Synthetic polyester microfibers (PES-MFs) are emerging contaminants that pose a serious risk to aquatic organisms. This study evaluated the toxicological effects of PES-MFs on the freshwater Juvenile fish Labeo rohita, which were exposed for 21 days to environmentally relevant concentrations. Toxicity was assessed through ingestion rates, behavioural response, and biochemical biomarkers, including oxidative stress enzymes (SOD, CAT, LPO, GPx, GSH), and brain Acetylcholinesterase (AchE). Results revealed significant physiological stress, with elevated LPO and enzymatic imbalances in the gills and gastrointestinal tract (p<0.05). Behavioural changes such as reduced feeding, increased aggression, and decreased growth were observed. Microfiber ingestion was dose-dependent. Biochemical analysis showed a significant increase (p<0.001) in protein, carbohydrate, and lipid levels in the tissues of exposed fish. These findings confirm that exposure to PES-MFs causes physiological stress, disrupts metabolic balance, and harms the health and behaviour of L. rohita, highlighting the need to control microfiber pollution in freshwater ecosystems..
{"title":"Polyester Microfiber Accumulation and Toxicological Effects on Freshwater Fish Labeo rohita","authors":"Prabhu Kolandhasamy, Sundararajan Balakrishnan, Aravinth Annamalai, Rajaram Rajendran","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2026.104990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2026.104990","url":null,"abstract":"Synthetic polyester microfibers (PES-MFs) are emerging contaminants that pose a serious risk to aquatic organisms. This study evaluated the toxicological effects of PES-MFs on the freshwater Juvenile fish Labeo rohita, which were exposed for 21 days to environmentally relevant concentrations. Toxicity was assessed through ingestion rates, behavioural response, and biochemical biomarkers, including oxidative stress enzymes (SOD, CAT, LPO, GPx, GSH), and brain Acetylcholinesterase (AchE). Results revealed significant physiological stress, with elevated LPO and enzymatic imbalances in the gills and gastrointestinal tract (p<0.05). Behavioural changes such as reduced feeding, increased aggression, and decreased growth were observed. Microfiber ingestion was dose-dependent. Biochemical analysis showed a significant increase (p<0.001) in protein, carbohydrate, and lipid levels in the tissues of exposed fish. These findings confirm that exposure to PES-MFs causes physiological stress, disrupts metabolic balance, and harms the health and behaviour of L. rohita, highlighting the need to control microfiber pollution in freshwater ecosystems..","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"93 1","pages":"104990"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147448004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2026.104946
Cindy C.M. Santos , Peterson E.G. Paixão , Juliana O. Meneses , Joel A.R. Dias , Amanda S. Carvalho , Hugo Leandro dos Santos , Thigna de Carvalho Batista , Patricia Severino , Eliana B. Souto , Juliana C. Cardoso , Rodrigo Y. Fujimoto
Aquaculture production is often linked to improper use of chemotherapeutic agents for pathogen control, leading to adverse effects in organisms and environment. As an alternative over these toxicological agents, in this study we propose the development of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using ethanolic extract of red Aroeira (Schinus terebinthifolia) (EERA) and tested them against fish pathogens. Green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles had a mean hydrodynamic diameter of ca. 150 nm, and showed a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, as well as antifungal and antiparasitic activities against Saprolegnia parasitica and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, at the highest tested concentrations (10 and 15 mg/mL). The extract alone showed antibacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila, but not against Streptococcus agalactiae, suggesting a synergistic effect between EERA and ZnO nanoparticles. These findings demonstrate that green ZnO nanoparticles hold significant potential as a multifunctional antimicrobial agent for managing various pathogens in aquaculture, offering an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemotherapeutics.
{"title":"Red Aroeira (Schinus terebinthifolia)-based zinc oxide nanoparticles: A green approach to combat fish pathogens","authors":"Cindy C.M. Santos , Peterson E.G. Paixão , Juliana O. Meneses , Joel A.R. Dias , Amanda S. Carvalho , Hugo Leandro dos Santos , Thigna de Carvalho Batista , Patricia Severino , Eliana B. Souto , Juliana C. Cardoso , Rodrigo Y. Fujimoto","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2026.104946","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2026.104946","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aquaculture production is often linked to improper use of chemotherapeutic agents for pathogen control, leading to adverse effects in organisms and environment. As an alternative over these toxicological agents, in this study we propose the development of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using ethanolic extract of red Aroeira (<em>Schinus terebinthifolia</em>) (EERA) and tested them against fish pathogens. Green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles had a mean hydrodynamic diameter of ca. 150 nm, and showed a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, as well as antifungal and antiparasitic activities against <em>Saprolegnia parasitica</em> and <em>Ichthyophthirius multifiliis</em>, at the highest tested concentrations (10 and 15 mg/mL). The extract alone showed antibacterial activity against <em>Aeromonas hydrophila</em>, but not against <em>Streptococcus agalactiae</em>, suggesting a synergistic effect between EERA and ZnO nanoparticles. These findings demonstrate that green ZnO nanoparticles hold significant potential as a multifunctional antimicrobial agent for managing various pathogens in aquaculture, offering an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemotherapeutics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 104946"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2026.104952
Nela Pavlikova, Jan Sramek, Kamila Balusikova, Vlasta Nemcova
Permethrin, a widely used pyrethroid insecticide, has been suspected of contributing to metabolic disturbances, insulin resistance, and diabetes, but its effect on pancreatic beta cells has never been investigated. We evaluated the impact of one-week exposure to sublethal concentrations (1 μM and 10 μM) of permethrin on the function and viability of INS832/3 pancreatic beta cells. Permethrin significantly decreased glucose- and KCl-stimulated insulin secretion despite only a partial reduction in intracellular insulin levels. It also altered the expression of proteins involved in glucose metabolism, energy sensing, lipid storage and exocytosis machinery, suggesting a multifaceted impairment of cell functioning. A comparative analysis using HepG2 liver cells revealed tissue-specific responses. This is the first report showing that permethrin exposure decreases insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells. This data can help to better evaluate the risk assessment of permethrin as a potential endocrine disruptor that may increase the risk of diabetes.
{"title":"Permethrin decreased insulin secretion and the expression of proteins linked to metabolism and exocytosis in INS832/3 pancreatic beta cells","authors":"Nela Pavlikova, Jan Sramek, Kamila Balusikova, Vlasta Nemcova","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2026.104952","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2026.104952","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Permethrin, a widely used pyrethroid insecticide, has been suspected of contributing to metabolic disturbances, insulin resistance, and diabetes, but its effect on pancreatic beta cells has never been investigated. We evaluated the impact of one-week exposure to sublethal concentrations (1 μM and 10 μM) of permethrin on the function and viability of INS832/3 pancreatic beta cells. Permethrin significantly decreased glucose- and KCl-stimulated insulin secretion despite only a partial reduction in intracellular insulin levels. It also altered the expression of proteins involved in glucose metabolism, energy sensing, lipid storage and exocytosis machinery, suggesting a multifaceted impairment of cell functioning. A comparative analysis using HepG2 liver cells revealed tissue-specific responses. This is the first report showing that permethrin exposure decreases insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells. This data can help to better evaluate the risk assessment of permethrin as a potential endocrine disruptor that may increase the risk of diabetes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 104952"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-02-04DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2026.104955
Ana Karen González Palomo , Juan Diego Cortés García , Kelvin Saldaña Villanueva , José de Jesús Mejía Saavedra , Fernando Díaz Barriga , Francisco Javier Pérez Vázquez
This study evaluated the association between multimetal exposure and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and prothrombotic biomarkers in quarry workers, brickyard makers, and waste recyclers. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 91 adults. Urinary concentrations of seven metals and serum NETs and prothrombotic markers were quantified. Correlation analysis and PCA were used to identify exposure–response patterns. Waste recyclers had the highest Al and Hg levels, while brick makers showed the highest As and Zn concentrations. NETs biomarkers varied across scenario: neutrophil elastase (NE) and citrullinated histone (H3Cit) were elevated in brick makers, whereas circulating DNA was highest in quarry workers. PCA indicated that Cr–Ni–Al exposure aligned with NETs component scores, and correlations showed positive associations of Hg and As with NE, H3Cit, and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Higher As, Hg, and Zn were also associated with elevated platelets and D-dimer. Overall, multimetal exposure modulated NETs activity and early prothrombotic response.
{"title":"Multimetal exposure and its association with neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) markers and prothrombotic biomarkers in occupational groups","authors":"Ana Karen González Palomo , Juan Diego Cortés García , Kelvin Saldaña Villanueva , José de Jesús Mejía Saavedra , Fernando Díaz Barriga , Francisco Javier Pérez Vázquez","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2026.104955","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2026.104955","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the association between multimetal exposure and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and prothrombotic biomarkers in quarry workers, brickyard makers, and waste recyclers. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 91 adults. Urinary concentrations of seven metals and serum NETs and prothrombotic markers were quantified. Correlation analysis and PCA were used to identify exposure–response patterns. Waste recyclers had the highest Al and Hg levels, while brick makers showed the highest As and Zn concentrations. NETs biomarkers varied across scenario: neutrophil elastase (NE) and citrullinated histone (H3Cit) were elevated in brick makers, whereas circulating DNA was highest in quarry workers. PCA indicated that Cr–Ni–Al exposure aligned with NETs component scores, and correlations showed positive associations of Hg and As with NE, H3Cit, and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Higher As, Hg, and Zn were also associated with elevated platelets and <span>D</span>-dimer. Overall, multimetal exposure modulated NETs activity and early prothrombotic response.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 104955"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146133729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2025.104918
Anda R. Gliga , Sarah McCarrick , Vilhelm Malmborg , Pekka Kohonen , Anastasiia Snigireva , Brandon Mills , Pernille Høgh Danielsen , Lena Palmberg , Karin Broberg , Joakim Pagels , Ulla Vogel
Renewable diesel fuels may reduce greenhouse gas emissions and particulate matter compared to fossil diesel, but the toxicity of their combustion products remains unclear. This study assessed pulmonary effects of renewable diesel exhaust particles in female C57BL/6NTac mice after single intratracheal instillation (6, 18, or 54 µg/mouse). Particles were generated from renewable fuels (rapeseed methyl ester, RME; hydrogen-treated vegetable oil, HVO) and petroleum diesel (DEP) using a modern heavy-duty diesel engine. Lung tissue was analysed via RNA sequencing one day post-exposure to identify differentially expressed genes, followed by pathway analysis and benchmark dose (BMD) modelling. Enriched pathways revealed similar toxicological profiles across fuels, involving immune response, extracellular matrix, and cardiovascular signalling. Pathway activation scores and BMDs indicated that HVO and DEP have similar pro-inflammatory potencies whereas RME was less potent. In conclusion, the similarity of the toxicological responses for renewable and traditional diesel exhaust particles raises health concerns for renewable diesels.
{"title":"Similar global transcription patterns in mouse lung tissue following pulmonary exposure to renewable and conventional diesel engine exhaust particles","authors":"Anda R. Gliga , Sarah McCarrick , Vilhelm Malmborg , Pekka Kohonen , Anastasiia Snigireva , Brandon Mills , Pernille Høgh Danielsen , Lena Palmberg , Karin Broberg , Joakim Pagels , Ulla Vogel","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104918","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104918","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Renewable diesel fuels may reduce greenhouse gas emissions and particulate matter compared to fossil diesel, but the toxicity of their combustion products remains unclear. This study assessed pulmonary effects of renewable diesel exhaust particles in female C57BL/6NTac mice after single intratracheal instillation (6, 18, or 54 µg/mouse). Particles were generated from renewable fuels (rapeseed methyl ester, RME; hydrogen-treated vegetable oil, HVO) and petroleum diesel (DEP) using a modern heavy-duty diesel engine. Lung tissue was analysed via RNA sequencing one day post-exposure to identify differentially expressed genes, followed by pathway analysis and benchmark dose (BMD) modelling. Enriched pathways revealed similar toxicological profiles across fuels, involving immune response, extracellular matrix, and cardiovascular signalling. Pathway activation scores and BMDs indicated that HVO and DEP have similar pro-inflammatory potencies whereas RME was less potent. In conclusion, the similarity of the toxicological responses for renewable and traditional diesel exhaust particles raises health concerns for renewable diesels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 104918"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145845149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2026.104934
Paloma De Oro-Carretero, Natalia Melones-Peña, Emma Gracia-Lor , Jon Sanz-Landaluze
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) pharmaceuticals are one of the most widely used drugs worldwide. Their consumption in Spain experienced an increase from 2020 due to the global pandemic COVID-19, according to prescription packaging sales. However, many of these pharmaceutical products are over-the-counter or not all of the amount sold is consumed. Therefore, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) was applied to provide objective and real-time information on their consumption. Seven pharmaceuticals were measured in untreated wastewater collected during one week between December 2020 and December 2021 from seven wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in different Spanish cities. The samples were analysed using an analytical methodology based on solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with prior derivatization. The concentrations found were converted into population normalized daily consumption considering the daily flow rate, population and correction factors. Refined correction factors have been obtained by a systematic review of all accessible studies, considering the excretion factors of each substance and their stability in the sewer system. The results showed that pharmaceutical consumption was similar in the different WWTPs, with paracetamol, ibuprofen and acetylsalicylic acid being the most consumed with mean values of 7, 41 and 12 g/day/1000 inhabitants, respectively. The estimated NSAID consumption (MD), derived from wastewater analysis, aligned with the dispensing values (DCV), except for ibuprofen and diclofenac showing an overestimation of consumption. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the predominant days of the week for each compound. In addition, an increase in consumption was observed in the New Year's Eve week. Overall, these findings demonstrate that WBE provides a reliable and complementary approach for assessing real NSAID consumption patterns in the population.
{"title":"Wastewater-based epidemiology of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in six cities of Spain: Consumption patterns, seasonal trends, and the role of refined correction factors","authors":"Paloma De Oro-Carretero, Natalia Melones-Peña, Emma Gracia-Lor , Jon Sanz-Landaluze","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2026.104934","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2026.104934","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) pharmaceuticals are one of the most widely used drugs worldwide. Their consumption in Spain experienced an increase from 2020 due to the global pandemic COVID-19, according to prescription packaging sales. However, many of these pharmaceutical products are over-the-counter or not all of the amount sold is consumed. Therefore, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) was applied to provide objective and real-time information on their consumption. Seven pharmaceuticals were measured in untreated wastewater collected during one week between December 2020 and December 2021 from seven wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in different Spanish cities. The samples were analysed using an analytical methodology based on solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with prior derivatization. The concentrations found were converted into population normalized daily consumption considering the daily flow rate, population and correction factors. Refined correction factors have been obtained by a systematic review of all accessible studies, considering the excretion factors of each substance and their stability in the sewer system. The results showed that pharmaceutical consumption was similar in the different WWTPs, with paracetamol, ibuprofen and acetylsalicylic acid being the most consumed with mean values of 7, 41 and 12 g/day/1000 inhabitants, respectively. The estimated NSAID consumption (MD), derived from wastewater analysis, aligned with the dispensing values (DCV), except for ibuprofen and diclofenac showing an overestimation of consumption. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the predominant days of the week for each compound. In addition, an increase in consumption was observed in the New Year's Eve week. Overall, these findings demonstrate that WBE provides a reliable and complementary approach for assessing real NSAID consumption patterns in the population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 104934"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145954691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2026.104947
Júlia Robert Teixeira , Livia Alves de Macedo Tavares , Ariana Pereira da Silva , João Vitor de Macedo-Sampaio , Hugo Alexandre de Oliveira Rocha , Katia Castanho Scortecci , Bruno Fiorelini Pereira , Ana Carolina Luchiari
Ametryn (AMT) and Carbendazim (CBZ) are pesticides widely used in agricultural crops to control pests and increase food production efficiency. Despite their toxicological risks and questionable effectiveness, the real impacts of exposure to these compounds and their residues in the environment are still difficult to determine, particularly when lethal, sublethal, biochemical, and behavioral endpoints are not evaluated within the same experimental framework. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of acute exposure to AMT and CBZ in non-target organisms, using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model. Zebrafish embryos were exposed from 3 to 120 h post-fertilization to different concentrations of the chemicals: 0.2, 1.0, 2.0, 20, and 40 mg/L of AMT, and 0.07, 0.15, 0.3, 0.5, and 1 µg/L of CBZ (n = 20/group). Mortality, teratogenicity, cardiotoxicity, and neurotoxicity were assessed. High mortality and malformation induction were observed for both pesticides, with estimated LC₅₀ values of 1.33 mg/L for AMT and 0.02 µg/L for CBZ. Both pesticides induced increased heart rate compared to the control group. Furthermore, the pesticides reduced avoidance behavior and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptotic cells at concentrations below LC₅₀, evidencing their neurotoxic effects. These findings highlight the importance of integrating sublethal and neurobehavioral endpoints into ecological risk assessment of pesticide exposure.
{"title":"Neurotoxicity and teratogenicity induced by carbendazim and ametryn in zebrafish: Implications for environmental and biological health","authors":"Júlia Robert Teixeira , Livia Alves de Macedo Tavares , Ariana Pereira da Silva , João Vitor de Macedo-Sampaio , Hugo Alexandre de Oliveira Rocha , Katia Castanho Scortecci , Bruno Fiorelini Pereira , Ana Carolina Luchiari","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2026.104947","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2026.104947","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ametryn (AMT) and Carbendazim (CBZ) are pesticides widely used in agricultural crops to control pests and increase food production efficiency. Despite their toxicological risks and questionable effectiveness, the real impacts of exposure to these compounds and their residues in the environment are still difficult to determine, particularly when lethal, sublethal, biochemical, and behavioral endpoints are not evaluated within the same experimental framework. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of acute exposure to AMT and CBZ in non-target organisms, using zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>) as a model. Zebrafish embryos were exposed from 3 to 120 h post-fertilization to different concentrations of the chemicals: 0.2, 1.0, 2.0, 20, and 40 mg/L of AMT, and 0.07, 0.15, 0.3, 0.5, and 1 µg/L of CBZ (n = 20/group). Mortality, teratogenicity, cardiotoxicity, and neurotoxicity were assessed. High mortality and malformation induction were observed for both pesticides, with estimated LC₅₀ values of 1.33 mg/L for AMT and 0.02 µg/L for CBZ. Both pesticides induced increased heart rate compared to the control group. Furthermore, the pesticides reduced avoidance behavior and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptotic cells at concentrations below LC₅₀, evidencing their neurotoxic effects. These findings highlight the importance of integrating sublethal and neurobehavioral endpoints into ecological risk assessment of pesticide exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 104947"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2026.104935
Anna Koubová , Worrayanee Thammatorn , Antonín Kouba , Vladimír Žlábek , Bent Speksnijder , Daniel Cerveny , Oksana Golovko
Pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) increasingly appear as complex mixtures in aquatic ecosystems, yet their bioconcentration in non-target organisms is poorly understood. This study examined tissue-specific distribution of five PhACs – bicalutamide, amitriptyline, furosemide, daidzein and sertraline – in signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) after 96-hour exposure and an equal depuration period. Crayfish were subjected to environmentally relevant and 10-fold elevated mixture concentrations. Water and tissues (haemolymph, hepatopancreas, muscle) were analysed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Despite verified water concentrations and stable conditions, none of the compounds were quantifiable in tissues, except trace sertraline near the detection limit in some controls. The lack of detectable residues indicates minimal bioconcentration, likely due to physicochemical properties (low log Kow), rapid metabolism and efficient excretion. Results underscore the need for longer exposures and metabolite-focused studies to better assess environmental fate, tissue kinetics and potential risks of PhAC mixtures in freshwater invertebrates.
{"title":"Limited bioconcentration of water-associated pharmaceutical active compounds through short-term exposure in signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus)","authors":"Anna Koubová , Worrayanee Thammatorn , Antonín Kouba , Vladimír Žlábek , Bent Speksnijder , Daniel Cerveny , Oksana Golovko","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2026.104935","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2026.104935","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) increasingly appear as complex mixtures in aquatic ecosystems, yet their bioconcentration in non-target organisms is poorly understood. This study examined tissue-specific distribution of five PhACs – bicalutamide, amitriptyline, furosemide, daidzein and sertraline – in signal crayfish (<em>Pacifastacus leniusculus</em>) after 96-hour exposure and an equal depuration period. Crayfish were subjected to environmentally relevant and 10-fold elevated mixture concentrations. Water and tissues (haemolymph, hepatopancreas, muscle) were analysed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Despite verified water concentrations and stable conditions, none of the compounds were quantifiable in tissues, except trace sertraline near the detection limit in some controls. The lack of detectable residues indicates minimal bioconcentration, likely due to physicochemical properties (low log <em>K</em><sub>ow</sub>), rapid metabolism and efficient excretion. Results underscore the need for longer exposures and metabolite-focused studies to better assess environmental fate, tissue kinetics and potential risks of PhAC mixtures in freshwater invertebrates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 104935"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145954677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2026.104945
Yubeen Kim , Jisoo Song , Seung-Min Bae , Fuller W. Bazer , Gwonhwa Song , Wooyoung Jeong , Whasun Lim
Tolylfluanid is a phenylsulfamide fungicide commonly used to manage fungal diseases in crops; however, evidence has shown its unintended toxicity in non-target organisms. To elucidate its cellular impact, we investigated how tolylfluanid affects bovine mammary epithelial (MAC-T) cells. The results revealed that exposure to tolylfluanid suppressed MAC-T cell viability, enhanced apoptotic responses, and disrupted 3D spheroid development compared with the control group. The treatment provoked excessive generation of ROS, elevated mitochondrial calcium accumulation, and triggered a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential. These alterations were accompanied by oxidative stress–mediated mitochondrial depolarization, which was alleviated when cells were co-treated with N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Western blotting and RT-qPCR further demonstrated that tolylfluanid activated PI3K and MAPK signaling and upregulated inflammation-related genes. Additionally, real-time oxygen consumption measurements reveal mitochondrial dysfunction following tolylfluanid. Altogether, these findings indicate that tolylfluanid exerts cytotoxic and pro-oxidative effects on MAC-T cells, suggesting possible implications for milk production efficiency in cattle.
{"title":"Tolylfluanid induces mitochondrial dysfunction through excessive ROS generation and inhibits cell growth in bovine mammary epithelial cells","authors":"Yubeen Kim , Jisoo Song , Seung-Min Bae , Fuller W. Bazer , Gwonhwa Song , Wooyoung Jeong , Whasun Lim","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2026.104945","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2026.104945","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tolylfluanid is a phenylsulfamide fungicide commonly used to manage fungal diseases in crops; however, evidence has shown its unintended toxicity in non-target organisms. To elucidate its cellular impact, we investigated how tolylfluanid affects bovine mammary epithelial (MAC-T) cells. The results revealed that exposure to tolylfluanid suppressed MAC-T cell viability, enhanced apoptotic responses, and disrupted 3D spheroid development compared with the control group. The treatment provoked excessive generation of ROS, elevated mitochondrial calcium accumulation, and triggered a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential. These alterations were accompanied by oxidative stress–mediated mitochondrial depolarization, which was alleviated when cells were co-treated with N-acetyl-<span>L</span>-cysteine. Western blotting and RT-qPCR further demonstrated that tolylfluanid activated PI3K and MAPK signaling and upregulated inflammation-related genes. Additionally, real-time oxygen consumption measurements reveal mitochondrial dysfunction following tolylfluanid. Altogether, these findings indicate that tolylfluanid exerts cytotoxic and pro-oxidative effects on MAC-T cells, suggesting possible implications for milk production efficiency in cattle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 104945"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-02-06DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2026.104957
Tzu-Hsin Yen , Sheng-Han Lee , Hao-Jan Liang , Zou-Xiao Huang , Chi-Tsung Chen , Christopher Li , Ching-Yu Lin
This study aimed to investigate the perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS)-induced metabolic alterations in several organs and establish the potential mechanisms underlying the organ toxicity. A nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics approach was employed to analyze metabolic alterations in multiple organs and serum of male rats exposed to varying doses of PFOS. We observed significant alterations in metabolites associated with inflammation (e.g., uridine diphosphate glucose), energy metabolism (e.g., adenosine monophosphate and adenosine triphosphate), amino acid (e.g., branched-chain amino acids), carbohydrate metabolism, and oxidative stress modulation (e.g., glutathione and taurine) in several organs. These alterations could be linked to inflammation, fibrosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress. Succinate accumulation was observed in the heart and liver, suggesting the susceptibility of these organs to mitochondrial dysfunction. Overall, our findings revealed potential key molecular events triggered by PFOS exposure, contributing to a deeper understanding of the possible adverse effects on multiple organs.
{"title":"Metabolomics-based investigation of PFOS-induced molecular perturbations across multiple rat organs","authors":"Tzu-Hsin Yen , Sheng-Han Lee , Hao-Jan Liang , Zou-Xiao Huang , Chi-Tsung Chen , Christopher Li , Ching-Yu Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2026.104957","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2026.104957","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to investigate the perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS)-induced metabolic alterations in several organs and establish the potential mechanisms underlying the organ toxicity. A nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics approach was employed to analyze metabolic alterations in multiple organs and serum of male rats exposed to varying doses of PFOS. We observed significant alterations in metabolites associated with inflammation (e.g., uridine diphosphate glucose), energy metabolism (e.g., adenosine monophosphate and adenosine triphosphate), amino acid (e.g., branched-chain amino acids), carbohydrate metabolism, and oxidative stress modulation (e.g., glutathione and taurine) in several organs. These alterations could be linked to inflammation, fibrosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress. Succinate accumulation was observed in the heart and liver, suggesting the susceptibility of these organs to mitochondrial dysfunction. Overall, our findings revealed potential key molecular events triggered by PFOS exposure, contributing to a deeper understanding of the possible adverse effects on multiple organs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 104957"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146135161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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