel, sensitive approaches to predict PTB are still evolving. Epigenomic markers are being explored as biomarkers of PTB because of their molecular stability compared to gene expression. This approach is also relatively new compared to gene-based diagnostics, which relies on mutations or single nucleotide polymorphisms. The fundamental principle of epigenome diagnostics is that epigenetic reprogramming in the target tissue (e.g. placental tissue) might be captured by more accessible surrogate tissue (e.g. blood) using biochemical epigenome assays on circulating DNA that incorporate methylation, histone modifications, nucleosome positioning, and/or chromatin accessibility. Epigenomic-based biomarkers may hold great potential for early identification of the majority of PTBs that are not associated with genetic variants or mutations. In this review, we discuss recent advances made in the development of epigenome assays focusing on its potential exploration for association and prediction of PTB. We also summarize population-level cohort studies conducted in the USA and globally that provide opportunities for genetic and epigenetic marker development for PTB. In addition, we summarize publicly available epigenome resources and published PTB studies. We particularly focus on ongoing genome-wide DNA methylation and epigenome-wide association studies. Finally, we review the limitations of current research, the importance of establishing a comprehensive biobank, and possible directions for future studies in identifying effective epigenome biomarkers to enhance health outcomes for pregnant women at risk of PTB and their infants.

早产(PTB)是一项重大的公共卫生挑战,预测PTB的新颖、敏感的方法仍在不断发展。由于表观基因组标记与基因表达相比具有分子稳定性,因此正被探索作为PTB的生物标记物。与依赖突变或单核苷酸多态性的基于基因的诊断相比,这种方法也相对较新。表观基因组诊断的基本原理是,目标组织(如胎盘组织)中的表观遗传重编程可能被更容易获得的替代组织(如血液)捕获,使用生化表观基因组分析循环DNA,包括甲基化,组蛋白修饰,核小体定位和/或染色质可及性。基于表观基因组学的生物标志物可能对大多数与遗传变异或突变无关的ptb的早期识别具有很大的潜力。在这篇综述中,我们讨论了近年来在表观基因组分析的发展进展,重点是其潜在的探索与肺结核的关联和预测。我们还总结了在美国和全球进行的人群水平队列研究,这些研究为PTB的遗传和表观遗传标记的开发提供了机会。此外,我们总结了公开可用的表观基因组资源和已发表的PTB研究。我们特别关注正在进行的全基因组DNA甲基化和表观全基因组关联研究。最后,我们回顾了目前研究的局限性,建立一个全面的生物库的重要性,以及未来研究的可能方向,以确定有效的表观基因组生物标志物,以提高妊娠妇女和她们的婴儿的健康结局。
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引用次数: 14
期刊
Environmental Epigenetics
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